March 14

Question of the Day• Who do you believe is the

most important Abolitionist of chapter 8-2 and why?– Possible answers

• Garrison: The Liberator- Immediate abolition

• Douglass: The North Star, escaped slave, Biography, educated

• Turner: Slave Uprising• Walker: Violent Revolution

• How did southerners react to concerns about slave uprisings and the Abolitionist movement?– Restrictive laws- cite

examples– Gag Rule– Happy Slave myth– Biblical Justification

Honors US

• Question of the Day• Pass back tests, projects and Jackson Essays.

– Final draft of essay due Monday, March 18• Complete Chapter 8-1 Notes• Explain Project starting tomorrow and create

groups.– Class Friday in Library

Period A

• Finish Going over Chapter 8-2 handout• Homework: 8-3 guided Reading• Begin notes on Chapter 8-3

Period B

• Finish going over chapter 8-1 Notes.• Go over chapter 8-2 handout and Nat Turner

Rebellion• Homework: Chapter 8-3 Guided Reading.• Begin Chapter 8-3 Notes

Nat Turner

1. In your own words, explain Nat’s plans to attack whites in Southampton County?

– Turner plans to invade following an “S” on a map. He will use the slave rest day to catch the whites off guard and attack using stolen weapons. Most whites will be at church allowing slaves to assemble easily

2. What emotions does Nat have before he attacks?– Nat is anxious and fearful of what could happen to

him. He wonders about whether biblical heroes had his same fears.

Nat Turner

3. Why do you think that Nat compares himself to the Biblical heroes Saul, Gideon, and David?

– He respects these men for their heroics and hopes to share in their divine missions of rebellion.

4. Based on your readings, what different factors led to the initial success of the rebellion?

– The rebellion was successful because the slaves organized on a day where the slave owners were not around to monitor them. They also had reasons to hold weapons since it was a day they could hunt. They also had a strong leader and a supported cause

1. Ante-Bellum—1820 to 1860• Romantic age

• Reformers pointed out the inequality in society

• Industrialization vs. progress in human rights

• Primarily a Northern movement• Southerners refused reforms to protect

slavery• Educated society through

• newspaper and lectures• Areas to reform:

Slavery women’s rightsIndustrialization public schoolMale domination temperance

(alcohol)War prison reform

2. 2nd Great Awakening---1820’s to 1840’s• religious revival vs. deists

• Rise of Unitarians---believed in a God of love • Denied the trinity • heaven through good works and helping others• social conscience = social gospel

• apply Christ’s teachings to bettering society• Contrasted with salvation by grace and getting to heaven

through Christ• Baptists, Methodists, etc.

3. Formed utopian societies = collective ownership

The Second Great Awakening

“Spiritual Reform From Within”[Religious Revivalism]

Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality

Temperance

Asylum &Penal Reform

Education

Women’s Rights

Abolitionism

Charles Finney• Charles Finney conducted his

own revivals in the mid 1820s and early 1830s

• He rejected the Calvinist doctrine of predestination – adopted ideas of free will and

salvation to all

• Really popularized the new form of revival

Charles Finney and the Conversion Experience

• New form of revival– Meeting night after night to build excitement– Speaking bluntly– Praying for sinners by name– Encouraging women to testify in public– Placing those struggling with conversion on the

“anxious bench” at the front of the church

2. Transcendentalism(European Romanticism)

2. Transcendentalism(European Romanticism)

• “Transcend” the limits of intellect and allow the emotions, the SOUL, to create an original relationship with the Universe.

• Liberation from understanding and the cultivation of reasoning.”

Transcendentalist ThinkingTranscendentalist Thinking

Man must acknowledge a body of moral truths that were intuitive and must TRANSCEND more sensational proof:

1. The infinite benevolence of God.

2. The infinite benevolence of nature.

3. The divinity of man.

The Transcendentalist AgendaThe Transcendentalist Agenda Give freedom to the slave.

Give well-being to the poor and the miserable.

Give learning to the ignorant.

Give health to the sick.

Give peace and justice to society.

The Rise of African American ChurchesThe Rise of African American Churches

• Revivalism also spread to the African American community

• The Second Great Awakening has been

called the "central and defining event in the development of

Afro-Christianity“

• During these revivals Baptists and Methodists converted large numbers of blacks

The Rise of African American ChurchesThe Rise of African American Churches

• This led to the formation of all-black Methodist and Baptist churches, primarily in the North

• African Methodist Episcopal (A. M. E.) had over 17,000 members by 1846

• Beginning in 1830, Began holding Conferences of freed African Americans in the North

Middle-class reformers called for tax-supported education, arguing to business leaders that the new

economic order needed educated workers

Educational Reform Educational Reform • In 1800 Massachusetts

was the only state requiring free public schools supported by community funds

“Father of American Education”

Horace Mann (1796-1859)

Horace Mann (1796-1859)

e children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials

e children should be “molded” into a state of perfectione established state teacher- training programs

R3-6

Under Horace Mann’s leadership in the 1830s, Massachusetts created a state board of education and adopted a minimum-length school year.

Under Horace Mann’s leadership in the 1830s, Massachusetts created a state board of education and adopted a minimum-length school year.

Educational Reform Educational Reform

Provided for training of teachers, and expanded the curriculum to include subjects such as history and geography

Provided for training of teachers, and expanded the curriculum to include subjects such as history and geography

By the 1850s the number of schools, attendance figures, and school budgets had all increased sharply School reformers enjoyed their greatest success in the Northeast and the least in the SouthSouthern planters opposed paying taxes to

educate poorer white childrenEducational opportunities for women also expanded In 1833 Oberlin College in Ohio became the first

coeducational college.Four years later the first all-female college was

founded — Mount Holyoke, Massachusetts

Educational Reform Educational Reform

The Asylum MovementThe Asylum Movement

• Dorothea Dix, a Boston schoolteacher, took the lead in advocating state supported asylums for the mentally ill

• She attracted much attention to the movement by her report detailing the horrors to which the mentally ill were subjected – being chained, kept in cages and closets, and beaten with

rods• In response to her efforts, 28 states maintained

mental institutions by 1860

Asylums and Prison Reform• Dorothea Dix also discovered that people were

placed in prisons for debt, people were subjected to cruel punishment and children were not treated any different than adults

• She is responsible for helping eliminate sentencing for debt, ending cruel punishment and getting states to establish juvenile court systems

• She argues that people can change if they are placed in proper environments and given an education

Chapter 8: Reforming American Society

Section 3: Women and Reform

Early 19c WomenEarly 19c Women1. Unable to vote.2. Legal status of a minor.3. Single could own her own

property.4. Married no control over her

property or her children.5. Could not initiate divorce.6. Couldn’t make wills, sign a contract, or

bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

Cult of d

omesticit

y• The new ideal of womanhood

arising from women’s magazines, advice books, popular culture, etc.

• Stresses• Piety • Purity• Submissiveness• Domesticity

Acceptable Behavior A

mong Women

Piety• Belief that women had a

propensity for religion;• Woman is the new Eve• Irreligion in females was

considered the most revolting human characteristic

• Expected to bring the world out of sin

Purity• Female Purity was also

highly revered• Without sexual purity, a

woman was no woman, but rather a lower form of being, a “fallen woman”, unworthy of the love of her sex and unfit for their company.

SubmissivenessExplanation

• Men are the movers and doers– the actors in life.

• Women were to be passive bystanders, submitting to fate, duty, to god, and to men.

• Clothing emphasized passivity• Corsets closed off lungs

and pinched inner organs• Large numbers of

undergarments and weight of dresses limited mobility

Quotes on Submissiveness

• “A woman has a head almost too small for intellect but just big enough for love.”

• “True feminine genius is ever timid, doubtful, and clingingly dependent; a perpetual childhood.”

Domesticity• A woman’s place was in the home• A woman’s job was to be busy at those morally

uplifting tasks aimed at maintaining and fulfilling her piety and purity

• Housework, childcare, sewing, and embroidery• Women make the home a refuge for men so that

they can escape from the immoral world of business and industry

Cult of d

omesticit

y

• Women are intellectually inferior– Smaller brains than men

• Size of brain to body weight– Abandoned when it was

discovered that female brain to body rate yielded a higher ratio

• Brain weight to body height

– Physically smaller than men– Less stamina—they faint more

Making things w

orse: Id

ea backed up

by inaccu

rate theorie

s

Female Reformers

Seneca Falls Conference

July 19-20:, 1848: Seneca Falls, NY

Women Abolitionists• Middle-class white women inspired by religion join

reform movements• Sarah and Angelina Grimké— work for abolition

- daughters of Southern slave owner• Some men support women reformers; others

denounce them

Working for Temperance• Many women in temperance movement—prohibit drinking

alcohol• Widespread use of alcohol in early 19th century• American Temperance Society founded 1826;

6,000 local groups by 1833

What is the Seneca Falls Declaration?• One of the most important documents in the campaign for women’s

rights.• Written in the form of the Declaration of Independence and

included a list of complaints regarding the inequality between men and women in the United States. Some of the many grievances include..– No rights to vote.– No rights to property– No rights to education– No representation in government

Conference of Seneca Falls• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott called together

the first conference to address women’s rights.• The conference was called together after Mott was not

allowed to speak at the world anti-slavery convention, even though she had been an official delegate.

• Conference took place in Seneca Falls, New York, July 1848• The Seneca Falls Declaration was signed that day

• The Seneca Falls meeting attracted 240 sympathizers, including 40 men.

• Among them, famous abolitionist leader Fredrick Douglas

Elizabeth Cady Stanton -Born in Johnstown, New York, November 12, 1815 -Before centering her energy on women’s rights, Cady was

active in the abolition movement. - Drafted the Seneca Falls Declaration - Along with Susan B. Anthony, Cady founded the National

Women’s Suffrage Association in 1869. - Began the women’s rights newsletter “The Revolution” - Died: October 26, 1902

The prejudice against color, of which we hear so much, is no stronger than that against sex. It is produced by the same cause, and manifested very much in the same way.

—Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

Relevancy to its Time • At this point in time, people began to challenge

societal/class structure• Came about at the same time as many other

social/economic/reform movements– Abolition movement– Industrial Revolution– The formations of Unions

Impact..• Very little progress was made following the Seneca Falls

Declaration• However…

– It stood for the goals of the Women’s Suffrage Movement for the next 70 years

- Brought attention to the issue of women’s rights- Eventually led to the 19th Amendment to the Constitution in

1920 which gave women the right to vote

S0journer Truth

• Born Isabella but later changed her name • Sojourner mean Spreader or traveler• Illiterate former slave who lectures on

women’s rights; Famous speech states• “Nobody eber help me into carriages, or ober mud-puddles, or gibs me any best

place! Ain’t I a woman? Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed, and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could hear me! And ain’t I a woman? I could work as much and eat as much as a man-when I could get it-and bear de lash as well! And ain’t I a woman? I have borne thirteen chilern, and see ‘em mos’ all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother’s grief, none but Jesus heard me! And ain’t I a woman?