MARC Fall 2009 How to Read a Scientific Paper
Transcript of MARC Fall 2009 How to Read a Scientific Paper
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How to read a scientific paper
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Purpose of Scientific MS
• Convey novel scientific data to a specified
audience
– Specified audience: highly educated,
extensive scientific training
– Little training in composition
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Sections of a MS
• Abstract: brief (less than 200 words)summary of major background information,methods, novel findings and how this data
relates to science• Introduction: less than two page
summary of salient background information –
The introduction should be concise, but shouldalso review all relevant literature
– Cover in about two sentences major finds inthe research being reported
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Sections of MS cont…
• Materials and Methods: Should be in depthenough so that a person with reasonableknowledge of the field could replicate (requires useof citations)
• Results: States the data derived from the M&M inwritten and figure form.
• Discussion/Conclusion/Summary: Should brieflystate the major conclusions of the new data
– More importantly the discussion should discuss how thenew data relates to the current scientific knowledge in thefield
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Sections of MS cont…
• References/Literature Cited/Bibliography:
List any work citied in the text
Several different styles are used, the styledepends on the journal
Improper formatting of references can result
in a MS being rejected or recalled
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Paper for discussion
• Inhibitors of mTOR Reverse Doxorubicin
Conferred by PTEN Status in Prostate
Cancer Cells
– Grunwald, V., et. al.
– Cancer Research, vol. 62
– 2002
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Reading a scientific MS
• Inhibitors of mTOR Reverse Doxorubicin Resistance Conferred byPTEN Status in Prostate Cancer Cells
– CANCER RESEARCH 62, 6141–6145, November 1, 2002
– Viktor Gru¨nwald, Linda DeGraffenried, Douglas Russel, William E.Friedrichs, Ratna B. Ray, and Manuel Hidalgo
– The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore,Maryland 21231 [V. G., M. H.]; The University of Texas Health Science Center,San Antonio,Texas 78229 [L. D., D. R., W. E. F.]; and Department of Pathology,
Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63104 [R. B. R.]
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Goals
• Understand novel findings
• Relate these novel findings to the field
• Learn a new method
• Increase knowledge in a particular subjectarea
• Determine what others are doing
• Lend credence to your work
• Create ideas
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Define major points in title
• Question being answered- What scientific question are the authors proposing to answer
– Does inhibition of mTOR reverse drug resistance in prostate cancer cells with a defined PTEN status?
• Model- system that experiments are being conducted in
– human prostate cancer cells
• Unfamiliar terms- mTOR (inhibitors), doxorubicin (resistance), PTEN, prostate cancer
– mTOR- mammalian target of rapamycin
– PTEN-phosphatase and tensin homolouge delected from chromosome 10 – Doxorubicin- chemotherapeutic agent used to treat prostate cancer
• Sometimes it is good to find a review article to help explain the background information in less detail.
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Example of Review Article
• mTOR-targeted therapy of cancer with
rapamycin derivatives
– S. Vignot1†, S. Faivre2†, D. Aguirre2 & E.
Raymond1,2*
– Annals of Oncology 16: 525–537, 2005
• http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint
/16/4/525
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PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling
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GFR and PI3K signaling
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PI3K/mTOR signaling and cell
function
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Abstract
• Brief summary of entire article
• From the abstract you should be able to
find out:
– the major question being addressed
– model system used
– definitions of unfamiliar terms (varies)
• What are these in the assigned MS?
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Introduction
• Will provide background information to supportthe main question
• Typically describes past pertinent literature• Explains major proteins (nucleic acid,
carbohydrate, enzyme, method etc.) involved instudy
• At times may state why a certain method wasused
• Briefly states general conclusions as they relateto background – How are these topics addressed in the assigned MS
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Grunwald, et al. 2002
• Background detailing mTOR and PI3K are discussed – mTOR and PI3K as it relates to prostate cancer, chemo-resistant
growth
• Cites literature to strengthen claims – Cites articles so that initial identification of PTEN as tumor suppressor (1), how PTEN regulates tumor growth in mousemodel (9)
•Last paragraph of intro, summarized major conclusions – Found a correlation between PTEN-/- and resistance to
chemotherapy
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Results
• Will show data to support or falsify
hypothesis (hypotheses)
• Data: Qualitative or Quantitative
• Data: Graphs, Tables, Charts, Pathology
Slides, movies (now), fluorescent pictures
• What type of data is used in this paper? – Should there be more/less data?
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Fig. 1. PTEN status confers
chemoresistance in prostate cancer cells
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Fig. 2. Transfection of PTEN leads to
loss of hyperactivated Akt
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Fig. 3. Stable PTEN expression leads to
doxorubicin susceptibility but not to increased
response to rapamycin
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Fig. 4. Rapamycin reverses drug
resistance conferred by loss of PTEN
Fi 5 CCI 779 h
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Fig. 5. CCI-779 enhances
doxorubicin response in PTEN-
negative prostate xenografts
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Results
• Will show data to support or falsify
hypothesis (hypotheses)
• Data: Qualitative or Quantitative
• Data: Graphs, Tables, Charts, Pathology
Slides, movies (now), fluorescent pictures
•What type of data is used in this paper? – Should there be more/less data?
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Discussion
• This section should discuss the main conclusions and
scientific findings of the paper
• This section should also state how this new data/study
advance the knowledge of the field
• What is different about the discussion section in this
paper?
• Does this paper meet this criteria?
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References
• This section should cite enough information
for you to find the cited articles with a online
search engine
– Pubmed, Google scholar, Web of Science, etc.)
• Does this paper meet this criteria?