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67
Maps
Pictorial representations of indices of elements that affect thesurvival, growth and development of infants around the world.
Maps
1. THE EARLY YEARS PAGE 68
2. WOMEN’S STATUS = CHILDREN’S STATUS PAGE 70
3. CHALLENGES PAGE 72
GENERAL NOTE ON MAPS PAGE 74
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ICEF
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ICEF
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Most causes of death in children are easily prevented, yet almost 11 million children under five die each year.
• Over the last three decades, the world’s population of children under 15 increased from about 1.4 billion to 1.8 billion.
• Improved breastfeeding practices and reduction of artificial feeding could save an estimated 1.5 million children a year.
• Measles accounts for more than 7% of all deaths of children under five around the world, half of them among infants under the age of one.
• Adequate sanitation is crucial to reducing under-five mortality and morbidity rates, yet 2.4 billion people lack access.
• Iodized salt is the best way to combat iodine deficiency disorders, the world‘s leading cause of preventable mental impairment. Sub-Saharan
AfricaMiddle East
andNorth Africa
SouthAsia
East Asia and
Pacific
Latin Americaand
Caribbean
CEE / CISand
Baltic States
Industrializedcountries
4162
84
21 32 35
96
124 132153
133 127
36 43 4428 33 25
47 42 39
Trends in child populations0-3-year-olds by region(in millions) 1970, 1985, 2000
1970
1985
2000
Source: UN Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 1998 revision.
20% Perinatal conditions
Top five child killersCauses of under-5 mortality
Percentages 1998
18% Respiratory infections
Other 23%
Malaria 7%
Vaccine-preventablediseases 15% 17% Diarrhoeal diseases
Source: WHO, 1999.
68 The State of the World’s Children 2001
The early years
This map does not reflect a position by UNICEF on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers. Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties.
This map does not reflect a position by UNICEF on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers. Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties.
ImmunizationPercentage of 1-year-oldsimmunized against measles
90% and over
80% – 89%
50% – 79%
Less than 50%
No data
Artificial feeding
Less than 30% of infants are exclusivelybreastfed for the first four months
Access to sanitation
Less than 70% of the populationhave access to adequate sanitation
Use of iodized salt
Less than 50% of householdsconsume iodized salt
Sources: Immunization and access to sanitation: UNICEF/WHO; artificial feeding and the use of idodized salt: UNICEF.
69Maps
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ICEF
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Women‘s status and children‘s status are inextricably linked.
• Women‘s literacy rates – a proxy for their empowerment and advancement – are key to improving the health, nutrition and education of families and children.
• Malnourished girls often grow into undernourished mothers, in turn more likely to give birth to low- birthweight infants.
• Approximately 15 million girls aged 15–19 give birth every year, accounting for more than 10% of all babies born worldwide. The risk of death from pregnancy-related causes is four times higher in this age group than for women older than 20.
• Skilled prenatal and delivery care plays a major role in reducing maternal mortality and morbidity.
• Violence against women is often equivalent to violence against children.
Violence against womenPercentage of adult women who have been physically assaulted by an intimate partner in any relationship 1991/1999 data
Source: United Nations, The World’s Women 2000, excerpts from chart 6.3, page 154, citing WHO database on violence against women (as of March 2000).
Egyp
t
34
Sout
h Af
rica
16
Colo
mbi
a
19
Nic
arag
ua
28
Puer
to R
ico
4
8
Phili
ppin
es
5
Switz
erla
nd
13
Unite
d St
ates
2
2
Mol
dova
, Rep
. of
14
Aust
ralia
2
3
Cana
da
29
Trends in women’s literacy
Female literacy rates1970, 1990 and 2000
Source: UNESCO,Statistical Yearbook 1999. Sub-Saharan
AfricaArab
StatesLatin America
and theCaribbean
Nearly two thirds of the world’s 876 million illiterate adults are women.
Eastern Asiaand Oceania
SouthernAsia
World
55%
69%74%
19%
39%
52%
15%
37%
49%
71%
84%87%
42%
72%
80%
17%
33%
41%19
70
1990
2000
1970
1990
2000
1970
1990
2000
1970
1990
2000
1970
1990
2000
1970
1990
2000
70 The State of the World’s Children 2001
Education of mothersWomen’s literacy rates
90% and over
60%–89%
30%–59%
Under 30%
No data
Attended births
Fewer than 50% of births have a skilled attendant present
Malnourished girls
More than 25% of girls under 5 years old are underweight
Sources: UNESCO; UNICEF.
Women’s status = children’s status
This map does not reflect a position by UNICEF on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers. Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties.
Japa
n 4
Dem
. Rep
. of C
ongo
217
Liber
ia 2
13So
mal
ia 2
13Si
erra
Leon
e 20
2Cy
prus
17
Azer
baija
n 17
Cam
bodi
a 14
Chin
a 5
Rep.
of K
orea
4De
m. P
eo. R
ep. o
f Kor
ea 2
Ango
la 2
19
Developing countriesHighest Lowest
Unite
d St
ates
59
New Z
eala
nd 3
4Un
ited
King
dom
29
Icel
and
24Ca
nada
23
Swed
en 7
Italy
7
Nethe
rland
s 4
Switz
erla
nd 4
Industrialized countriesHighest Lowest
Teen mothersNumber of birthsper 1,000 womenaged 15–191995–2000
Source: UN Population Division,World Population Prospects:The 1998 revision.
In many developing countries, more than one third of women give birth in their teens.
71Maps
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ICEF
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Each day, countless numbers of children around the world are exposed to dangers that hamper their growth and development.
• More than 20% of primary school aged children in developing countries are not in school.
• One third of all births are not registered – these children are likely to be denied access to basic services and miss out on health care and education.
• Malnutrition among pregnant women is a major factor in the stunting of an estimated 177 million children.
• Approximately half of the 40 million people displaced by conflict or human rights violations are children.
• More than 10 million children under 15 have lost their mother or both parents to AIDS.
Sub-SaharanAfrica
59%
100% target
51%
Middle East and
North Africa
87%79%
male femalemale female male female male female male female male femaleSouth Asia
78%
64%
East Asia and
Pacific
97% 96%
Latin Americaand
Caribbean
89% 90%
CEE/CISand
Baltic States
92%90%
Sources: UNESCO; UNICEF.
Non-universal educationNet primary school enrolment/attendanceRegional percentages1990–1999
Less than 1%
No data
AIDS orphans in AfricaPercentage of children under 15 who lost their mother or both parents to AIDSend-1999
10% and over
5%–9.9%
1%–4.9%
Sources: UNAIDS; UNICEF.
72 The State of the World’s Children 2001
Challenges
This map does not reflect a position by UNICEF on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers. Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties.
Birth registration
Fewer than 50% of children are registered
School enrolmentProportion of children enrolled inor attending primary school
90% and over
75%–89%
50%–74%
Less than 50%
No data
Malnutrition
30% or moreunder-5-year-oldssuffer from severeor moderate stunting
Sources: UNESCO; UNICEF.
Refugees and internally displaced
persons(in thousands)
1999
Source: US Committee forRefugees, 31 December 1999.
Approximately half of these persons are children.
4000 Sudan Palestinians 3931
Afghanistan 2560
Iraq 568Sierra Leone 460
Somalia 425Sudan 420
Yugoslavia 390Angola 340
Croatia 340
Eritrea 320
1800 Colombia
1750 Angola
750 Myanmar
750 Turkey
900 Iraq 830 Bosnia and Herzegovina
800 Burundi 800 Dem. Rep. of Congo
800 Russian Federation
Internally displacedpersons
Refugees
73Maps
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These maps illustrate a number of the manyfactors that shape a child’s start in life. The selectedindices capture some of the important elementsthat affect an infant’s survival, growth and devel-opment. The maps do not include many psychosocialelements crucial for early childhood development.These elements are difficult to measure and thelimited data that are available are not necessarilycomparable across countries.
Data sources for illustrations are given on eachmap. As many countries as space allows havebeen included. Some island nations are surrounded
by a box if an indicator may not otherwise be seeneasily.
When the data on these maps are correlated,they show that negative conditions do not occur inisolation but, instead, cluster together with thesame children being affected by multiple andsimultaneous circumstances. These maps aregraphic reminders of the effect of the absence orcollapse of social service networks. However, themaps are ultimately positive as they also demon-strate the long-term benefits of social investmentin the welfare of women and children.
General note on maps
The State of the World’s Children 2001