What is the art of making maps called? Cartography – the art of making maps.
MAPS AND VISUALIZATIONS. Cartography: The art, science, and techniques of making maps or charts. Two...
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Transcript of MAPS AND VISUALIZATIONS. Cartography: The art, science, and techniques of making maps or charts. Two...
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MAPS AND VISUALIZATIONS
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• Cartography: The art, science, and techniques of making maps or charts.
• Two types of GIS output:– Maps• Digital or analog (hard-copy) output from a GIS that
shows geographic information using well-established cartographic conventions.
– Visualizations• An interface to digitally display, analyze, edit, and query
geographic information.
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Two Basic Map Types
• Reference Maps:
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Two Basic Map Types
Thematic Maps:
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• Maps are good for:– Storage of Spatial Data– Communication of Spatial Information– Creating and or Reinforcing a Particular Message
• Limitations:– Can Miscommunicate (accidentally or on purpose)– Single realization of a spatial process– Complex rules, symbology, conventions
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Some Constraints Inherentin Paper Maps
• Fixed Scale• Fixed Extent• Static View• 2-dimensional
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Principles of Map Design
• Primary Goals:– Share information– Highlight patterns and processes– Illustrate Results
• Secondary Objective:– Create a pleasing and interesting picture
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7 Controls of the Map Design Process
1. Purpose2. Reality3. Available Data4. Map Scale5. Audience6. Conditions of Use7. Technical Limits
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Map Composition
• Map Elements– Map Body– Inset (Overview) Map– Title– Legend– Scale– Direction Indicator– Map Metadata
• Layout should have good visual balance
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TitleLegend
Projection
Grid
Data Source
Inset map
Map Body
Author
North Arrow
Scale
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Map Symbolization
• Data is Classified and Represented using graphic symbols and colors that conform to well-defined conventions.
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Attribute Representation
• Symbols representing attributes are classified in various ways to communicate different types of information
• Four basic classification schemes:1. Natural Breaks (Jenks)2. Quantile Breaks3. Equal Interval Breaks4. Standard Deviation Classifications
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Natural Breaks (Jenks)• Class breaks conform to gaps in data
distribution. Minimizes variation within classes, and maximizes variation between classes.
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Quantile• Equal number of observations within each
class. Class intervals can be significantly different in size with this classification.
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Equal Interval• Equal distance between class breaks. The
range of value that the class represents is the same for all classes.
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Standard Deviation• Class breaks based on a distance of standard
deviation from the mean. Useful if data is distributed along a normal curve.
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