Mapping Tire Piles With Imagery Catherine Huybrechts Endpoint Environmental Indiana GIS Conference...
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Transcript of Mapping Tire Piles With Imagery Catherine Huybrechts Endpoint Environmental Indiana GIS Conference...
Mapping Tire Piles With ImageryMapping Tire Piles With Imagery
Catherine HuybrechtsEndpoint EnvironmentalEndpoint Environmental
Indiana GIS Conference
Indianapolis, Indiana
March 14, 2007
Presentation outlinePresentation outline
1. Waste tires in America
2. Market development for used tires
3. Tire stockpiles
4. Government action
5. Origins of mapping tire piles with satellite imagery
6. TIRe Model
7. Example map
8. Summary
Waste tire piles in America Waste tire piles in America
• Every year Americans dispose of an estimated 280 - 300 million vehicle tires
• Approximately 80% of those tires are diverted to various profitable markets
• Remaining 20% - tires are disposed of or stockpiled illegally every year
• Today, across the United States, there are approximately
200 million tires in stockpiles
Market developmentMarket development
Market development diverts waste tires from being stockpiled.
tire derived fueltire derived fuel
landfill drainage layer materiallandfill drainage layer material
running tracksrunning tracks
playgroundsplaygrounds
roadsroads
Hazardous stockpilesHazardous stockpiles
Mosquito breeding habitat
Toxic fires
History of tire piles in AmericaHistory of tire piles in America
• Prior to 1985 there were no laws against stockpiling
• Entrepreneurs stockpiled and made money off tires
• There was a notion among entrepreneurs that the more tires they collected the more money they would eventually be worth something someday
• Between 1985 – 1992 not all states had laws prohibiting stockpiles
• Between 1995 – 2005 states focused on assessment and abatement of stockpiles
Number of Scrap Tires in U.S. Stockpiles - 2003
0100200300400500600700800900
1000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2001 2003
Year
Mil
lio
ns
of
tire
s
Source: Rubber Manufacturers Association, 2004.
Each state addresses tires differentlyEach state addresses tires differently
Fee Collected by Tire Dealer for Tire Disposal
United States of America
YES
NO
Data collected from Rubber Manufacturers Association, 2006
Stockpile Clean-up Program Exists
United States of America
YES
NO
Data collected from Rubber Manufacturers Association, 2006
Financial Incentives Offered to Encourage Market
Development
United States of America
YES
NO
Data collected from Rubber Manufacturers Association, 2006
Source: Rubber Manufacturers Association, 2004.
- 2003
State agencies take actionState agencies take actionTechniques used to locate tire piles:
• Highway patrol helicopter surveillance• Communication with locals• File and records checks • Follow-up on location tips
Origins of mapping tire piles with Origins of mapping tire piles with satellite imagerysatellite imagery
• In 2004, California Integrated Waste Management Board (CIWMB) approaches NASA Ames Research Center Develop Program and San Jose State University Foundation
• Create a method for mapping waste tire piles with satellite imagery
Pilot-project objectivesPilot-project objectives
• GOAL: Use commercially available high-resolution satellite imagery to locate and map illegal waste tire piles in two climate regions of California.
• TECHNIQUES / TOOLS: standard image analysis methodspertinent geospatial technologycomputer automation
• DESIGN OBJECTIVE: Create a methodology with end-user functionality that rapidly and consistently analyzes satellite imagery.
Pilot-project researchPilot-project research
Results:
no computer models
no satellite imagery interpretation techniques for tire pile mapping
State expressed interest in technology
Survey of Government Agencies Responsible for
Managing Waste Tires
United States of America & Mexico
Pilot-project study areasPilot-project study areas
Northern California Coastal Climate
Southern CaliforniaDesert Climate
Pilot-project resultsPilot-project results
Study Area Northern California
Southern California
Target sites for pilot-project (unknown to NASA)
6 7
Target sites identified by NASA in pilot-project
6 7
Number of new sites located by NASA
1 1
False-positives were commonly attributed to shadows, water, debris piles and features with tire material content such as black tarps, polyethylene tubing, and parking lots.
How to find tires in imageryHow to find tires in imagery
• TIRe Model = Tire Identification from Reflectance Model
• Image-processing algorithm with 29 different math equations
• TIRe Model eliminates everything but the darkest pixels in an image to identify tire piles, which absorb light
• Capable of locating tire piles of 100 tires or more
• Does not work with winter-season imagery
• Not fully automated, requires human visual-interpretation
Workflow for creating a map of tire Workflow for creating a map of tire pilespiles
Obtain Imagery Customize TIRe Model
Process Imagery Visual Interpretation
Create Preliminary Map
Verify Tire Piles in the Field
Create Final Map
Satellite versus aerial imagerySatellite versus aerial imagerySatelliteSatellite AerialAerial
4-band4-band(wavelengths of data)
Blue, Green, Red, Near-infrared
DataData(Bits/Pixel)
16-bit (281 trillion color combinations)
Pixel sizePixel size(Resolution)
7.3 feet / pixel(or more)
1 foot / pixel (or less)
Coverage Coverage areaarea
Large (~ 40 sq-miles per image)
Small(~ 4 sq-miles per image)
TIRe Model customizationTIRe Model customization
Land Cover RegionsUSAMap Credit: An Ecological Assessment of the United States Mid-Atlantic Region (EPA Report 600/R-97/130) November 1997
TIRe Model processTIRe Model process
# # 11
# # 22
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania Image Originator/Publisher: PAMAP Program, PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey, 2005
Visual interpretationVisual interpretation
Suspect Pile # 1
Suspect Pile # 2
False positivesFalse positives
Shadow Water Body
Example 1 Example 2
Example mapExample map
Information on mapKnown tire piles Suspect tire pilesInfrastructure dataNatural landmarksStandard map elements
SummarySummary
• In testing, TIRe Model locates tire piles of 100 tires or more
• Satellite or aerial imagery can be used with the TIRe Model
• Customization of the TIRe Model is necessary to successfully locate tire piles
• Maps reduce staff time in the field, conserving resources
• Imagery provides a visual reference of tire pile sites and can be used in court
• TIRe Model is a new technology that is continually improving
Contact InformationContact Information
Catherine Huybrechts
email: [email protected]
phone: (415) 668-4222
Endpoint EnvironmentalEndpoint Environmental678 – 3RD Avenue
San Francisco, California 94118-3907
www.endpointenvironmental.com