Mapping the Structure and Evolution of Chemistry …Ma pping the Structure and Evolution of...
Transcript of Mapping the Structure and Evolution of Chemistry …Ma pping the Structure and Evolution of...
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Mapping the Structure and Evolution Mapping the Structure and Evolution of Chemistry Researchof Chemistry Research
Dr. Katy Dr. Katy BBöörnerrnerCyberinfrastructureCyberinfrastructure for Network Science Center, Directorfor Network Science Center, Director
Information Visualization Laboratory, DirectorInformation Visualization Laboratory, DirectorSchool of Library and Information ScienceSchool of Library and Information Science
Indiana University, Bloomington, INIndiana University, Bloomington, [email protected]@indiana.edu
Collaborative work with Kevin W. Collaborative work with Kevin W. BoyackBoyack & Richard & Richard KlavansKlavans
June 26, 2007 @ ISSI, Madrid, SpainJune 26, 2007 @ ISSI, Madrid, Spain
CHE-0524661
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Research question:
• Is science driven by prolific single experts or by high-impact co-authorship teams?
Contributions:
• New approach to allocate citationalcredit.
• Novel weighted graph representation.• Visualization of the growth of weighted
co-author network. • Centrality measures to identify author
impact.• Global statistical analysis of paper
production and citations in correlation with co-authorship team size over time.
• Local, author-centered entropy measure.
Studying the Emerging Global Brain: Analyzing and Visualizing the Impact of Co-Authorship Teams Börner, Dall’Asta, Ke & Vespignani (2005) Complexity, 10(4):58-67.
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Spatio-Temporal Information Production and Consumption of Major U.S. Research InstitutionsBörner, Katy, Penumarthy, Shashikant, Meiss, Mark and Ke, Weimao. (2006) Mapping the Diffusion of Scholarly Knowledge Among Major U.S. Research Institutions. Scientometrics. 68(3), pp. 415-426.Research questions:1. Does space still matter
in the Internet age? 2. Does one still have to
study and work at major research institutions in order to have access to high quality data and expertise and to produce high quality research?
3. Does the Internet lead to more global citation patterns, i.e., more citation links between papers produced at geographically distant research instructions?
Contributions:Answer to Qs 1 + 2 is YES.Answer to Qs 3 is NO.Novel approach to analyzing the dual role of institutions as information producers and consumers and to study and visualize the diffusion of information among them.
Börner: “Mapping the Evolving Interface of Mainstream Chemistry and the Fields of Biochemistry, Biology, and Bioengineering.6
Overview
1. Introduction
2. Base map of science
3. Mapping chemistry
References:Boyack, Kevin W., Börner, Katy and Klavans, Richard. Mapping the Structure and Evolution of Chemistry Research,
Accepted for 11th International Conference on Scientometrics and Informetrics, Madrid, Spain, June 25-27, 2007. Boyack, Kevin W., Klavans, Richard and Börner, Katy. (2005). Mapping the Backbone of Science. Scientometrics. 64(3),
351-374.
Shiffrin, Richard M. and Börner, Katy. (April 2004). Mapping Knowledge Domains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(Suppl_1).
Börner, Katy, Chen, Chaomei, and Boyack, Kevin. (2003). Visualizing Knowledge Domains. In Blaise Cronin (Ed.), Annual Review of Information Science & Technology, Information Today, Inc./American Society for Information Science and Technology, Medford, NJ, volume 37, chapter 5, pp. 179-255.
Börner, Katy, Sanyal, Soma and Vespignani, Alessandro (2007). Network Science. In Blaise Cronin (Ed.), Annual Review of Information Science & Technology, Information Today, Inc./American Society for Information Science and Technology, Medford, NJ, volume 41, chapter 12, pp. 537-607.
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Börner: “Mapping the Evolving Interface of Mainstream Chemistry and the Fields of Biochemistry, Biology, and Bioengineering.7
Why map science and/or chemistry?
How does our collective scholarly knowledge grow over time? What major areas of science exist and how are they interlinked? Which areas are major knowledge producers; which ones are consumers?
Computational scientometrics – the application of bibliometric/scientometricmethods to large-scale scholarly datasets – and the communication of results via maps of science might help us answer these questions.
Chemistry is a field that is undergoing significant change. Interdisciplinary research has increased over time and the lines between chemistry and the life sciences have seemingly blurred. This study maps the structures of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Biology, and Bioengineering, and their interactions over 30 years using journal citation patterns.
Börner: “Mapping the Evolving Interface of Mainstream Chemistry and the Fields of Biochemistry, Biology, and Bioengineering.8
How to map science and/or chemistry?
1. Base Map. Information from the combined Science (SCIE) and Social Science (SSCI) Citations Indexes from 2002 was used to generate a disciplinary map of 7,227 journals and 671 journal clusters.
2. Overlays of DOE, NIH, NSF funding.3. Chemistry Disciplines. Clusters relevant to study the structure
and evolution of chemistry were identified using JCR categories and were further clustered into 14 disciplines.
4. Knowledge Diffusion among Disciplines. The changing scientific composition of these 14 disciplines and their knowledge exchange via citation linkages was computed. The result is visually communicated using the 2002 map of science introduced in 1.)
5. Discussion. Major changes on the dominance, influence, and role of Chemistry, Biology, Biochemistry, and Bioengineering over these 30 years are discussed. We conclude with a discussion and suggestions forfuture work.
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General mapping process (multi-step)
Patents/Papers
Graph Layout
Coupling matrix
Bibliographiccoupling
1
2 3
45
6
.6.6
.7
.1 .2
.6.8
.91 2
A
Cluster Assignment
Aggregate recordspatent_no lev1 lev2 lev3 lev4
US6821009 1542 368 56 5US6821143 2273 332 2 2US6821553 98 258 3 1US6821643 2286 307 33 1US6821644US6821647 284 187 47 3US6821648 2173 307 33 1US6821649 652 289 33 1US6821650 2015 309 33 1US6821651 2015 309 33 1US6821793 2295 95 19 3US6821799 2252 372 2 2US6821800 832 334 47 3US6821803 1965 339 1 1US6821804 1700 188 58 2US6821806 1993 279 47 3
cluster
Patents/Papers/Journals
Graph Layout
Coupling matrix
BibliographicCoupling
Browsable Maps
1
2 3
45
6
.6.6
.7
.1 .2
.6.8
.9
1
2 3
45
6
.6.6
.7
.1 .2
.6.8
.91 2
A
1 2
A
Cluster Assignment
Aggregate recordspatent_no lev1 lev2 lev3 lev4
US6821009 1542 368 56 5US6821143 2273 332 2 2US6821553 98 258 3 1US6821643 2286 307 33 1US6821644US6821647 284 187 47 3US6821648 2173 307 33 1US6821649 652 289 33 1US6821650 2015 309 33 1US6821651 2015 309 33 1US6821793 2295 95 19 3US6821799 2252 372 2 2US6821800 832 334 47 3US6821803 1965 339 1 1US6821804 1700 188 58 2US6821806 1993 279 47 3
cluster
Search Databases
Emergent categories
VxOrdmodified single-link
Börner: “Mapping the Evolving Interface of Mainstream Chemistry and the Fields of Biochemistry, Biology, and Bioengineering.10
Generation of 2002 paper-level base map
Combined SCIE/SSCI from 2002Combined SCIE/SSCI from 20021.07M papers, 24.5M references, 7,300 journalsBibliographic coupling of papers, aggregated to journals, counts are normalized using cosine index.
First stepFirst stepremove 25 multidisciplinary journals (MD)run graph layout and clustering on remaining journalsresulting in 646 clusters
Second stepSecond stepadd MD journals back as single-journal clusters, total is now 671 clustersre-aggregate coupling counts at the cluster levellayout positions of 671 clusters using VxOrdby association, this gives x,y positions for each journal
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Börner: “Mapping the Evolving Interface of Mainstream Chemistry and the Fields of Biochemistry, Biology, and Bioengineering.11
2002 disciplinary map
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CompSciStat
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BioChem
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Biology
GeoSci
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GeneralMedicine
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CompSciStat
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Policy
BioChem
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Biology
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MRI
Brain
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Education Vision
GeneralMedicine
Virology
BioMat
Cancer
Environ
LawMath
Infect Disease
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Engineering
CompSciStat
Economics
Policy
BioChem
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Biology
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ChemistryPhysics
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Psychology
Education Vision
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Node – cluster of journalsEdge – similarity of journal clusters based on bibliographic coupling.
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2002 disciplinary map
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PhysChem
ChemistryPhysics
MRI
Brain
Psychiatry
Psychology
Education Vision
GeneralMedicine
Virology
BioMat
Cancer
Environ
Pajek
LawMath
Infect Disease
Therapeutic
Engineering
CompSciStat
Economics
Policy
BioChem
Plant MicroBio
Biology
GeoSci
Astro
PhysChem
ChemistryPhysics
MRI
Brain
Psychiatry
Psychology
Education Vision
GeneralMedicine
Virology
BioMat
Cancer
Environ
LawMath
Infect Disease
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Engineering
CompSciStat
Economics
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Node – cluster of journalsEdge – similarity of journal clusters based on bibliographic coupling.
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Börner: “Mapping the Evolving Interface of Mainstream Chemistry and the Fields of Biochemistry, Biology, and Bioengineering.15
Funding overlays
DOE – simple lookup of author institutions (LANL, LLNL, SNL, ANL, BNL, …)
NIH and NSF: Used RaDiUS data from 1999Matched funded PI and institution from 1999 funding data to first author and institution from the 2002 ISI publication data.
Not comprehensive, but representative.Undercounts actual funding profiles (e.g., if PI wasn’t first author, if publications appeared earlier or later than 2002, …).Some false hits – could use text analysis to narrow further.
Börner: “Mapping the Evolving Interface of Mainstream Chemistry and the Fields of Biochemistry, Biology, and Bioengineering.16
Funding overlay – DOE laboratories
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Infect Disease
Therapeutic
Engineering
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Environ
VitalityHigh
Low
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LawMath
Infect Disease
Therapeutic
Engineering
CompSciStat
Economics
Policy
BioChem
Plant MicroBio
Biology
GeoSci
Astro
PhysChem
ChemistryPhysics
MRI
Brain
Psychiatry
Psychology
Education Vision
GeneralMedicine
Virology
BioMat
Cancer
Environ
Pajek
LawMath
Infect Disease
Therapeutic
Engineering
CompSciStat
Economics
Policy
BioChem
Plant MicroBio
Biology
GeoSci
Astro
PhysChem
ChemistryPhysics
MRI
Brain
Psychiatry
Psychology
Education Vision
GeneralMedicine
Virology
BioMat
Cancer
Environ
LawMath
Infect Disease
Therapeutic
Engineering
CompSciStat
Economics
Policy
BioChem
Plant MicroBio
Biology
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Astro
PhysChem
ChemistryPhysics
MRI
Brain
Psychiatry
Psychology
Education Vision
GeneralMedicine
Virology
BioMat
Cancer
Environ
Funding overlay – NIH funded research (extramural)
VitalityHigh
Low
Börner: “Mapping the Evolving Interface of Mainstream Chemistry and the Fields of Biochemistry, Biology, and Bioengineering.18
Pajek
LawMath
Infect Disease
Therapeutic
Engineering
CompSciStat
Economics
Policy
BioChem
Plant MicroBio
Biology
GeoSci
Astro
PhysChem
ChemistryPhysics
MRI
Brain
Psychiatry
Psychology
Education Vision
GeneralMedicine
Virology
BioMat
Cancer
Environ
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LawMath
Infect Disease
Therapeutic
Engineering
CompSciStat
Economics
Policy
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Biology
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Astro
PhysChem
ChemistryPhysics
MRI
Brain
Psychiatry
Psychology
Education Vision
GeneralMedicine
Virology
BioMat
Cancer
Environ
LawMath
Infect Disease
Therapeutic
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CompSciStat
Economics
Policy
BioChem
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Biology
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PhysChem
ChemistryPhysics
MRI
Brain
Psychiatry
Psychology
Education Vision
GeneralMedicine
Virology
BioMat
Cancer
Environ
Funding overlay – NSF funded research
VitalityHigh
Low
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How to map chemistry
Data1993-2004 JCR (citing:cited journal counts).Need comparable data for back years.Obtained journal citing:cited pairs for 1974, 79, 84, 89.Summed pairs to citing:cited journal counts.Thus, full set of citing:cited journal counts at 5 year intervals 1974-2004.
JCR (citing:cited journal counts) 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1997 2004 JCR Data
Used 2002 base map as starting point.Added unique journals for other years to existing (2002) structure.
Order of adding years: 2004, 1999, 1994, 1989, 1984, 1979, 1974Identified four fields and 14 disciplines within map.Fractional counting of publications by field and discipline.Graphical display of results.
Börner: “Mapping the Evolving Interface of Mainstream Chemistry and the Fields of Biochemistry, Biology, and Bioengineering.20
Adding unique journals
Example, for 2004, if [newjnl] was not in the 2002 list.Intercitation counts were read from table for all newjnl::existingjnl pairs.Counts were aggregated to a newjnl::existingcluster matrix.Only counts to citedyr >= pubyear-9 were included (JCR standard).Cosine index values were generated for the newjnl::existingcluster matrix.Newjnl was assigned to the existingcluster with the highest cosine value.
For the next year, 1999, if [newjnl] was not in the combined 2002,2004 listsame process.
All journals for all years were assigned to one of the 671 clusters.
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Börner: “Mapping the Evolving Interface of Mainstream Chemistry and the Fields of Biochemistry, Biology, and Bioengineering.21
Four fields of interest / JCR categories
DA – Biophysics DB – Biotechnology & Applied MicrobiologyIG – Engineering, Biomedical QE – Materials Science, Biomaterials
Bioengineering
CO – Biochemical Research Methods individual journals: Science, Nature, PNASCQ – Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Biochemistry
CU – Biology HT – Evolutionary BiologyCX – Biology, Miscellaneous PI – Marine & Freshwater BiologyDR – Cell Biology QU – MicrobiologyHY – Developmental Biology WF – Reproductive Biology
Biology
DW – Chemistry, Applied EI – Chemistry, PhysicalDX – Chemistry, Medicinal HQ – ElectrochemistryDY – Chemistry, Multidisciplinary II – Engineering, ChemicalEA – Chemistry, Analytical GC – Geochemistry & GeophysicsEC – Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear UH – Physics, Atomic, Molecular & ChemicalEE – Chemistry, Organic
Chemistry
JCR CategoriesField
Börner: “Mapping the Evolving Interface of Mainstream Chemistry and the Fields of Biochemistry, Biology, and Bioengineering.22
Fractional counting of papers
For each journal:Find JCR category assignments.
For example, the journal Bioelectrochemistry is in 4 JCR categoriesCQ (Biochem & Mol Bio) – BiochemistryCU (Biology) – BiologyDA (Biophysics) – BioengineeringHQ (Electrochemistry) – Chemistry
Split paper counts among fields.If there are 64 papers in Bioelectrochemistry, each of the four fields will get 16 papers.
Most journals are assigned to only 1 or 2 JCR categories.
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Chemistry on the 2002 base map
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Psychiatry
Psychology
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GeneralMedicine
Virology
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Environ
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LawMath
Infect Disease
Therapeutic
Engineering
CompSciStat
Economics
Policy
BioChem
Plant MicroBio
Biology
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MRI
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Psychology
Education Vision
GeneralMedicine
Virology
BioMat
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Environ
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Therapeutic
Engineering
CompSciStat
Economics
Policy
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Biology
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ChemistryPhysics
MRI
Brain
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Psychology
Education Vision
GeneralMedicine
Virology
BioMat
Cancer
Environ
Börner: “Mapping the Evolving Interface of Mainstream Chemistry and the Fields of Biochemistry, Biology, and Bioengineering.24
Four fields on the 2002 base map
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CHEMISTRYBIOLOGYBIOCHEMBIOENG
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ChemistryPhysics
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Virology
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CHEMISTRYBIOLOGYBIOCHEMBIOENG
LawMath
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BioChem
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Biology
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PhysChem
ChemistryPhysics
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Psychiatry
Psychology
Education Vision
GeneralMedicine
Virology
BioMat
Cancer
Environ
LawMath
Infect Disease
Therapeutic
Engineering
CompSciStat
Economics
Policy
BioChem
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Biology
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Definition of 14 disciplines
• CHEMISTRY• BIOLOGY• BIOCHEM• BIOENG
• CHEMISTRY• BIOLOGY• BIOCHEM• BIOENG
• CHEMISTRY• BIOLOGY• BIOCHEM• BIOENG
Börner: “Mapping the Evolving Interface of Mainstream Chemistry and the Fields of Biochemistry, Biology, and Bioengineering.26
Symbolic map of 14 disciplines; 1974
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Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
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Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Chem related to Materials/Physics.
Majority of Chem Research
Chem related to Earth Science
Chem related to Biology et al.
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Symbolic map of 14 disciplines; 1974
8
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
8
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Largest net donor of
knowledge.
Major knowledge flows.
Börner: “Mapping the Evolving Interface of Mainstream Chemistry and the Fields of Biochemistry, Biology, and Bioengineering.28
Symbolic map of 14 disciplines; 1979
8
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
8
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
5,00010,00020,00040,000
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Börner: “Mapping the Evolving Interface of Mainstream Chemistry and the Fields of Biochemistry, Biology, and Bioengineering.29
Symbolic map of 14 disciplines; 1984
8
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
8
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Börner: “Mapping the Evolving Interface of Mainstream Chemistry and the Fields of Biochemistry, Biology, and Bioengineering.30
Symbolic map of 14 disciplines; 1989
8
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
8
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
5,00010,00020,00040,000
16
Börner: “Mapping the Evolving Interface of Mainstream Chemistry and the Fields of Biochemistry, Biology, and Bioengineering.31
Symbolic map of 14 disciplines; 1994
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 9
10
11
12
13
14
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 9
10
11
12
13
14 1
2
3
4
5
6
7 9
10
11
12
13
14
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Börner: “Mapping the Evolving Interface of Mainstream Chemistry and the Fields of Biochemistry, Biology, and Bioengineering.32
Symbolic map of 14 disciplines; 1999
8
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
8
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
5,00010,00020,00040,000
17
Börner: “Mapping the Evolving Interface of Mainstream Chemistry and the Fields of Biochemistry, Biology, and Bioengineering.33
Symbolic map of 14 disciplines; 2004
8
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
8
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Börner: “Mapping the Evolving Interface of Mainstream Chemistry and the Fields of Biochemistry, Biology, and Bioengineering.34
Symbolic map of 14 disciplines; 2004
8
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
8
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
5,00010,00020,00040,000
18
Börner: “Mapping the Evolving Interface of Mainstream Chemistry and the Fields of Biochemistry, Biology, and Bioengineering.35
Symbolic map of 14 disciplines; 2004
8
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
8
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Börner: “Mapping the Evolving Interface of Mainstream Chemistry and the Fields of Biochemistry, Biology, and Bioengineering.36
Symbolic map of 14 disciplines; 2004
8
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
8
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Chemistry,Analytical
Chemistry,Gen/Organic
Chemistry,Polymer
GeoSciClimate
Biology;Zoology;Ecology
MicroBio;Plant SciFood Sci
Toxicology;Pharmacology
Biochemistry
Materials
Phys Chem
Physics;Optics
CM Physics
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Other
Biology
Chemistry
Biochemistry
BioEngineering
Fraction of papersby cluster
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Knowledge Flows(cluster to cluster)
source recipient
cited citing
source recipient
cited citing
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Earth Sciences
PhysicsOther arrow colors as above
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
Number of papersby cluster
5,00010,00020,00040,000
5,00010,00020,00040,000
19
Börner: “Mapping the Evolving Interface of Mainstream Chemistry and the Fields of Biochemistry, Biology, and Bioengineering.37
Summary
Maps show the growth, distribution, and knowledge flows between Chemistry, Biology, Biochemistry, and Bioengineering.Over the past 30 years, Biochemistry and Bioengineering are moving steadily into Chemistryterritory, and are having a large influence on the general knowledge base. Chemistry’s impact on the knowledge base is growing, but at a slower rate.
Journal-level data provides no information about the topics at the interface between fields, thus limiting the strategic decisions that can be made based on the mapping exercise.Folding in patent and or commercial data would provide a basis to study the impact of research on innovation and product development. It might very well be the case that some areas of science change their impact from a generator of cited scholarly knowledge to a generator of commercially valuable and hence patented and/or disclosed knowledge. Paper-level data would support the
identification of topics on the interfaces between fields, knowledge flows at topical levels, and detailed trends at these micro-levels. analysis of the trajectories and impact of single researchers, teams, institutions, or nations.
The End.The End.