1

2

3

45

6

7

8 9

Mapping the British Isles

• R-Dropping• H-Dropping• FOOT-STRUT Split• NG Coalescence• FACE-Diphthonging

based on Trudgill, Dialects, Routledge 1994, pages 37-39.

• R-Dropping• H-Dropping• FOOT-STRUT Split• NG Coalescence• FACE-Diphthonging

Mapping the British Isles

Scotland

Northeast

North

East CentralWest Central

Wales

Western SW

Eastern SW

Southeast

Mapping the British Isles

Scotland

Northeast

North

East CentralWest Central

Wales

Western SW

Eastern SW

Southeast

N. Ireland(Ulster)

S. Ireland(Eire)

Mapping the British Isles

+r

+r

-r

• R-Dropping• H-Dropping• FOOT-STRUT Split• NG Coalescence• FACE-Diphthonging

NB!

arm

+r

+r

-r+r

• R-Dropping• H-Dropping• FOOT-STRUT Split• NG Coalescence• FACE-Diphthonging

+r

+r

-r

• R-Dropping• H-Dropping• FOOT-STRUT Split• NG Coalescence• FACE-Diphthonging

+h

-h

• R-Dropping• H-Dropping• FOOT-STRUT Split• NG Coalescence• FACE-Diphthonging+h

house

• R-Dropping• H-Dropping• FOOT-STRUT Split• NG Coalescence• FACE-Diphthonging

sun

Last

• R-Dropping• H-Dropping• FOOT-STRUT Split• NG Coalescence• FACE-Diphthonging

tongue

• R-Dropping• H-Dropping• FOOT-STRUT Split• NG Coalescence• FACE-Diphthonging

• R-Dropping• H-Dropping• FOOT-STRUT Split• NG Coalescence• FACE-Diphthonging

1

2

3

45

6

7

8 9

Scotland

Northeast

North

East Central

Western SW

Eastern SW

Southeast

West Central

Wales

Scotland 3

Northeast 3

North 4

East Central 5

Western SW 6

Eastern SW7

Southeast 8

West Central 4

Wales 5

HiglandScottish

Scotland

NortheastNorth

East Central

West Central

Wales

Western SW

Eastern SW

Southeast

N. Ireland(Ulster)

S. Ireland(Eire)

R-Drop

H-Drop

FOOT-STRUT Split

NGCo

Long Mid

Diphth. new

1 Scotland o o n n o 2

2 The Northeast n o o n o 2

3 The North n n o n o 3

4 Wales n n n n o 4

5 West Central n n o o n 3

6 East Central n n o n n 4

7 Western SW o n n n o 3

8 Eastern SW o n n n n 4

9 The Southeast n n n n n 5

R-Drop

H-Drop

FOOT-STRUT Split

NGCo

Long Mid

Diphth.

BATH-

TRAP Split

FOOT-

GOOSE Merger

Diph-thongShift new

1 Scotland o o n n o o n o 3

2 The Northeast n o o n o o o o 2

3 The North n n o n o o o o 3

4 Wales n n n n o o o o 4

5 West Central n n o o n o o o 3

6 East Central n n o n n o o o 4

7 Western SW o n n n o n o n 5

8 Eastern SW o n n n n n o n 6

9 The Southeast n n n n n n o n 7

1

2

3

45

6

7

8 9

• BATH-TRAP Split

• FOOT-STRUT Split• BATH-TRAP Split

1

2

3

45

6

7

8 9

• Diphthong Shift

+

http://notendur.hi.is/peturk/KENNSLA/87/VARS/index.html

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R-Drop

H-Drop

FOOT-STRUT Split

NGCo

Long Mid

Diphth.

BATH-

TRAP Split

FOOT-

GOOSE Merger

Diph-thongShift

NURSE

Merger new

1 Scotland o o n n o o n o o 3

2 The Northeast n o o n o o o o n 3

3 The North n n o n o o o o n 4

4 Wales n n n n o o o o n 5

5 West Central n n o o n o o o n 4

6 East Central n n o n n o o o n 5

7 Western SW o n n n o n o n n 6

8 Eastern SW o n n n n n o n n 7

9 The Southeast n n n n n n o n n 8

So I should have added another variable:

Particular variables:• reversing several several variables particularly

NG Coalescence– also others e.g. FOOT-GOOSE and FOOT-

STRUT - spoilt calculations

Report on assignment 4

Particular variables:• FOOT-GOOSE not an innovation?• FOOT-STRUT in Scotland may not be an

innovation either.

Report on assignment 4

Particular variables:• SW no Diphth Shift - difficulties with Diphth Shift• FOOT-GOOSE marked -/+ in the Northeast• use of schwa for STRUT in Wales (one answer)• R-Dropping negative in Northeast. Northumbrian

burr

Report on assignment 4

Reasons• “It is most likely that the areas that have the

highest number of innovative forms do so because they have been highly influenced by other languages.”

• French influence.• London a melting-point for foreigners and Brits

from all over.

Report on assignment 4

Reasons• Immigrants…• When did they appear in any numbers? What of

the variables we are discussing could be attributed to foreign influence?

• Not clear that any of the variables concerned could be attributed to French influence ….H-Dropping?? – What percentage of the population spoke French?– French influence in vocabulary

Report on assignment 4

Reasons• The Norse influence in the Middle Ages (before

the French):– Clear grammatical influence– But we are talking of the accents of Standard English,

which has the same grammar everywhere …– A Norse-English creole???

• … to be continued

Report on assignment 4

Reasons• Conditions for dissemination of innovation:

– assume random occurrence of innovations• but greater probability in denser

populations• remember the critical size of children’s

groups

Report on assignment 4

Reasons• the socio-linguistic effect must be in the

dissemination, not the occurence– otherwise notional association of linguistic

factors with quality: phonetics, grammar …• so the two factors are

– large population– prestige of the new form (group identity. NB

prestige works both ways)

Report on assignment 4

-r -h u X e:

-r -h Æ X e:

-r -h u X e: