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Mapping Metalinguistic Knowledge in Dili, Timor-Leste€¦ · – highest dropout rates in the...
Transcript of Mapping Metalinguistic Knowledge in Dili, Timor-Leste€¦ · – highest dropout rates in the...
Mapping Metalinguistic Knowledge in Dili, Timor-Leste
Melody Ann Ross 13th East-West Center
International Graduate Student Conference February 13-15, 2014
Overview • Introduction • Research Question
– Where is Dili, ethnoling makeup – History and effect on Dili’s Demographics
• Lit Review – Map tasks, perceptual dialectology – The importance of speaker intuitions – Sociolinguistics in Dili, what specifically
• Methods • Participants
– language issues • Results
– Unique Lgs, Total Lgs, Word Counts – Maps
• Conclusions – Future Research (ask for mother tongues!!) rankings?
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Dili Introduction
• 1400’s – Portuguese Colony • 1975 – Power shifts to Indonesia • 1999 – Power shifts to UN • 2002 – Independence • 2006 – Crisis • 2013 – UN ends mission
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Dili Introduction
• Dili Demographics – large youth population – highest dropout rates in the country
• highest literacy rates
– wealthiest citizens – 74% of all migrants in the country settle in Dili
• 51% of this group is under the age of 30
• Linguistically Diverse
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Introduction
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Lit Review
– John Hajek, University of Melbourne • 2000; Sociolinguistic Environment in East Timor:
Colonial Practice and Changing Language Ecologies
– Aone van Engelenhoven, Leiden University • 2006; Ita-nia Nasaun Oin-Ida, Ita-nia Dalen Sira
Oin-Seluk: Our Nation is One, Our Languages are Different
– Kerry Taylor-Leech, Griffith University • 2008; Language and identity in East Timor
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Lit Review
• Dennis Preston, 1982 – From performance-based dialectology to
perceptual dialectology – Performance-based rely on professional
elicitation and analysis of observed behavior – Perceptual rely on opinions and experiences
of non-professionals – Why is this important?
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Lit Review
• Currently, studies tend to focus on macro-areas in the West – Bucholtz, Mary, et al. (2007) “Hella Nor Cal or
Totally So Cal?: The Perceptual Dialectology of California”
– Fought, Carmen. (2002) “California Students’ Perceptions of, You Know, Regions and Dialects?”
– Purschke, Christoph. (2011) “Regional linguistic knowledge and perception: on the conceptualization of Hessian”
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Research Questions
• Anecdotes suggesting that certain people tend to settle in certain places: – What are Dili resident’s perceptions of
language use in Dili? • What factors influence perceptions of language
use in Dili?
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Methods
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Methods • Distribution
– Student Training – Problems
• map culture, labels • group mentality • infrastructure
• Metadata entered in Excel for qualitative analysis in R – total word counts, total language labels, unique
language labels, demographic groups, etc. • Quadrat analysis
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Participants
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F M
2030
4050
60Participant's Age
Mean of both groups=26
Years
F M
05
1015
2025
30
Participant's Years Lived in Dili
Mean of both groups=13
Years
3
5
19
7
2
8
5
10
3
2
2
1
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Participants
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40yo; F; Baucau; 17 years in Dili
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24yo; F; Baucau; 2 years in Dili
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Mother tongues become like district identities for each person in East Timor and one feels proud to bring and preserve those languages there into the international world.
20yo; M; Dili; 20 years in Dili
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24yo; F; Baucau; 20 years in Dili
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Unique Languages (20)
18
31
1
113
3 0
91
30
4 6 13
69
12
182
198
5
35
0 1
82
54
32 25
0
50
100
150
200
250
Total Language Labels
Population (p=0.9)
19 0 50000 100000 150000
050
100
150
200
Actual Speaker Populations and Perceived Populations in Dili
2010 Census Language Population
Map
Lan
guag
e Fr
eque
ncy
Baikeno
Bekais
Bunak
EnglishChinese
Fataluku
Galolen
IdateIndonesianKairui
Kemak
Makalero
Makasae
Mambae
Midiki
Naueti
PortugueseRahesuk
TetunTerik
TokodedeWaima'a
Languages of One’s Own District
20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Tota
l Num
ber o
f Lab
els
Own-District and Non-District Languages by District
Own-District Language
Non-District Language
Results - Mambae
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Central Timor-Leste, 130,000 speakers
Results - Bunak
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Mountain-Central Timor-Leste, 75,000 speakers
Results - Kemak
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West Timor-Leste, 72,000 speakers
Results - Makasae
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Eastern Timor-Leste, 70,000 speakers
Results - Fataluku
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Far Eastern Timor-Leste, 30,000 speakers
Conclusions • Maps show that respondents don’t believe certain
languages to be in certain areas • Different groups (male, female, young, old, etc.)
did not show significant differences of opinion • Maps show high linguistic and social awareness • Labels show that respondents’ awareness of
languages roughly corresponds to their speaker populations (p=.9)
• Speakers are more likely to identify languages from outside their districts that their ‘own’ languages
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References • BUCHOLTZ, Mary, Nancy BERMUDEZ, Victor FUNG, Lisa EDWARDS, & Rosalva VARGAS. (2007)
“Hella Nor Cal or Totally So Cal?: The Perceptual Dialectology of California”, Journal of English Linguistics 35: 325-352.
• DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF TIMOR-LESTE. (2010). “Highlights of the 2010 Census Main Results in Timor-Leste.” Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, Dili.
• EVANS, Betsy E. (2002) “Attitudes of Montreal Students Towards Varieties of French”, in Daniel Long and Dennis
• Preston (eds.) Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 71-93. • FOUGHT, Carmen. (2002) “California Students’ Perceptions of, You Know, Regions and Dialects?”, in
D. Long and D. Preston (eds.) Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology, vol. 2. Amsterdam: John Benajmins, 117-136.
• HAJEK, John. (2000) “Language planning and the sociolinguistic environment in East Timor: Colonial practice and changing language ecologies.” Current Issues in Language Planning 1:400–413.
• INOUE, Fumio. (1999) “Classification of dialects by image”, in Dennis Preston (ed.) Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology, vol. 2. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 161-176.
• PRESTON, Dennis R. (1982) “Perceptual Dialectology: Mental maps of the United States dialects from a Hawaiian Perspective”, University of Hawai‘i Working Papers in Linguistics 14(2): 5-49.
• PRESTON, Dennis R. (1989) Perceptual Dialectology. Dordrecht: Foris. • PURSCHKE, Christoph. (2011) “Regional linguistic knowledge and perception: on the
conceptualization of Hessian”, Dialectologia special issue II, 91-118. • TAYLOR-LEECH, Kerry. (2008). “Language and identity in East Timor: The discourses of nation
building.” Language problems and language planning, 32, 2, 153-180. • VAN ENGELENHOVEN, Aone. (2006) “Ita-nia Nasaun Oin-Ida, Ita-nia Dalen Sira Oin-Seluk: Our
Nation is One, Our Languages are Different.”, in: Paulo Castro Seixas & Aone van Engelenhoven (eds) Diversidade Cultural na Construção da Nação e do Estado em Timor-Leste (pp. 106-131), Porto: Fernando Pessoa University Press.
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