Mapping Future Course: State of the Art in Pangasinan...

1st Pangasinan Conference on Revitalizing Pangasinan Language and Cultural Heritage

Reclaiming Identity, Mapping the Future: Pangasinan Studies in Theory and Praxis

Erwin S. Fernandez

Abstract

The conceptualization of Pangasinan studies as ethnic/area studies under Philippine studies had to be mapped to be able to define its research contours and terrain. Prior to doing that, it is absolutely necessary for Pangasinan scholars to lay down the epistemic foundations of Pangasinan studies. A critical assessment on the past and present production of knowledge, which falls under Pangasinan studies, is pertinent and important in charting the directions of future researches. This paper shall contribute toward understanding the possible epistemic nature and origins of Pangasinan studies as it shall appraise the past and current researches on Pangasinan. By doing so, it shall conclude by defining and prescribing the prospective course to be taken by Pangasinan scholars in the development of Pangasinan studies.

Introduction

There is a felt need to revitalize the study and appreciation of Pangasinan heritage and

culture. Globalization makes the world smaller yet even more complex than what we

imagine, a global village in the words of Marshall McLuhan, but it poses serious

challenges to marginalized cultures as Westernization or Americanization (others call it

McDonaldization) is making its way virtually unopposed. As for Pangasinan culture, the

language though alive as reflected in oral and printed literature had been long suffering

from neglect and abandonment in the eyes of doomsayers. It is easy for others to dismiss

this but there is a grain of truth to it.

The author is formerly affiliated with the UP Department of History and Department of Filipino and Philippine Literature. At present, he is an independent scholar, freelance editor and writer. He writes a column for a Dagupan weekly. He can be reached at [email protected].

ERWIN S. FERNANDEZNot to be cited and distributed without due permission from the author.

1

mailto:[email protected]


The only way to assess the growth and decline, development and

underdevelopment of Pangasinan literature is to survey the terrain of Pangasinan studies

(hereafter referred to as PnS) as seen in the knowledge production about Pangasinan

culture, history, education, linguistics, science and technology. Pangasinan literature here

means the entire corpus of writing on any aspect of Pangasinan people, culture and

institutions. By assessing the state of the art in PnS, Pangasinan scholars will be able to

chart the necessary direction in the promotion of Pangasinan culture in general and for

the maturity and diversification of PnS in particular. It is imperative and necessary,

however, to define first the epistemological framework, which PnS might anchor on.

Mapping PnS is in no way exhaustive and is deemed as preliminary, which others

might take as point of departure for similar studies. The data are gathered from the

bibliographic entries in the online catalogues of the National Library of the Philippines

(NLP), which is partially covered, University of the Philippines Main Library and the

LibraryLink. The latter is an online consortium of 37 libraries in the entire Philippines

among a total of 89 participating institutions. Among these institutions are the Ateneo de

Manila University, University of Santo Tomas, De la Salle University and Filipinas

Heritage Library.

Epistemological bases of PnS

PnS cover any study, research and works that pertain to anything Pangasinan in the

various disciplines of the social sciences and pure sciences. It is tentatively one of the

many branches in the tree of Philippine studies, which include Cebuano studies,

Kapampangan studies, Cordillera studies, West Visayan studies and other ethno-


2


linguistically-defined fields. It is a research domain where one can find a collection of

studies about Pangasinan people, institutions and culture. Seen in this way, it is the body

of knowledge of the Pangasinenses accumulated since time began.

By this definition, PnS, unrecognized until now as such, did not begin during the

advent of Spanish colonialism when Spanish friars studied Pangasinan culture as colonial

instrument to propagate religion and as a convenient tool of the colonial state to know

their subjects. It had its roots when Pangasinan people commenced recording their beliefs

and practices through their songs, legends, myths and proverbs, which are the

indispensable materials for the study of Pangasinan folklore, ethnology and anthropology.

This information constitutes the collective memory and consciousness of Pangasinenses

from the earliest times which are handed down to the present generation.

Like other Austronesian-speaking peoples, early Pangasinenses were basically

oral people whose traditions and customs were passed on through the mouth.

Nonetheless, they have ancient way of writing similar to the Tagalogs and

Kapampangans. Although there are no textual artifacts found at present similar to the

Kawi script of Javanese written literature as manifested in the Laguna Copperplate

Inscription (LCI), these might have been burned by the Spanish friars or completely lost

because they were written in perishable materials like in leaves or bamboos.

It is not certain if colonialism had really stunted the growth of Pangasinan

indigenous literature either oral or written. Nonetheless, colonialism paved the way for

the Spaniards to study and report on the culture of the Pangasinenses. Hence, the

development of PnS from 1565 until 1898 was in the hands of Spanish friars and officials

who studied the language and culture of the Pangasinenses for purposes of religious


3


conversion and colonial administration. The University of Santo Tomas (UST) took the

forefront in publishing dictionaries, prayer books and other religious materials in

Pangasinan from the late nineteenth century or even earlier until the pre-war years.

When the Americans annexed the Philippines, a new set of colonial masters was

sent to man the colonial bureaucracy. In contrast to the selective and conservative

educational policies of the previous regime, the new colonizers introduced an efficient

public education system. Filipinos including Pangasinenses became subjects of inquiry to

what will be now known as Philippine Studies. The Pangasinan elite were to send their

sons and daughters to these universities such as UP and would learn English. To these

schools, they brought their cultural baggage and would utilize them in research under the

supervision of American professors. From them would emerge professionals who would

later on occupy high places in government.

The germ of the Philippine revolution in the consciousness of the Pangasinan elite

was carried on in the so-called cultural revolution and renascence under the very nose of

the Americans. In 1901, Lingayen-born Catalino Palisoc published and staged the first

zarzuela in Pangasinan, thus kicking off his title as “Father of Pangasinan zarzuela” and

the flourishing of Pangasinan zarzuela in the coming years (Legasto 1996). In the next

decades, the pioneering works and interests of Pablo Mejia, Maria Magsano and other

Pangasinan luminaries constituted the “golden age” of Pangasinan literature (Legasto

1996; Vidal & Nelmida 1996).

Freedom of the press initiated the growth of PnS as Pangasinenses were allowed

to own and manage newspapers and magazines. In 1925, Tonung, a weekly in

Pangasinan, which means “uprightness” was established and lasted for a decade. Then,


4


another publication was Lioaoa, a Catholic mouthpiece. One of the most known

publishers was the Pangasinan Review Press, which issued Silew and later the weekly

Pangasinan Courier. These publications became the venue for Pangasinan scholars and

readers to publish and read on anything about Pangasinan and other current issues of the

day.

Educational progress had been limited and restricted during the course of Spanish

rule though foundations were laid for reforms. Parochial schools were established while

institutions of higher education were concentrated in Manila. In the case of the

Americans, mass education was supported and encouraged throughout the archipelago.

Besides the barrio schools and central schools scattered in the different towns, there were

a number of intermediate schools in a number of towns such as Lingayen and Asingan.

Secondary schools included an agricultural school in San Carlos and a vocational school

in Lingayen. In Bayambang, a normal school was built for the training of teachers.

Secular and privately-owned schools were established after the founding of

several public educational institutions. One of these schools was the Dagupan Institute in

1925 renamed later as Dagupan Junior Colleges in 1941, then Dagupan Colleges in 1950

and finally in 1968 as University of Pangasinan (UPang) (Cortes 1990).

Another university with pre-war origins is the Pangasinan State University (PSU).

It was chartered in 1978 and begun its operation the following year. PSU integrated

Asingan School of Arts and Trades (ASAT), Eastern Pangasinan Agricultural College

(EPAC) in Sta. Maria, Pangasinan College of Fisheries in Binmaley, Pangasinan School

of Arts and Trades (PSAT) in Lingayen, Speaker Eugenio Perez National Agricultural

School (SEPNAS) in San Carlos City, Central Luzon Teachers College (CLTC) and


5


Western Pangasinan College of Agriculture (WPCA) into one state university with these

institutions becoming its component colleges.

Postwar educational institutions were founded in response to the need of skilled

manpower after the devastation of World War II and the shortage of professions faced in

recent times. These include the University of Luzon (UL), formerly Luzon Colleges of

Commerce and Business Administration (LCCBA) founded in 1948, renamed Luzon

Colleges (LC) in 1952; Northwestern Educational Institution (NEI) in 1951 and merged

with Lyceum in 1974 as Lyceum-Northwestern (L-N), renamed as Lyceum-Northwestern

University (L-NU) in 2001; the Virgen Milagrosa University Foundation (VMUF)

recognized as such in 1994; the Urdaneta City University (UCU), formerly Urdaneta

Community College (UCC) and City College of Urdaneta (CCU) among others.

These universities are the logical and likely sites in the production of knowledge

as well as the repositories of PnS because mainly they cater to students near or within the

area. They come from the different towns and barangays of the province notwithstanding

those who are not from the place whose materials or data for analysis are gathered from

their places of origin. This production of knowledge can be measured in the number of

thesis and dissertations and funded projects researched through the years, which can be

verified in their respective libraries and archives.

Along with these local universities were the universities in Manila, which broke

new ground in the study of Philippine culture and civilization. At UP, in the mid-fifties,

an Institute of Asian Studies (IAS), a Magsaysay brainchild, was established with

Philippine studies as the main area of investigation. Reorganized as the Asian Center in

1968, it began offering a masters program in Philippine Studies until its reorganization


6


into Philippine Center for Advanced Studies (PCAS) in the seventies and this time

offering a doctoral program in Philippine Studies. Meanwhile in 1974, the College of

Arts and Sciences initiated a PhD program in Philippine Studies. When it was dissolved

to create three separate colleges: College of Science (CS), College of Social Sciences and

Philosophy (CSSP) and College of Arts and Letters (CAL), the latter two went ahead of

instituting their own programs in Philippine Studies. Lately, a centralized setup was

established to integrate the doctoral program in one office at the Asian Center. Under this

tri-college arrangement is one of the overriding general objectives: “to study Filipino

civilization and its constituent ethnolinguistic cultures” in which studies about

Pangasinan is covered (Sobritchea 2002).

Reconceptualizing PnS

Thus, the epistemic nature of PnS based on its historical underpinnings and development

is basically colonial and neocolonial in orientation. Colonial because it catered first to the

colonial and imperial needs of the colonizers in the form of dictionaries, census,

provincial reports and other colonial documents reporting on the people, culture and

activities of the Pangasinenses. It is neocolonial in the sense that until now it has not shed

off the vestiges of its past colonial mold. Commercialization of education is rampant in

universities with the aim of maximizing profits rather than delivering quality thinking and

skills to students. Unknowingly, the thrusts of college education is directed toward the

outside rather than the people themselves by strengthening English as medium of

instruction ostensibly to make their graduates “globally competitive” at the expense of

being the party to the erasure and distortion of their students’ cultural identity. The state


7


of secondary and elementary education in Pangasinan, the same in other provinces,

contributes to the neocolonial upbringing of most of the youth and adults. Meanwhile,

along with English are the more menacing consequences of another neocolonialism,

which shall be discussed in the following section.

On the other hand, inherent in PnS is its anti-colonial and anti-imperialist

character since its beginning can be traced to the days when Pangasinenses were free,

unfettered by colonialism. It was in this trait, the love of freedom, that Pangasinenses

were able to resist colonial and neocolonial impositions; to take cognizance of the value

of Pangasinan language and culture amidst Hispanization and Americanization. To this

mold belong the leading lights in Pangasinan culture and literature. PnS should project its

anti-colonial and anti-imperial sources as a liberating tool for Pangasinenses.

PnS as an area of study demands recognition as such. Until now, Pangasinan

scholars and educators have not recognized it as a liberating field of study for the people

of Pangasinan. To articulate PnS as liberating tool for Pangasinan people, Pangasinan

scholars must first recognize it as both ethnic and area studies with both anti-colonial and

colonial origins separate from but mutually linked to Philippine Studies. Ultimately, the

objectives of a reconceptualized PnS are the decolonization and liberation of

Pangasinenses.

Decolonization has been ongoing and it has never stopped and will never as long

as neocolonialism in its various forms and guises continues to threaten cultural originality

and diversity. The marginalization of Pangasinan culture and language along with other

Philippine cultures is a reality that one must be aware of. By reconceptualizing and


8


reframing PnS as tool of liberation, we can get out from this tragic prison of

marginalization and invisibility.

Rizal anticipates Frantz Fanon in the latter’s analysis of colonialism,

decolonization and alienation as can be read in Black Skin, White Masks (1967) and The

Wretched of the Earth (1968). In his El Filibusterismo, Rizal in the words of Simoun was

chiding and condemning Basilio and his classmates’ call for the teaching of Spanish,

which needs a critical rereading on our part to understand its import:

Spanish [read: English or Filipino/Tagalog] will never be the national language because the people will never speak it. That tongue cannot express their ideas and their emotions. Each people has its own way of speaking just as it has its own way of feeling. What will you do with Spanish [read: English or Filipino/Tagalog], the few of you who will get to speak it? You will only kill your individual personality and subject your thoughts to other minds. Instead of making yourself free, you will make yourselves truly slaves…as long as a people keeps its own language, it keeps a pledge of liberty, just as a man is free as long as he can think for himself. Language is a people’s way of thinking.

Rizal is saying that to abandon one’s language in favor of another is tantamount to new

colonialism, to neocolonialism with the agents themselves advocating their own

alienation and slavery. Quibuyen (1999) is right that Rizal’s nationalist project is the

recovery and revitalization of the people’s heritage and by people here, I suspect, means

the various ethnolinguistic groups in the country not just Tagalog.

Rizal therefore anticipates again Renato Constantino (1966) who in 1957 was

critical on the use of the English language as medium of instruction and in a more


9


expanded articulation on the subject in The Mis-education of the Filipino examined the

nexus between English language in education and the neocolonial mindsets of Filipinos.

But as early as the twenties or thirties, a Pangasinan poet has issued an ominous

warning in the use of English, and consequently of using another tongue, as a patent sign

of slavery. Lamberto Mejia Guzman in his “Sakey a Tepet” [A Query] (2006: 14) wrote:

“Say wikan iletneg na sankailin Oley ya papablien tayo tan labay tin dilien ag nikuan ya

tanda na aliguas na bahley noag ingen sikatoy tanda na inkaaripen [The language that the

foreign power cherishes, which we care and which we want to nurture cannot be said to

be an indication of the nation’s progress but it is even the hallmark of slavery].

In the academe, particularly at UP, indigenization of theories on Philippine

realities and conditions as opposed to Western methods and thinking is seen as a correct

and sure path to decolonization and liberation of Filipinos from neocolonial frameworks

and paradigms. It started with nationalist historians reacting to and rectifying the gross

errors in the interpretation of Philippine history. Teodoro Agoncillo (1970) argues that

Philippine history should be interpreted using the Filipino perspective. In the field of

psychology, Virgilio Enriquez theorizes on the development of an indigenous psychology

called Sikolohiyang Pilipino (SP) in contradistinction to Western-oriented psychology.

Prospero Covar (1998: 27) embraces the gains from history and psychology to define

Pilipinolohiya, different from Philippine Studies, as “systematic study of Filipino psyche,

Philippine culture and Philippine society.” Meanwhile, Zeus Salazar (1991) puts forward

Pantayong Pananaw (PP) as the totality in unity and diversity of practices and customs of

a cultural whole expressed in a language geared towards the formation of discourse of a

civilization, meaning of Filipinos.


10


Reclaiming Pangasinan Identity

The avowed goal of SP, Pilipinolohiya and PP as perspectives is the reclaiming of

Filipinos of their identity erased and distorted by colonialism and neocolonialism. By

reclaiming their lost identity, they will be able to chart their future on their own not

through the lens of foreign, usually Western perspectives. Drawing from their own

experiences as a people, Filipinos will be able to formulate original thoughts and ideas,

not imported and copycat theoretical models from the West, about Philippine problems.

PnS owes from them that it should be a vehicle and strategy toward reclaiming

Pangasinan identity.

But these ways of looking at things is hindered by one serious theoretical flaw.

Although they do identify the existence of the multilingual and multiethnic

configurations of what we call the Filipino nation, they do not consider the language

problem primarily the imposition of Tagalog as an important factor in the marginalization

of cultures outside the grammar of power. Salazar looks at Filipino/Tagalog as the

language of a shared discourse among ethnolinguistic communities in the creation of a

national culture not dictated by those in power politically and culturally (Mendoza 2001).

The same is true for Covar’s Pilipinolohiya and Enriquez’s Sikolohiyang Pilipino, which

use Filipino/Tagalog as the medium of analysis. Consequently, Filipino/Tagalog is the

lens of examining the experiences of the Filipino, which should not be limited to Tagalog

experiences.

So what Rizal has feared as the rise of new tyranny is not only political but also

cultural. Filipinization or what the proponent of Ilokano and Amianan Studies (IAS)

Aurelio Agcaoili (2007) terms as Tagalogization, instead of purportedly uniting the


11


country, is contributory to the ‘othering’ of other cultures by elevating Filipino/Tagalog

as the language of the national culture. By imposing Filipino/Tagalog as the national

language, as medium in communication, education and local government, these theories

on nationhood and national identity are unwittingly abetting the linguistic, hence cultural,

genocide of the more than a hundred languages and cultures in the Philippines including

Pangasinan.

We have been othered by the mainstreaming of an allegedly national culture that

is no other than the Tagalog culture, which takes us to Edward Said’s Orientalism (2003)

with an added twist, that of Filipino/Tagalog making non-Tagalogs the object of

investigation, of domination and of oppression. In effect, this neo-orientalism among the

supposedly Orients, us, is a classic case of domination and control by one of them over

other cultures.

We have been seeing ourselves in the eyes of the Other. We have been accepting

hook, line and sinker that Filipino/Tagalog can express our aspirations and longings as a

people. We, especially the intellectuals, have been complicit to this kind of wholesale

betrayal of our identity and culture. Agcaoili (2007) captures the sinister consequences of

Tagalogization to all Filipinos except Tagalogs and our complicity with its imposition:

“…this culture of silence we have adopted in the face of this unwanted onslaught of the

Tagalogization of anything belonging to the nation, of the mind of the peoples of all the

ethno-linguistic groups, of the Tagalogization of consciousness, of the Tagalogization of

all the apparatuses of culture, the media, the economic and political life of the peoples.”

He points the blame to our leaders, a culpability that should be shared by the intellectuals,


12


in the “lobotomization of the minds of our people, such that, in the end, the standard of

national life became either an Anglicized-Englishicized one or a Tagalogized one.”

This should make us pause and rethink the bases of reclaiming our identity as

Pangasinenses. Our struggle as a people within the Philippine nation-state is two-fold: the

resistance to foreign, American, Western neocolonialism through the English language

and the opposition to Filipino/Tagalog domination and oppression. Thus, PnS as the

reclaiming of our identity should deal with our experiences as a people and our

comprehension of the world around us using our own perspectives and thinkings

expressed in our own language. PnS in this sense is larger than PnS as ethnic and area

studies that is both multidisciplinal and interdisciplinal.

Hence, PnS can be independent from Philippine Studies to a certain extent

because it is not confined to studying Pangasinan per se. It could mean studying and

looking at other cultures such as American, English, European, Asian, Japanese,

Malaysian, the whole spectrum of human experience, as they would also look at us, not

as objects of analysis under Philippine Studies but as having a distinct culture and

identity. In other words, why not have a Pangasinan Studies in Britain in the same way

that we can have a British Studies in Pangasinan? PnS in this frame of thinking does not

constitute of one worldview, the Pangasinan welstanchauung because that would be

equivalent to reductionism and essentialism. PnS consists of and encompasses a

multiplicity of disciplines, contesting perspectives, schools of thoughts and points of

view originating from within but not discounting the outside of its totality.

Regarding this last point, PnS as ethnic and area studies includes studies in the

ethnicity and culture of other peoples who have migrated to Pangasinan like the Ilokanos.


13


It would be relevant and provocative to define the limits and meanings of Pangasinan

identity not just on linguistic basis. Pangasinan as an ethnic identifier usually connotes a

person who speaks Pangasinan or someone who shares the culture. By expanding its

meaning to include people who had lived and resided in the place, PnS shall be able

accommodate other cultures and peoples to its area of research. When we speak of

Pangasinan literature in English, we can therefore cite F. Sionil Jose although Ilocanos

can cite him under Ilokano literature in English, too. We can also speak of Pangasinan

literature in Iloco and therefore make the trailblazer Juan S. P. Hidalgo Jr. our very own.

In short, Pangasinanness should not be limited to ethnicity but must also include

geographic considerations as a result of migrations. Corollary to this, PnS, beyond the

limiting confines of ethnic or area studies, aims to understand the diaspora of Pangasinan

people outside the province and outside the country as the reality of globalization today

as in the past impinges on Pangasinan identity and culture.

PnS Mapped

As said earlier, PnS as ethnic/area studies is both multidisciplinal and interdisciplinal

covering history, anthropology and other social sciences and the pure sciences such as

biology, geology, mathematics. At present, there is no PnS as described here although

there are studies done that can be said to be precursors to it or falls under its domain.

Except a center for Pangasinan studies as stipulated in a memorandum of agreement

between various cultural groups and a university, its existence is subject to doubt, there

are no theoretical explorations on PnS as ethnic and area studies and its larger

connotation.


14


There are nonetheless significant bodies of knowledge produced about

Pangasinan by Pangasinenses themselves and other scholars. These bodies of knowledge

form part of the bulk of what constitutes PnS. There are various disciplines that may fall

under its purview ranging from Pangasinan agriculture to Pangasinan urban planning,

from A to Z so to speak. Attached here is an appendix containing Pangasinan

bibliography alphabetically arranged in 31 disciplines. Over the past fifty years or so,

studies on Pangasinan had accumulated and will continue to accumulate in the next fifty

years. It is in this context that PnS should enter the picture to guide future researches as to

their relevance and significance in the life of Pangasinan people.

This survey of knowledge that PnS can anchor on is based on the collections of

Manila-based universities, which had a good online database unlike local universities in

the region. The problem is somewhat mitigated by looking at the online catalogue of the

NLP because all educational institutions had to submit a copy of each thesis and

dissertation to them. Since the survey had covered only a small part of the NLP’s online

database, this survey does not provide complete and accurate depiction but can give hints

and clues on the status of knowledge production about Pangasinan.

Out of the 313 entries taken from the online catalogues of UP Main Library, NLP

and LibraryLink, 300 (95.85%) are said to be Philippine publications while 13 (4.15%)

are produced outside. From these Philippine publications, 166 (55.33%) are theses and

dissertations and the remaining, 134 (44.67%) are other types, i.e. publications of public

and private institutions.


15


Table 1 PnS by major disciplines according to its type of production

Major

Disciplines

No. of Theses/Dissertations Other Types

Total %

Philippine

Universities

Outside Philippine

Publications

Foreign

Publications1

Agriculture 8 1 14 1 23 7.35

Economics 1 1 6 1 8 2.56

Education 72 1 3 1 76 24.28

History 5 0 32 0 37 11.82

Linguistics 11 1 22 5 38 12.14

Literature 6 0 33 0 44 14.06

Marine Science 28 0 0 0 28 8.94

Public

Administration

8 0 5 0 13 4.15

Table 2 PnS by minor disciplines according to its type of production

Minor

Disciplines

No. of Theses/Dissertations Other Types

Total %

Philippine

Universities

Outside Philippine

Publications

Foreign

Publications2

Anthropology 2 0 0 2 4 1.28

Archaeology 0 0 2 0 2 0.64

Architecture 0 0 1 0 1 0.32

1 Includes theses/dissertations.2 Includes theses/dissertations.


16


Ecology 0 0 1 0 1 0.32

Engineering 2 0 0 0 2 0.64

Ethnology 1 0 0 0 1 0.32

Geology 3 0 0 1 4 1.28

Meteorology 1 0 0 0 1 0.32

Education (24.28%) ranks first among disciplines with most number of researches

followed by literature (14.06%), linguistics (12.14%) and history (11.82%). At the

bottom of knowledge production are the disciplines of architecture, ecology, ethnology

and meteorology (0.32% or equivalent to having one publication). Meanwhile,

anthropology and geology (1.28%) and engineering (0.64%) had four and two

publications respectively.

A look at the data specific to education reveals a curious side of PnS. Pangasinan

educators will likely to pursue graduate studies in the province because of the availability

of affordable and accessible tertiary education. Thus, knowledge production in education

is not concentrated in Manila universities although Pangasinan educators still opt to study

in one or two of the leading universities in the country. UP accounted for 15 theses and

dissertations while Centro Escolar University (CEU) produced six, National University

(NU) three, De la Salle University (DLSU), Philippine Women’s University (PWU) and

as far as Silliman University (SU) one each. Cordillera and Central Luzon colleges and

universities made up the remaining, which is less than 20 % or 13 theses and dissertations

produced in Baguio Central University (BCU) and Lyceum of Baguio (LB) with four

each, University of Baguio (UB) two and once each for Araullo University (AU) in


17


Cabanatuan City, Republic Central Colleges (RCA) in Angeles City and Tarlac College

of Agriculture (TCA) in Camiling.

Table 3 Knowledge production in education by location of universities

Locations of

Colleges/Universities

Number of

Theses/Dissertations %

Pangasinan 30 41.67

Cordillera and Central Luzon 13 18.06

Manila incl. S. Luzon, Visayas 28 38.89

One can infer that among the disciplines, Pangasinan educational institutions had

strength rather than an edge in education compared to anthropology for instance, in which

they had no degree programs in that discipline at all. NEI took the lead by producing

seven while L-N and San Carlos College had four each, Adelphi College (AC) three,

UPang, LC and Luna Colleges (LuC) two each, Palaris Colleges (PC), PSU and Dagupan

College (DC) one each. They are however limited in terms of research capability in

history, literature, marine science, degrees either Baccalaureate or advanced, that are

well-developed programs obtainable and funded at UP and other Manila-based

universities.

Table 4 Pns by location of universities as per theses/dissertations produced

Location of Colleges/Universities No. of Theses/Dissertations %

Pangasinan 38 22.89

Cordillera, Central Luzon 15 9.04

Manila (S.Luzon & Visayas) 112 67.47


18


Pangasinan colleges and universities constitute only about 23% of

theses/dissertations produced or 38 of which 30 are researches in education. On the other

hand, UP had 84 theses and dissertations or about 75% of the total number produced in

Manila covering agriculture to urban planning, which is understandable since UP is a

state-sponsored university. But there is no excuse for Pangasinan universities not to

diversify and strengthen their curricula and offer programs that can compete with Manila-

based universities. They should offer programs that cater to the interests of students not

just for profit concerns because in the end, they are inevitably the loci of PnS. They must

be the vanguard in the promotion and development of PnS. By doing so, PnS could break

free from the domination of Manila-based universities in terms of knowledge production.

By doing so, Pangasinan universities can lure local students to study in their respective

campuses instead of going to Manila and may attract Manila-based Pangasinan scholars

to teach among their own people.

Table 5 PnS by language

Languages Number of Publications %

English 254 81.15

Spanish 12 3.83

Filipino/Tagalog 11 3.51

Pangasinan 32 10.22

Iloko 3 0.96

Bolinao 1 0.32


19


As the table above shows, most of PnS are written in English. The reason

obviously points to the language policy in the academe where English is seen as the

prestigious medium in discursive practices contributing to the anglicization of the

Pangasinan academic mind. Pangasinan follows the list only because those included fall

under the area of literature and most are written in the first half of the twentieth century

until the sixties. Some are translations from original Spanish texts. Except literary

anthologies, once in a while books of poetry and short story, a sole quarterly magazine

like the Balon Silew where one can find even English and Tagalog pieces and annual

literary contests, Pangasinan literature in Pangasinan language is largely decadent and

would sooner or later sing its swan song if stakeholders do not institute revolutionary

changes in our educational and public policies.

The tagalogization of Filipinos, by extension to Pangasinenses, is creeping the

academe in our own universities and colleges. It is no doubt that it has taken hold of mass

media, in television, radio and in education as medium of instruction. Pangasinan

scholars, whose base is Manila, however, are slowly becoming infected by this seemingly

unassuming syndrome as they are explaining to the Tagalogs, not to us, our history as a

people in a number of theses and dissertations. Formerly, Pangasinan scholars had been

writing in English but now, some have shifted to Tagalog. In less than two decades, one

dissertation on language planning is advocating the use of Tagalog/Filipino in the

language policy of a particular Pangasinan university (Navarro 1990)!

Why not Pangasinan as a language policy? Tagalogization would partly explain

why the author could not conceptualize a language policy in Pangasinan for her own


20


university. Added to this is the predominance of this kind of thinking at UP where she sat

at the feet of Tagalog/Filipino language planning specialists.

Besides literature, majority of works in the field of history are written in English,

which is about 80% or 29. Five are in Spanish, one each in Ilocano and Tagalog with the

exception of Felipe Quintos who wrote in 1926 a history of the Philippine revolution in

Pangasinan. Although Rosario Cortes wrote in English, she opened Pangasinan

historiography to other possibilities in treatment and methodologies unexplored by her

works. Her three-volume Pangasinan history is a pioneering contribution to Philippine

local historiography. Drawing from various sources and approaches from various

disciplines, she was able to write a seemingly seamless narrative about Pangasinan

history dividing it in three periods: 1572 to 1800; 1801 to 1900 and 1901 to 1986.

Nonetheless, historians can still look at fresh ways on how to deepen our understanding

of our indigenous culture prior to the coming of the colonizers through the use of

folklore, archaeology, ethnography and comparative linguistics. A department of history

then in one of Pangasinan universities would play a crucial role in PnS.

Pangasinan linguistics had its beginnings in the landmark work of Fr. Lorenzo

Fernandez Cosgaya, the Diccionario Pangasinan-Español (1865) supplemented by the

research and emendations of Fr. Pedro Vilanova. Anastasio Macaraeg (1904) wrote his

Vocabulario Hispano-Pangasinan. Most of Pangasinan linguistics studies are done in

English with 29 works (76.31%) while only one is written, perhaps translated into,

Pangasinan by a foreigner.

It is high time that Pangasinan universities should establish a department of

Pangasinan linguistics covering not only Pangasinan but other languages as well. Ronald


21


Himes (1998) had convincingly argued that Pangasinan belonged to the Southern

Cordilleran group of Philippine languages which includes Ibaloi, Karaw, Kalanguya

(Kallahan) and Ilongot (Bugkalot). Linguistic data supports, according to him, the

hypothesis that these groups subsumed under the name Ibaloi during the Spanish colonial

period “migrated northward along the Agno River from Pangasinan to Kabayan.” The

Pangasinan culture area could extend beyond its present territorial limits to include parts

of Benguet, Ifugao, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya and Quirino for comparative studies in

linguistics and ethnography.

Likewise, a department of Pangasinan literature must also be established where

Pangasinan takes the center rather than being at the margins by understanding first

ourselves, then looking at other cultures in relation to us as a people. In short, as Ngugi

Thiong’O and his colleagues (1995) had argued in a position paper submitted to a

university, departments of English and Filipino should be abolished or better reorganized

under a department of Pangasinan literature. As a good metaphor, most of what make up

PnS as surveyed here are not produced in the center but rather ironically at the margins,

which is Manila. But understanding ourselves as a people encompasses not only this

department but the entire university structure; not only the entire curricula and programs

of a university but mass media, education and local government, an ambitious enterprise,

which is never impossible to achieve.

Conclusion

De-marginalization of Pangasinan identity and culture and the de-centering of

mainstream Filipino/Tagalog national culture demand the active participation of


22


Pangasinan intellectuals, cultural activists and political leaders. PnS points to the

recovery of our suppressed identity and culture as a people pushed into the periphery of

national existence by the linguistic and cultural domination and manipulation in the guise

of national culture, national language and national identity. The sooner we recognize the

inherent defects of our national language policy and the sooner we correct our apathy

towards these fundamental roots of our being as a people the sooner we can heal our

souls as a people.

Pangasinan culture and civilization as reflected in our language is our patrimony.

We need to save and defend it from the unwanted and forced encroachments of other

cultures. Only when we are able to define our civilization can we Pangasinenses are able

to stem the tide of Tagalogization and Anglicization. Such is the aim of PnS. PnS,

however, is never closed to other cultures. PnS recognizes the heterogeneous,

multicultural and multilingual facets of Pangasinan society.

The struggle toward liberation is not restricted to Pangasinan people. It also calls

for other ethnic cultures in the Philippines to rebel against the dominant, the center and

the national be it culture, language or structure of studies.

References

Agcaoili, Aurelio S. 2007. “The Case of Ilokano as a National Language.” In several parts. Tawid News Magasin. Available from http://www.tawidnewsmag.com/content/category/4/29/69/30/60/; Internet; accessed 24 October 2007.

_______________. 2007. “Ilokano and Amianan Studies, Northern Luzon Cultures, and the Universities from the Regions: Towards a Theory and Praxis.” In several parts. Tawid News Magazine. Available from http://www.tawidnewsmag.com/content/category/4/29/69/30/60/; Internet; 24 October 2007.


23

http://www.tawidnewsmag.com/content/category/4/29/69/30/60/

http://www.tawidnewsmag.com/content/category/4/29/69/30/60/


Agoncillo, Teodoro A. & Milagros C. Guerrero. 1970. The History of the FilipinoPeople. Quezon City: Malaya Books.

Constantino, Renato. 1966. The Filipinos in the Philippines and other Essays. Quezon City: Malaya Books.

Cortes, Rosario M. 1990. Pangasinan 1901-1986: A Political, Socioeconomic and Cultural History. QC: New Day Publishers.

Covar, Prospero. 1998. Larangan: Seminal Essays on Philippine Culture. Manila: National Commission for Culture and the Arts.

Fanon, Frantz. 1967. Black Skin, White Masks. Translated by Constance Farrington. New York: Grove Press.

___________.1968. The Wretched of the Earth. Translated by Constance Farrington. New York: Grove Press.

Guzman, Lamberto M. 2006. “Sakey a Tepet.” In “The Jovellanos Compilation” by Pascual Sagoy Mejia. Balon Silew 6 (2): 13-14.

Himes, Ronald S. “The Southern Cordilleran Group of Philippine Languages.” Oceanic Linguistics 37 (1) (June 1998): 120-177.

Legasto, Prescilina P. 1996. “Introduksiyon.” Sarswelang Pangasinan. QC: Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Lyceum-Northwestern University. “Lyceum-Northwestern University in a Capsule.” Available from http://www.lyceum.edu.ph/history.htm; Internet; accessed 25 October 2007.

“Memorandum of Agreement [Establishing a Center for Pangasinan studies].” Available from http://dalityapi.blogspot.com/search?q=center+for+pangasinan+studies; Internet; accessed 26 October 2007.

Mendoza, S. Lily L. 2001. “Nuancing the Discourse on Anti-Essentialism: A Critical Genealogy of Philippine Experiments in National Identity Formation.” Between Law and Culture: Relocating Legal Studies. Edited by David Theo Goldberg, Michael Musheno, and Lisa C. Bower. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Navarro, Preciosa C. 1990. Pagpaplanong pangwika at ang program sa wikang pambansa para sa Pangasinan State University. Ph.D. diss., UP.

Ngugi, wa Thiong’O. 1995. On the Abolition of the English Department. In The Post- Colonial Studies Reader, ed. Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin, 438-442. London: Routledge


24

http://dalityapi.blogspot.com/search?q=center+for+pangasinan+studies

http://www.lyceum.edu.ph/history.htm


Pangasinan State University. “Pangasinan State University History.” Available fromhttp://202.91.163.10/psu.edu.ph/Home/UniversityHistory/tabid/73/Default.aspx;Internet; accessed 25 October 2007.

Quibuyen, Floro C. 1999. A Nation Aborted: Rizal, American Hegemony and Philippine Nationalism. QC: Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Rizal, Jose. 2004. El Filibusterismo. Translated by Leon Maria Guerrero. Guerrero Publishing.

Said, Edward W. 2003. Orientalism. London: Penguin Books.

Salazar, Zeus. 1991. “Ang Pantayong Pananaw Bilang Diskursong Pangkabihasnan” in Pilipinolohiya: Kasaysayan, Pilosopiya at Pananaliksik. Edited by Violeta V. Bautista and Rogelia Pe-Pua. Manila: Kalikasan Press.

Sobritchea, Carolyn I. 2002. “Reflections on the Development of Philippine Studies in the Philippines: The U.P. Asian Center Experience” Asian Studies 38 (1): 99-107.

University of Luzon. 2005. “The University of Luzon: Where Skills and Values Meet for Bright Tomorrows.” Available from http://www.ul.edu.ph/aboutUL.htm; Internet; accessed 25 October 2007.

University of Pangasinan. 2007. “A Brief History of the University of Pangasinan.” Available from http://www.upang.edu.ph/uopHistory.html; Internet; accessed 25 October 2007.

Virgen Milagrosa University Foundation. 2006. “University.” Available from http://www.vmuf.edu.ph/university.php; Internet; accessed 25 October 2007.


25

http://www.vmuf.edu.ph/university.php

http://www.upang.edu.ph/uopHistory.html

http://www.ul.edu.ph/aboutUL.htm

http://202.91.163.10/psu.edu.ph/Home/UniversityHistory/tabid/73/Default.aspx


Appendix

Pangasinan Bibliography

Arranged alphabetically by Subjects

Agriculture

Agbisit, Elpidio J. & Marlyn Necesito. Burley tobacco production and marketing in Tarlac and Pangasinan, Cy 1981-1982. Los Banos, Laguna, University of the Philippines, 1982.

Agricultural marketing in Pangasinan. Quezon City: Philippine Statistical Association through a grant from the United States Agency for International Development, 1994.

Aldaba, December D.J.L. and Ma. Rosalia M. Perena. “Detrimental effects of mine tailings pollution on crop production in Pangasinan farm lands.” BS thesis, UP, 1989. (see also Economics)

Barlow, C. et al. Evaluating technology for new farming systems: case studies from Philippine rice farms. Los Baños, Laguna: International Rice Research Institute, 1983.

Baum, Gerhard A. Tobuan/Sual, a socio-economic study: Philippines. Manila: South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, 1976.

Cassava socio-economic and marketing study, Part V: Pangasinan and La Union. Quezon City: Special Studies Division, National Food and Agriculture Council, Dept. of Agriculture, 1978.

Cruz, Ma. Concepcion J. Water management for communal irrigation: a Philippine case study. Laguna: College of Development Economics and Management University of the Philippines at Los Baños, 1983.

___________________. “Social and institutional factors in differential access to canal irrigation : a study of a Philippine communal system.” [Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1983] Ann Arbor, MI.: UMI Dissertation Information Service, 1991.

Cuchapin, Erlinda D. “Determinants of agricultural productivity of selected rice farmers in Pozorrubio, Pangasinan.” D.Ed. diss., Pangasinan State University (Urdaneta), 1993.

Gotico, Virgilio V. Production and marketing of legumes in Pangasinan 1979. Quezon City: Information Section Bureau of Agricultural Economics, 1979.


26


Labios, Romeo at al. Corn production and management in paddy fields: cases in Camiling, Tarlac and Malasiqui, Pangasinan. Los Baños: Farming Systems and Soil Resources Institute University of the Philippines, 1998.

Lizarondo, Maura. Marketing operations of sustenance fishermen in Pangasinan. Quezon City: Information Section Bureau of Agricultural Economics, 1979.

_______________. The market process in the Pangasinan fishpond industry. Quezon City: Information Section Bureau of Agricultural Economics, 1980.

Momen, Mohammad A. “Economics of cropping systems in Manaoag, Pangasinan, Philippines.” MS thesis, UP LB, 1979.

Ocampo, Ma. Angeles P. “Impact of open access coastal fishery on municipal fishermen.” MA thesis, UP, 1989.

Onia, Cipriano V. Land reform in Tayug. n.p.

Paderes, Aurora S. “Attitudes, problems and role performance of the PCC field technicians in the cotton production program of Pangasinan.” MS thesis, UP LB, 1979.

Paudyal, Kamal R. “The economics of rice establishment methods in rainfed lowland areas in Pangasinan, Philippines.” Ph.D. diss., UP LB, 1996. (see also Economics)

Proceedings of the Consultative Meeting on the Salt Industry in Pangasinan, Bulacan & Occidental Mindoro 29 April 1994, Holiday Inn, Manila Philippines. Manila: The Department, 1994.

Recel, Modesto R. Soil fertility and fertilizers: province of Pangasinan. Dagupan City: Bureau of Soils Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 1973.

Untalan, Roly B. “The negative externalities of fishpens and fishcages in Pangasinan.” MA thesis, University of Asia and the Pacific, 2000.

Vera Cruz, W.C. Mango marketing, Pangasinan. Quezon City: Special Studies Division Dept. of Agriculture, 1979.

Yadao, Amante Ilar. “Parasite and predator populations in insecticide-treated corn field.” MS thesis, UP LB, 1979.

Anthropology

Blumentritt, Ferdinand. Versuch einer ethnographie der Philippinen. Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1882.


27


Florendo, Maria Nela B. “Luac peasants concept of a good life and its implications to planned change.” MA thesis, UP, 1984.

Rodriguez, Suzanna F. “The Barangen fishing concession in Bolinao: an ethnographic study of a customary marine tenure system.” MA thesis, UP, 1997.

Sawyer, Frederic H. The Inhabitants of the Philippines. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1900.

Archaeology

De Ocampo. Roberto S. Plio-pleistocene geology of Bolinao, Pangasinan and vicinities. Manila: National Museum, 1983.

Legaspi, Antonio M. Bolinao: a 14th-15th century burial site. Manila : The National Museum, 1974.

Architecture

Heritage: Philippine architecture; region I. n.p.: UAP, 1997.

Business Administration

Castillo, Leocio S. “The feasibility of establishing a fifty hectare peanut plantation in Bautista, Pangasinan.” M.B.M. thesis, Asian Institute of Management, 1970.

Community Development

Bautista, Herbert C. M. “Perceptions on the levels of implementation of the Coastal Resource Management Program and their implications to food security: a perceptual study of Bolinao, Pangasinan and Puerto Princesa, 2000.” MA thesis, National Defense College of the Philippines, 2000.

Moreno, Honorata A. “Financing community development projects (fy 1957-1961): case studies of Pangasinan and Abra and selected national public and private organizations.” MA thesis, UP, 1970.

Nicolas, Jose Santiago. “Income of farm households in a small Philippine municipality: implications for community development.” M.C.D. thesis, UP, 1977.

University of the Philippines, College of Social Work and Community Development in cooperation with U.P. Marine Science Institute, Elmer M. Ferrer, Project leader; Participatory Action Research for Community-Based Coastal Resources Management (PAR C-B CRM) Project. Tagaporo: the island dwellers: coastal resource profile of barangay Dewey, Bolinao, Pangasinan. Quezon City: CSWCD, 1994.


28


Dances

Basobas, Mamerta C. “A study of Pangasinan folk dances.” M. Ed. thesis, Northwestern Educational Institution, Dagupan City, n.d.

Friese, Jovita. Philippine folkdances from Pangasinan. New York: Vantage Press, 1980.

Sison, Jovita A. “Some unpublished Pangasinan folk dances with their musical scores and costumes.” M. Ed. thesis. Philippine Womens University, 1965.

Demography

Concepcion, Mercedes B. Current fertility levels and extent of family planning practices in Laguna, Nueva Ecija and Pangasinan. Manila: University of the Philippines System Population Institute, 1976.

Feranil, Alan B. “Correlates of contraceptive use and breastfeeding practice.” MA thesis, UP, 1982

____________. Fertility perceptions and intentions of husbands and wives. Singapore. SEAPRAP, 1980.

Ecology

Ecological profile of Pangasinan. Quezon City: NEPC, 1980.

Economics

Aldaba, December D.J.L. and Ma. Rosalia M. Perena. “Detrimental effects of mine tailings pollution on crop production in Pangasinan farm lands.” BS thesis, UP, 1989. (see also Agriculture)

Ancheta, Victor J. “The economic implications of cadastral sketching.” In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Certificate in Development Economics, University of the Philippines, Quezon City 1977.

Comprehensive development plan of Mangaldan, Pangasinan. Mangaldan, Pangasinan: The Staff, 1975.

Department of Trade and Industry - Pangasinan Provincial Office, in cooperation with Provincial Government of Pangasinan. Ventures in Pangasinan: an investment brochure. Lingayen: The Department, 1989.

Economic report on the province of Pangasinan. Manila: The Office, 1967.


29


Hagey, Rebecca S. “Healing entrepreneurship in the Philippines.” [PhD. diss., Case Western Reserve University, 1997] Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Dissertation Services, 1997.

Pangasinan completes economic projects with U. S. Food for Peace assistance and self-help. Manila: n.p., 1968.

Pangasinan integrated area development project: socio-economic profile. Quezon City: NACIAD, 1986.

Paudyal, Kamal R. “The economics of rice establishment methods in rainfed lowland areas in Pangasinan, Philippines.” Ph.D. diss., UP LB, 1996. (see also Agriculture)

Rabanilla, Samuel L. Fieldwork report: economic potential survey of the Province of Pangasinan. Quezon City: Institute of Small Scale Industries University of the Philippines, 1970.

Education

Abriam, Rosita E. “The problems of teaching Home Economics in ten selected private high schools in the province of Pangasinan.” M. Ed. thesis, Centro Escolar University, 1967.

Afante, Luz V. “Analysis of occupational interests of fourth year high school students in four selected high schools of Pangasinan and Dagupan City, 1965-1966.” MA thesis, Northwestern Educational Institution, 1967.

Alejo, Emilia A. “The status of college teaching in selected private teacher-training institutions in the province of Pangasinan, 1967-1968.” MA thesis, Luzon Colleges, 1968.

Alimboyao, Portugal G. “The participation of teachers-scouters of Sual, Pangasinan in school and community development.” M. Ed. thesis, Lyceum-Northwestern (Dagupan City), 1978.

Allado, Cesar A. “The unemployed college graduates in Tayug and Rosales,Pangasinan: a profile” M.A. thesis, Central Luzon Teachers College (Bayambang, Pangasinan), 1977.

Alonzo, Adriano H. “Approaches in the community schools of Urdaneta: their implications to administrators.” M. Ed. thesis, UP, 1971.

An evaluation report of the Philippines-UNESCO National Community Training School Center, Bayambang, Pangasinan, Philippines. Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1957.


30


Aquino, Florencio D. “Factors affecting teacher competence in the effective implementation of the 1974 bilingual education policy in Bayambang District I, Division of Pangasinan I: an update.” M.A.Ed. thesis, Palaris Colleges (San Carlos City, Pangasinan), 1992.

Aquino, Gaudencio V. “An analysis of the contents and use of B. P. S. Form 178 by elementary school supervisors in the Division of Pangasinan.” M. Ed. thesis, UP, 1965.

Asuncion, Erlinda C. “Implementation of the Bayan Muna Bago Ang Sarili program in selected public high schools in Western Pangasinan.” M.A. thesis, Adelphi College (Lingayen, Pangasinan),1992.

Axibal, Teofina Lopez. “The predictive value for academic success of the basic mathematical courses in the University of Pangasinan.” MA thesis, University of Pangasinan, 1973.

Baterina, Eliseo T. “Prominent characteristics of secondary school principals of nineteen public high schools in Pangasinan.” MA thesis, National University, 1961.

Baun, Alice Ilalo S. “Quality indicators of college faculty members in three institutions of higher learning in the city of Dagupan.” M. Ed. thesis, UP, 1973.

_______________. “The sociocultural milieu of the barrio school: a case study.” Ph.D. diss., Centro Escolar University, 1976.

Beltran, Jesus G. “Teacher’s readiness to undertake adult and community education in relation to their professional preparation in San Jacinto, Pangasinan.” M.A. thesis, Northwestern Educational Institution, 1971.

Bolado, Rufino G. “Trends in the performance ratings of public elementary classroom teachers of Umingan Pangasinan in relation to some personal and professional factors.” M.A. thesis, Northwestern Educational Institution, 1971.

Bonrostro, Teresita D. “Problems met by teachers of Communication Arts (Pilipino) in Urdaneta district I, Urdaneta, Pangasinan.” M.A.Ed. thesis, Lyceum-Northwestern (Dagupan City), 1981.

Braganza, Purita R.A. “The relationship of some educational and personal qualifications to performance of guidance counselors in the public elementary schools of Pangasinan.” MA thesis, Philippine Women’s University, 1972.

Bugarin, Remberto F. “A profile of the elementary school administrators of the division of City schools, San Carlos City (Pangasinan) School year 1981-1982.” M.A.Ed. thesis, San Carlos College (San Carlos City, Pangasinan), 1982.


31


Cabanela, Rosabel A. “The competencies of classroom teachers as guidance counselors in the districts of Binalonan I and II Pangasinan division II 1996-1997.” M.A.Ed. thesis, Baguio Central University, 1997.

Caronongan, Arturo M. “A normative survey of the instruction in health and science in the public elementary schools of Pangasinan.” MA thesis, UP, 1960.

Casambre, Alphonse. “A proposed coursebook on the teaching of scientific English to Filipino first year student in the Catholic secondary schools in Pangasinan.” MA thesis, De la Salle University, 1978.

Castro, Eladio G. “P. T. A. contributions to the public schools in Pangasinan.” MA thesis, Dagupan College, 1960.

Cayabyab, Alfredo G. A survey of religious instruction in the public schools of Pangasinan and Dagupan City. M. Ed. thesis, UP, 1959.

Ceralde, Nemesio. “A survey of the educational resources of the City of Dagupan.” M. Ed. thesis, UP, 1954.

Cerdan, Cesar A. “A study of the validity and reliability of the general mathematics test of the 1968-1969 national examination as taken by second year students of the Philippine-UNESCO National Community Training Center in Bayambang, Pangasinan.” MA thesis, UP, 1971.

Consolacion, Primitiva G. “Physical education program: its basic of selecting activities in the public elementary school of Urdaneta, district IV, Pangasinan, 1973-1974.” M.A.Ed. thesis, Lyceum of Baguio, 1974.

Cruz, Rufo P. “The difficulties in problem solving of Grade IV pupils in arithmetic in the Division of Pangasinan, 1961-62.” MA thesis, Northwestern Educational Institution, 1963.

Dacono, Ma. Fe C.S. “A study of the problems encountered by grade VI teachers in the teaching of Elementary Science in selected public elementary schools in Western Pangasinan 1970-1971.” M.A. thesis, Silliman University, 1972.

De Guzman, Felipe L. “Towards a structural analysis of colleges and universities in the Philippines: the Pangasinan Normal School.” Ed. D. thesis, Columbia University, 1967.

Delos Reyes, Rufo R. “An evaluation study of drop-outs in the District of San Quintin.” MA thesis, Luna Colleges (Tayug, Pangasinan), 1972.

Dingle, Adelina M. “Society and education: the case of Unzad, a Pangasinan village.” Ed.D. diss., Centro Escolar University, 1972.


32


Donato, Josefina C. “Personal-demographic, socio-economic and academic correlatives of values of college seniors in Pangasinan State University.” Ed.D. diss., UP, 1980.

Evangelista, Belen R. “A study of the attitudes of high school students toward certain acts of behavior in the classroom.” MA thesis, Luzon Colleges, 1970.

Fernandez, Loreta F. “The teacher-pupil ratio in the elementary schools of the Division of Pangasinan 1963-1969.” Northwestern Educational Institution, 1970.

Fernandez, Mercedes V. “Techniques and Materials for Teaching Philippine Community Life as Practiced in Pangasinan Provincial High School.” MA thesis, National University, 1958.

Frias, Rowena G. “Medicinal plants used by the students and parents in the public secondary school of Basista, Pangasinan.” M.A.Ed. thesis, San Carlos College (San Carlos City, Pangasinan), 1995.

Gajardo, Ricardo F. “The scholastic performance of sophomore students in the barrio high schools in Binalonan, Pangasinan.” MA thesis, Lyceum of Baguio, 1973.

Honrado, Cresencia B. “The Unemployed college graduates in the municipalities of Bayambang and Sta. Barbara, Pangasinan: a profile.” MAEd thesis, Central Luzon Teachers College (Bayambang, Pangasinan), 1977.

Jimenez, Lorenzo F. “The causes of poor academic achievement of pupils in the intermediate grades: district I, Manaoag, Pangasinan school year 1979-1980.” M.A.Ed. thesis, Baguio Central University, 1981.

Jimenez, Priscilla L. “Revitalizing the professional laboratory experiences for the Bachelor of Elementary Education students at the Pangasinan State University, College of Education: a proposal.” Ed.D. diss., Centro Escolar University, 1987.

Jovellano, Ascencion R. “Competencies of classroom teachers as guidance counselors in the public elementary schools of Urdaneta IV, Pangasinan II, 1973-1974.” MAEd thesis, Lyceum of Baguio, 1974.

Lavarias, Gonzalo A. “The community resources of Lingayen which can be utilized in social studies instruction in the Pangasinan Provincial High School.” M. Ed. thesis, UP, 1967.

Lopez, Marlito R. “Technology and Home Economics III at the Pangasinan National High School, Lingayen, Pangasinan, 1995-1996.” M.A.Ed. thesis, Baguio Central University, 1996.


33


Mabalot, Emerita. “The Responsibilities of elementary school heads in Pozorrubio, Pangasinan.” M.A.Ed. thesis, University of Baguio, 1983.

Macaranas, Gregoria S. “An analysis of the errors in the English written compositions of the college freshmen of the University of Pangasinan during the first semester, 1967-1968.” MA thesis, University of Pangasinan, 1970.

Maiquez, Corazon C. “An evaluation of Luzon Colleges HRM-Curriculum: a soft system approach.” MFSA thesis, UP, 1999.

Mamaril, Caridad M. “Job-related concerns of the public elementary school teachers of Anda, Pangasinan: its implications to teaching.” M.A.Ed. thesis, Adelphi College (Lingayen, Pangasinan), 1998.

Maminta, Rosario E. A survey of Sta. Rosa, a rural barrio and its school. M. Ed. thesis, UP, 1952.

Mendoza, Cleofe D. “The unemployed college graduates in San Carlos City, Pangasinan: a profile, 1977.” M.Ed. thesis, Central Luzon Teachers College (Bayambang, Pangasinan), 1977.

Mendoza, Ireneo B. “Cultural milieu in a rural school: a case study.” Ph.D. diss., CEU, n.d.

Meneses, Moises F. “Out-of-school youths and unemployed adults perceptions of and reactions towards non-formal education in Lingayen during the school year 1981-1982.” MA thesis, Pangasinan State University (Lingayen, Pangasinan), 1983.

Meru, Herculano M. “Family and community life in Nangalisan, Infanta, Pangasinan: its implication to education (a case study).” Ph.D. diss., CEU Graduate School, n.d.

Mil, Severo P. “Follow-up study on the barrio high school graduates in San Carlos City (Pangasinan).” M.A.Ed. thesis, National University, 1975.

Moreno, Onofre Z. “A study of the problems met by the elementary agriculture teachers in teaching vegetable gardening to grade V pupils in Calasiao, Pangasinan.” M.A. thesis, Northwestern Educational Institution, 1979.

Navarro, Faustino S. “An analysis of the industrial arts teaching in selected public school districts in Eastern Pangasinan.” M.A. thesis, Luna Colleges (Tayug, Pangasinan), 1985.

Ocsan, Elena C. “Pinalatuntunang kagamitan sa panimulang pagbasa sa Pilipino para sa mga estudyanteng Pangasinan.” M. Ed. thesis, UP, 1975.


34


Oliver, Milagros L. “A study of the community high schools of Villasis and Urdaneta as they affect community life.” MA thesis, Union College (Laguna), 1968.

Osias, Camilo O. Babasaey ombaley: onan aralen. Inpatalos ed wikay Pangasinan di H. Cañiza tan Antonio Ramos. Maynila: J. Fajardo, n.d. (see also Translation)

Pangasinan State University ten-year development plan, 1996-2005. Lingayen, Pangasinan: Institutional Planning Office, Pangasinan State University, 1996.

Pham, Doanh. “The contributions of the community schools of Urdaneta to rural development and its implication for teacher education in the Republic of Vietnam.” M.Ed. thesis, UP, 1971.

Porte, Jesusa S. “Attitude and aspirations, extent and causes of dropouts: their implications to school administration in the district of Aguilar, Pangasinan.” M.A.Ed. thesis, Tarlac College of Agriculture (Camiling, Tarlac), 1993.

Ragudo, Rosario C. “Implementation of applied nutrition program in the public elementary schools of Villasis, Pangasinan.” M.A.Ed. thesis, Lyceum-Northwestern (Dagupan City), 1983.

Raposas, Benita R. “The views of teachers on the art education program in the public elementary schools of Villasis, Pangasinan.” MA thesis, Lyceum of Baguio 1973.

Ramos, Josefina d.V. “Development of desirable attitudes in work education among grade six pupils in the division of San Carlos City (Pangasinan) and their implications to the guidance activities.” MA thesis, n.p., 1979.

Sagala, Josephta. “A comparative study of the teaching of character education in a public secondary school in Pangasinan.” MA thesis, Northwestern Educational Institution, 1972.

Salazar, Nicanor M. “Appraisal of the school health program in Urdaneta District I, Division of Pangasinan.” M. Ed. thesis, UP, 1969.

Salibad, Placido Boquing. “The problems of personnel administration in the public elementary schools in the Division of Pangasinan as viewed by school administrators and classroom teachers.” MA thesis, University of Baguio, 1972.

Salvado, Perla C. “Professional assistance extended to the teachers of San Carlos City (Pangasinan) in the improvement of their welfare.” M.A.Ed. thesis, San Carlos College (Pangasinan), 1994.

Santiago, Lilibeth S. “The Relevance of scouting in character formation among public elementary girl scouts in Lingayen, Pangasinan.” M.A. thesis, Adelphi College (Lingayen, Pangasinan), 1994.


35


Sicat, Brigido D. “The difficulties of the public secondary school teachers in the teaching of modern mathematics III in the Division of Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Pangasinan, and Tarlac in 1970-1971.” MA thesis, Republic Central Colleges (Angeles City), 1972.

Sison, Benjamin O. “Administrative and supervisory problems of public elementary school heads in districts I and II of Urdaneta, division of Pangasinan, 1976-1977.” M.Ed. thesis, Baguio Central University, 1977.

Sy, Antonio F. Jr. “Educational leadership role as perceived by public elementary school administrators and teachers of San Carlos City District III, Pangasinan.” M.A.Ed. thesis, San Carlos College (Pangasinan), 1982.

Tacbi, Ligaya C. “The conflict handling style and diplomatic skills of principals, school heads in Mangatarem district I, division of Pangasinan I.” M.A. thesis, Araullo University (Cabanatuan City), 1998.

Tan, Felicitas L. “Punishment: a form of social control among Pangasinan rural school children.” Ed.D. diss., UP, 1982.

Tejada, Juanito P. “Community development activities of the elementary and secondary schools of Mangaldan, Pangasinan.” M.A.Ed. thesis, Lyceum-Northwestern (Dagupan City), 1978.

Engineering

Bautista, Romeo Tan. “A study of some building foundations in Dagupan City as affected by the 1990 Luzon earthquake using database management.” MS thesis, UP, 1992.

Parayno, Frederick C. “Post-liquefaction study of Dagupan City and liquefaction assessment of Pinatubo lahar deposits.” MS CE thesis, UP, 1998.

Ethnology

Flores, Ma. Crisanta Nelmida. Pangasinan: isang etnokultural na pagmamapa. PhD diss.in Philippine Studies, UP, 2002.

Geology

Bryner, Leonid. Geology of the Barlo mine and vicinity Dasol, Pangasinan province, Luzon, Philippines. Manila: Bureau of Mines, 1967.

Fernandez, Marianne V. “Sediment facies, age, and depositional environments of the Labayug limestone, Sison, Pangasinan.” MS thesis, UP, 1996.


36


Mateo, Zenon Richard P. “Effects of delta switching on coastal morphology, bathymetry and sediment distribution: a paleogeographic reconstruction of the bayhead region of Lingayen Gulf.” MS thesis, UP, 2000.

Peña, Rolando E. “Petrology and geochemistry of the Balungao Group of volcanic centers, Pangasinan-Nueva Ecija, Luzon.” MS thesis, UP, 1998.

History

Abella y Casariego, Enrique. Terremotos experimentados en la Isla de Luzon durante los meses de marzo y abril de 1892, especialmente desastrosos en Pangasinan, Union y Benguet. Manila: Tipo-Litografia de Chofre y Comp.a, 1893.

Basa, Restituto C. “Pangasinan & the Philippine revolution, 1896-1899.” Resistance and revolution: Philippine archipelago in arms. Edited by Bernardita Reyes Churchill with the assistance of Gil G. Gotiangco Jr., Samuel K. Tan and Helen R. Tubangui. Manila: National Commission for Culture and the Arts, 2002.

______________. The story of Dagupan. Dagupan City: Manaois Press, 1972.

Cortes, Rosario M. “A history of Pangasinan, 1572-1800.” MA thesis, UP,1966. Published as Pangasinan 1572-1800. Quezon City: New Day, 1991.

___________________. “Pangasinan, 1801-1900: a politico-economic and social history.” Ph.D. diss., UP, 1979. Published as Pangasinan, 1801-1900: the beginnings of modernization. Quezon City: New Day, 1990.

___________________. Pangasinan, 1901-1986: a political, socioeconomic and cultural history. Quezon City: New Day, 1990.

___________________. “The political socioeconomic milieu in Pangasinan on the eve of the revolution.” The Philippine revolution and beyond: papers from the International Conference on the Centennial of the 1896 Philippine Revolution. Elmer A. Ordonez, editor; Bernardita Reyes Churchill, Serafin D. Quiason, Samuel K. Tan, editorial consultants. Manila: Philippine Centennial Commission, 1998.

___________________. “An analysis of population data for the province of Pangasinan in the Spanish regime.” Selected papers of the Sixth National Conference on Local History, Quezon City, 11-14 December 1984, theme: Aspects of Philippine economic history. Leslie E. Bauzon, issue editor. Quezon City: Philippine National Historical Society, 1991.

Dannhaeuser, Norbert. Chinese traders in a Philippine town: from daily competition to urban transformation. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2004.


37


Davies, Ben. Pangasinan: a journey into the Philippines. Bangkok: Luna Publications, 1997.

De la Torre, Visitacion R. Faith enshrined: churches of Pangasinan. Makati City: Tower Book House, 1997.

Diaz, Casimiro. “Maniago's revolt in Pampanga and Pangasinan, 1660-61.” From Blair & Robertson, The Philippine Islands 38: 139-161.

The Ferrer clan of Pangasinan, 1824-1985. Manila: Riveliza Pub., 1985.

The Ferrer family of Lingayen, Pangasinan, 1824-1975: lineage & directory. n.p., 1975.

Flores, Marot N. The cattle caravans of ancient Caboloan (interior plains of Pangasinan): connecting history, culture and commerce by cartwheel. Manila: National Historical Institute, 2007.

Flormata, Gregorio. Memoria sobre la provincia de Pangasinan. Manila: Imp. La Democracia, 1901.

Gabriel, Filomena J. “The history of the parent-teachers' associations in the general public secondary schools of Pangasinan for the school years 1947 to 1957.” MA thesis, Northwestern Educational Institution (Dagupan City), 1959.

Garcia, Fe C. San Carlos City: a celebration. Edited by Namnama P. Hidalgo. Pangasinan: M. Casillan, 2005.

Gonzalez, Jose Maria. Labor evangelica y civilizadora de los religiosos dominicos en Pangasinan (1587-1898). Manila: U. S. T. Press, 1946.

History from the people vol. 1 (Kasaysayan mula sa bayan): Proceedings of the 1998 centennial regional seminar workshop series on oral and local hsitory: Abra, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union and Pangasinan. Manila: National Historical Institute and Philippine National Historical Society, 1998.

Isidro, Natividad V. “Isang pag-aaral sa kasaysayan ng iba't ibang bayan sa lalawigan ng Pangasinan.” MA thesis, CEU Graduate School, 1973.

Malasiqui in 300 years: 1671-1971. Compiled by Federico M. Forteza. Dagupan City: Printed by Manaois Press, 1971.

Millan, Salvador. Breve noticia acerca de la aparicion de Ntra. Sra. de Manaoag, Patrona de Pangasinan seguida de la novena en honor de esta Senora. Tip. del Col. de Sto. Tomas, Manila, 1891.


38


Montemayor, Felix M. Anak apo na Alaminos: all achievers all. n.p., 1983.

Nandaragupan: the story of a coastal city and Dagupan bangus. Edited by Ma. Carmen Melecio-Prieto. Dagupan City: Dagupan City Heritage Commission, 2005.

Panagbiag ni Teodorico nga intabernaculo nga anac ti maysa a napanglao. Historia a sao ti Pangasinan quet inyulog iti sao ti Iloco ni Feliciano Millan. Calasiao: Parayno Hermanos, 1929.

A Pangasinan folio ’70: a historical document. Manila: H.G. Henares, 1970.

Quintos, Felipe. Sipi Awaray Gelew diad Filipinas, saray agawgawad Pangasinan tan Zambales nen taon 1897 angad 1900. Lingayen: Gumawid Press, 1926.

Rodriguez, Mariano. Historia de Nuestra Señora del Rosario de Manaoag. Manila. Del Colegio De Sto, Tomas. 1913.

_________________. Igorrotes y Salvajes de la Cordillera Nordeste de Pangasinan. Pasorrubio, Pangasinan, 1894.

________________ & Pablo Fernandez. “Religious Beliefs and Practices of the Igorots of Northern Pangasinan in 1895.” Philippiniana sacra 25 (74) (1990): 277-305.

Sison, Emmanuel S. Tales from the Land of salt: A glimpse into the history and the rich folklore of Pangasinan. Makati City: Elmyrs Corporation, 2005.

Sison-Duque, Mita Q. In the beginning: a nation, a president. KMSD publishers, 1994.

Torres, Timoteo de. Noticia de la provincia de Pangasinan en Julio de 1846. Manuscript.

Urgena, Cynthia B. “The colorum uprising of Pangasinan.” MA thesis, UP, 1960.

Law

Katonungay panamili (Ley electoral) Inkorit ed Pangasinan nen Buenaventura Ferrer. Manila: Oriental Commercial, 1928. (see also Translation)

Library Science

Baun, Urduja S. “Five-year library development plan for Palaris College in Pangasinan.” M.L.S. thesis, UP, 1979.


39


Iglesias, Blesilda Q. “Library usage patterns of the Pangasinan State University, Bayambang Campus as affected by students' personal attributes, library resources, facilities and services.” M.L.S. thesis, UP, 1994.

Nera, Corazon M. “Academic libraries in Pangasinan: implications to the Private Higher Education (PHE) tentative library standards.” M.L.S. thesis, UP, 1978.

Linguistics

Amurrio, Fidel of. O. F. M. CAP. Pangasinan grammar. n.p., 1970.

Benton, Richard A. Pangasinan dictionary. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1971.

_______________. Pangasinan reference grammar. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1971.

_______________. Spoken Pangasinan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1971.

_______________. “Phonotactics of Pangasinan.” Ph.D. diss., University of Hawaii, 1972.

Calderon, Amado M. My travel companion in the Philippines: contains words and common expressions in English, Tagalog, Ilocano, Pampango,. Pangasinan, Bicol, Cebuano, Visayan. Ilonggo, Waray, Chabacano and Tausog. Quezon City, 1996.

Capito, Jertrude B. “Philippine medical thesaurus on anatomy: musculoskeletal system and persons in Pangasinan.” B.L.I.S. thesis, UP, 2004.

Celino, Katrina R. “Philippine medical thesaurus on anatomy: body regions and cardiovascular system in Pangasinan.” B.L.I.S. thesis, UP, 2004.

Comparative semantics of synonyms and homonyms in Philippine languages: involving basic words that have to do with the physical world and its larger aspects in Pilipino, Tagalog, Bikol, Kapampangan, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilokano, Ivatan, Maranaw, Magindanaw, Pangasinan, Sibuhanon, Samar-Leyte, Tau Sug and Indonesia Melayu. San Juan, Pilipinas: Limbagang Pilipino, 1972.

Cosgaya, Lorenzo Fernandez. Diccionario Pangasinan-Español. Manila: Estab. Tip. del Colegio de Santo Tomas,1865.

De Gracia, Alta Grace Q. Morphological analysis of English and Pangasinan verbs. Quezon City: Rex Book Store.


40


Encleare Foundation, Inc. The new Philippines comprehensive dictionary: 8 major dialects: Tagalog, Bikolano, Ilonggo, Ilokano, Hiligaynon, Cebuano, Pangasinanse, Pampango. Illustrated, revised and encyclopedic edition. Kimball Educational Company, 2003.

Enriquez, Pablo Jacobo. Pocket dictionary: English-Tagalog-Spanish-Pangasinan vocabulary. Manila: Philippine Book Company, 1952.

Fernandez, Revocata A. “A survey of the dialect geography of six towns of Pangasinan: Bautista, Pozorrubio, Dagupan City, Lingayen, Alaminos, Mangatarem.” M.A.T. thesis, UP, 1970.

Franco, Harold T. “Philippine medical thesaurus on anatomy: animal structures, sense organs and food beverages in Pangasinan.” B.L.I.S. thesis, UP, 2004.

Garcia, Cenon. Diccionario: Inglis, Español, Ilocano, Pangasinan. Pangasinan: C. Garcia, 1956.

Llaneza, Pedro P. Filipino vocabulary: English-Ilocano-Tagalog-Visaya-Pangasinan-Kapanpangan. Dagupan City: s.n., 1967.

Macaraeg, Anastasio A. Vocabulario hispano-pangasinan. Manila: Impr. Fajardo y Ca, 1904.

Magat, Belen P. “Case and number in English and in Pangasinan: a contrastive analysis.” M.A.T. thesis, UP, 1970.

Maria de Bera, Roman. Gramatica Pangasinan; entresacada de varias anteriores y de otros libros. Salasa, Pangasinan: A.M.D.G., 1903..

Mendigo, Rosalinda A. “Barayti ng Dagupan Filipino sa ilang programa ng radyo sa Dagupan City.” MA thesis, UP, 1995.

Mendoza, Isabel R. “Aspect in English and Pangasinan verbs: a constrastive analysis.” MAT thesis, UP, 1965.

Muyargas, Wilfredo. “Comparison of some Cebuano, Tausug and Pangasinan nominals and substitutes.” MA thesis, Ateneo de Manila Graduate School, 1962.

Nartea, Remedios V. “Descriptive cognates of Tagalog, Iloko, Pangasinan and Kapangpangan.” M.A.T. thesis, UP, 1970.

Navales, Estrella Q. “Deceptive cognates of Tagalog, Iloko, Pangasinan and Kapangpangan.” Unpublished MAT seminar paper, UP, 1966.


41


Navarro, Preciosa C. “Pagpaplanong pangwika at ang program sa wikang pambansa para sa Pangasinan State University.” Ph.D. diss., UP, 1990.

Pellicer, Mariano. Arte de la lengua pangasinana o caboloan; corregido, aumentado, y llevando en si mismo el compendio. Manila: Reimpreso en la imprenta del Colegio de Santo Tomas a cargo de J. Cortada, 1904.

Quizon, Adela M. Hambingang pag-aaral ng mga panlapi sa Tagalog at Pangasinan. Maynila: Surian ng Wikang Pambansa, 1970. Translated and republished as Tagalog-Pangasinan cognate words with identical and different meanings. Manila: Institute of National Language, 1972.

Panganiban, Jose Villa.Diksyunaryo-tesauro Pilipino-Ingles. Sa tulong ng maraming impormante. May mga sinonimo sa Pilipino, Tagalog, Bikol, Kapampangan, Hiligayaon, Ibanag, Ilukano, Bahasa Indonesia, Ivatan, Maranaw, Bahasa Melayu, Magindanaw, Pangasinan, Sibuhanon, Samar-Leyte, TauSug. Kabatirang etimolohika, mga deribatibo at pahayag idyomatiko sa Pilipino, at mga omonimog dimagkakasinonimo sa iba't ibang wika. Lungsod Quezon, Pilipinas: Manlapaz Pub. Co., 1972.

Rayner, Ernest A. Grammar and dictionary of the Pangasinan language / Gramatica tan diccionario na salitay Pangasinan. Methodist Pub. House, 1923.

Schachter, Paul. A Contrastive analysis of English and Pangasinan. Los Angeles, Calif., University of California, 1959.

Scheerer, Otto and Eusebia Pablo. “The use of Ti and Iti in Iloko compared with Tagalog and Pangasinan equivalent: a contribution to comparative Philippine syntax.” The Archive, a collection of papers pertaining to Philippine linguistics. Paper no. 4, 1926. In H. H. Bartlett collection of ethnographic-historical and linguistic materials on the Philippines and the East Indies, 1760-1957.

Silverio, Julio F. New English-Pilipino-Pangasinan dictionary. Manila: National Book Store, 1976.

Tungol, Mario. Modern English-Filipino Pangasinan Dictionary. Manila: Merriam and Webster, 1993.

Verzosa, Paul Rodriguez. The psychology of Filipino proverbs (including Ilokano, Bikol, Ilongo, Moro, Pampango, Pangasinan, Sambal, Tagalog, Sugbuanon, Samarnon, Aklan, French, Spanish, Latin, Malay, Amoy, and Mandarin). Manila: Cooperative Service, 1950.

Viray, Felizberto B. “The sounds and sound/symbols of the Pangasinan language.” The Archive, a collection of papers pertaining to Philippine linguistics. Paper no. 5,


42


1927. In H. H. Bartlett collection of ethnographic-historical and linguistic materials on the Philippines and the East Indies, 1760-1957.

Vocabulary of words in most general use: English-Ilocano-Pangasinan-Tagalog-Spanish. Calasiao, Pangasinan: Parayno Press, 1960.

Literature

Acosta, Marcelo. Ginmalet. In microform. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Library, 1977.

Ani 6(1) (24 Dec 1992) [Contains “Akis” by Ronnie R. Redilla, 128-129; “Duaran patanir” by Rosa Maria Magno Icagasi, 122-123; “Duksa'y kapalaran onaan ya biang” by Maria C. Magsano, 16-21; “Pilak a intilak nen Juan Villamil” by Rachel Nelmida Sapigao, 22-25; “Say biang na Dagupan ed awaray Pangasinan” by Restituto C. Basa, 34-38; “Si mabinta tan si mandiyalteng” by Linda R. Andaya, 86-89, “Tagleey na puso II” by Leonarda C. Baltazar, 118-119]

An Anthology of Pangasinan literature. Compiled by Ester Daroy. Manila: Research Center, De La Salle University, 1986.

Asin: antolohia dagiti napili a sarita ken daniw dagiti mannurat nga Ilokano iti Pangasinan. Pangasinan: Gumil Pangasinan, 1993.

Ave Maria novenas na sancabalinguitan a rosad paraisoy Dios salanti sancasantosan a Maria del Rosario: Nilactipan so inquipayaoad na nuestra señora ed Manaoag. Manila: Tip. Pontificia del Col. de Sto. Tomas, 1920.

Catiponay cabalicsan na masantos a Rosario say inpañguialaguey ed rosarion naynay pian oncanan bantay nen Maria saray indulgenciasto. Manila: Imp. del Colegio de Sto. Tomas, 1897.

Cuesta, Cardinal Garcia. Catecismo a nipaacar ed protestantismo. Inpatalos balet ed salitay Pangasinan, pinasimbalo tan inarumay amayamay iran bangat, ya sancacanaan ira natan ya amtaen diad Filipinas, nen Salvador Millan. Manila: Imp. del Colegio de Sto. Tomas, 1902. (see also Translation and Religion)

Gonzales, Rosemarie V. “A Critical Study of Eight Moro-Moro Plays of Pangasinan with an Analysis and Translation of Principe Reynaldo ken Prinsesa Floresenda.” MA thesis, Centro Escolar University, 1978.

Guiang, Rodolfo V. Philippine Medical Superstitions Told in Parables. Lingayen, Pangasinan: Gumawid Press, 1960.

Ico, Lydia M. “A critical analysis of the Pangasinan cancionan: a folk debate in song.” Ph.D. diss., UP, 1981.


43


Legasto, Priscelina Patajo. “Pablo Mejia: a study of the Pangasinan zarzuela.” MA thesis, UP, 1976.

Libro del pueblo, o, Bangat iran nipaacad ed saray sampoloran ganggay Dios tan saray sacramentos. Guinaoay S. Alfonso de Ligorio et inalis balet ed salitay Pangasinan na P. Fr. Salvado Millan. 3rd ed. Manila: Impr. de Sto. Tomas, 1939. (see also Religion and Translation)

Magno, Iluminada M. “A critical study of the zarzuelas in Pangasinan of Catalino Palisoc.” MA thesis, UP, 1954.

Magno, Rosa Maria. Urduja beleaguered: and other essays on Pangasinan language, literature and culture. Manila: Kalikasan Press, 1991.

Magsano, Maria C. Coleccion Hombres e ideas. Dagupan City: Pangasinan Review Press, 1950.

______________.Duksay kapalaran. Dagupan City: Pangasinan Review Press, 1959.

______________. Duksay kapalaran: nankaduan libro. Dagupan City: Pangasinan Review Press, 1959.

______________. Bales na kalamangan tan antikey a biografia nen Senadora Geronima T. Pecson ya tini-tuloway "siopa may Senadora Imay." Dagupan City: Pangasinan Review Press, 1952.

______________. Colegiala Dolores: novela ed nankaduan tomo. Dagupan City: Pangasinan Review Press, 1950.

_______________.Samban agnabenegan; sakey a kombilay. Pangasinan Review, 1954.

_______________. My sacred oath: a novel. First published in Silew Magazine under the title Samban Agnabenegan. Dagupan City: Pangasinan Review Press, 1960.

Maikling kuwentong Kapampangan at Pangasinan. Binigyan ng introduksiyon at isinalin nina Maria Crisanta S. Nelmida at Lourdes H. Vidal. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1996. (see also Translation)

Malonzo, Teresita G. Taru'man nin Bolinao. [Mga katutubong kuwento sa Bolinao/ Folktale stories in Bolinao] / ninsurat tan dininep ra ni Teresita G. Malonzo, Neri S. Zamora; inistorya ra ni Bedencio Caasi et al.; hinusto ra ni Emerita C. Caasi et al. Manila: Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1983.


44


Maung a balita para sayan panaon tayo: pati saray libron deutero canonico Pangasinan. Manila. Philippine Bible Society, 1983.

Millan, P. Salvador. Novena ni Nuestra Señora Manaoag patrona ti Pangasinan. Manila: UST Press, 1946. (see also Religion)

Nelmida, Ma. Crisanta Samson. “Ang pagkabuo ng larawan ng babae sa ilang piling nobela ni Maria Magsano: isang alternatibong pagbabasa.” MA thesis, UP, 1991.

Nelmida, Perla S. “Pangasinan folk literature.” Ph.D. diss., UP, 1982.

Novena al Divino Tesoro en dialecto Pangasinan, sicatoy pamfiestay Sr. Tesoro, 5 de Septiembre. Manila: Tip. Pont. del Col. de Sto. Tomas, 1921.

Novenarioy sancamagloriaan a patriarca señor San Jose, esposoy reinad cataoenan Maria sancasantosan. Manila: Imprenta del Colegio de Sto. Tomas, 1904. (see also Religion)

Palafox, Filemon et al. Philippine drama: twelve plays in six Philippine languages. Introduced, edited and translated by Wilhelmina Q. Ramas. Quezon City: NSTA-Assisted UPS Integrated Research Program 'A' University of the Philippines, 1987.

Passio domini nostri Iesu christen. Translated into Pangasinan by Antonio Gonzales.s.l: n.p., 1849. (see also Translation)

Rizal, Jose. Agmoak didiwiten. Noli me tangere. Impatalus ed Pangasinan nen Lourdes Bengson Ungson. Ibale: Komision na Saray Bayani na Lapag a Bansa, 1963. (see also Translation)

Rizal, Jose. Say isusungpad uley; tungtong ya Filipino. Filibusterismo; novela filipina. Impatalus ed Pangasinan nen Lourdes Bengson Ungson. Ibale: Komision na Saray Bayani na Lapag a Bansa, 1963. (see also Translation)

Sarswelang Pangasinan. Binigyang introduksiyon ni Prescilina Legasto at isinalin sa nina Maria Crisanta S. Nelmida at Erlinda S. Andaya. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1996.

Say Balon Sipan, o dino, El Nuevo Testamento nen Catawan Tayon Manangilaban a si Jesu-Cristo. Manila: Sociedad Biblica Britanica y Extrangera, 1908. (see also Religion)

Tokotomi, Kenjiro. Nami-ko (Tuatuwan impanbilay). Patalus ed salitay pangasinan nen M.C. Magsano. Dagupan City: Pangasinan Review Press, 1951. (see also Translation)


45


Vidal, Francisco. Novenas nen San Vicente Ferrer, tan say inpanbilay to. Inalis ed salitay Pangasinan nen Benito Sanchez Fraga. Manila: Tip. Pontificia del Colegio de Sto. Tomas, 1923. (see also Religion and Translation)

Villafania, Santiago B. Balikas na Caboloan. Manila: National Commission for Culture and the Arts and the Author, 2005.

Marine Science

Agawin, Nona Sheila R. “In situ experimental evidence of nutrient limitation of seagrasses in Cape Bolinao, NW Philippines.” MS thesis, UP, 1995.

Aragones, Naniel V. “Taxonomy, distribution and relative abundance of juvenile siganids and aspects of the padas fishery in Bolinao, Pangasinan.” MS thesis, UP, 1987.

Bacaltos, Della Grace G. “Nutrient behavior, primary production, and infauna in a river system with inputs from fishpond effluents.” Ph.D. diss., UP, 2000.

Balgos, Miriam C. “Age and growth of the squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830 in Bolinao, Pangasinan by statolith observation and length frequency analysis.” MS thesis, UP, 1990.

Bangi, Helen Grace P. “The effect of adult nutrition on somatic and gonadal growth egg quality, and larval development of the sea urchin Tripneustes Gratilla Linnaeus 1758 (Echinodermata:Echinoidea).” MS thesis, UP, 2001.

Belda, Carmelita A. “Growth rates, allometry, and growth trends, in relation to some ecological factors of Tridacna gigas (Bivalvia : Tridacnidae) in Bolinao, Pangasinan, Philippines.” MS thesis, UP, 1989.

De Guzman, Asuncion B. “Community structure of macrobenthic invertebrates on exploited reef flats of Santiago Island, Bolinao, Pangasinan.” MS thesis, UP, 1990.

De Venecia, Mary Bernadette B. “The regenerative capacities and growth responses of Gelidiella acerosa (Forsskal) Feldman et Hamel branch cuttings to light and nitrates (rhodophyta: gelidiales).” MS thesis, UP, 1992.

Espinosa, Joselita T. S. “Aspects of the feeding biology of juveniles of the white-spotted spinefoot, Siganus fuscescens (Pisces: Siganidae).” MS thesis, UP, 1991.

Halun, Sitti Zayda B. “Experimental evaluation of the effects of siltation-derived changes in sediment conditions on the seagrass Cymodocea rotundata.” MS thesis, UP, 2001.


46


Lacap, Cristina Day A. “Sexual reproductive capacities of the seagrasses Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle and Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenberg) Ascherson in Cape Bolinao, N.W. Philippines: the effects of siltation.” MS thesis, UP, 2002.

Lluisma, Arturo O. “Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and photon flux density on growth, photosynthesis, and proximate constituents in branch cultures of Kappaphycus Alvarezii (Doty) Doty.” MS thesis, UP, 1992.

Montebon, Augustus Rex F. “Metabolic responses of Porites cylindrica (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) to water motion.” MS thesis, UP, 1993.

Nacorda, Hildie Maria E. “Macroinfaunal community structure and benthic metabolism of a shallow reef flat in Bolinao, Pangasinan (Northwestern Philippines).” MS thesis, UP, 1996.

Nañola, Cleto L. “Distribution patterns of nocturnal seagrass fishes on the reef flat of Santiago Island, Bolinao, Philippines.” MS thesis, UP, 1995.

Ortiz, Ariel T. “Growth and reproductive state of intertidal and subtidal Sargassum (Sargassaceae Phaeophyta) populations in Bolinao, Pangasinan.” MS thesis, UP, 2000.

Pamintuan, Irene S. “Successional trends of artificial reef communities in Bolinao, Northwestern Pangasinan.” MS thesis, UP, 1994.

Pablico, Grace L. T.. “Seasonality in photosynthesis, alginate yield and viscosity of five sargassum species from Bolinao, Pangasinan.” MS thesis, UP, 1997.

Palomar, Nadia E. “The population characteristics and behavior of the burrowing shrimp Alpheus macellarius as influenced by sediment conditions and seagrass.” MS thesis, UP, 2002.

Rañola, Maria Catalina G. “Temporal patterns of emergence of zooplankton in a Philippine seagrass bed.” MS thesis, UP. 1995.

Roa, Marie Josephine T. “Morphometry of Tridacna maxima and growth responses of T. Maxima and its dinoflagellate symbiont Symbiodinium sp. to different rearing conditions.” MS thesis, UP, 1989.

Sabater, Marlowe G. “Effects of induced mineral accretion on growth, survival and corallite properties of coral transplants.” MS thesis, UP, 2001.

Salmo, Severino G. “Responses of Rhizophora Mucronata (Lamarck) seedlings to spilled oil.” MS thesis, UP, 2002.


47


San Diego, Maria Lourdes C. “Measurements of physical variables and nutrient concentrations at Tambac Bay.” MS thesis, UP, 1985.

Tiquio, Ma. Gregoria Joanne P. “Responses of the generative propagules of enhalus acoroides (l. f.) royle to siltation and aquaculture-derived nutrient enrichment.” MS thesis, UP, 1999.

Vallejo, Benjamin M. “Preliminary investigations on the effects of grazing and stocking density of hybrid mollies Poecilla (Pisces: Poeciliidae) on the growth of juvenile giant clams Tridacna gigas (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae).” MS thesis, UP, 1993.

Yap, Leni G. “The community composition and production of phytoplankton in fish pens of Cape Bolinao, Pangasinan.” MS thesis, UP, 2003.

Yap, Maria Helena T. “Studies on the growth, regeneration and transplantation of Acropora pulchra (Brook) (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) at Santiago Island, Bolinao, Pangasinan.” MS thesis, UP, 1981.

Meteorology

Balotro, Rolando S. “A barotropic wind and tide induced circulation model for the Gulf of Lingayen.” MS thesis, UP, 1992.

Music

Coquia, Flordeliza E. “Cultural traits and values in Pangasinan folksongs.” MA thesis, CEU Graduate School, 1995.

Dulawan, Mercedes Javier. “Imahen ng babae sa mga popular na awiting Pangasinan.” MA thesis, UP, 2005.

Pinabli taca [soundrecording]. Quezon City: Vicor Music.

Nutrition

Mabakiao, Generosa T. “A comparative study of the food intake of some groups of Filipinos: Visayan-Bicolano, Pangasinan-Ilocano, and Pampango-Tagalog.” MA thesis, CEU, 1949.

Political Science

Salazar, Lorraine Carlos. The Agbayanis of Pangasinan. MA thesis, UP, 1996.


48


Public Administration

Abalos, Fe Nida R. “Development orientation of barangay captains and councilmen of the municipality of Laoac, Pangasinan.” M.A.Ed. thesis, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University (Agoo, La Union), 1983.

Capital improvement program: FY 1976-1980. Mangaldan: Office of the Mayor, 1975.

Corpuz, Noli V. “The Self employment assistance program as implemented by the Department of Social Welfare and Development in Alcala, Pangasinan 1990-1991.” MPA thesis, Baguio Central University, 1991.

Dagupan City comprehensive development plan (2003-2005)[computer file] / Prepared by the Technical Working Groups and the Sectoral Committees with assistance from UP Planning and Development Research Foundation, Inc.. Quezon City: UP PLANADES.

Estrella, Dulce G. “An environmental impact assessment of the plan to convert Urdaneta, Pangasinan into a city, 1978.” M.P.A. thesis, Luzon Colleges (Dagupan City), 1978.

Hofer, Dulce Ann K. “Local government unit bond flotation for financing development in the Philippine setting: case studies and vital lessons learned.” Ph.D. diss., UP, 2005.

Legaspi, Perla E. “The genesis, viability and effectiveness of community organizations: the case of Pangasinan credit cooperatives.” DPA diss., UP, 1990.

Management study on the municipal government of Alaminos, Pangasinan. Manila: The Center, 1975.

Management survey of the provincial government of Pangasinan. Manila: LGC College of Public Administration University of the Philippines, 1972.

Mendoza, Leopoldo F. “An assessment of the rehabilitation of selected earthquake-damaged infrastructures in the municipality of Mangaldan, Pangasinan.” M.P.A. thesis, Luzon Colleges (Dagupan City), 1995.

Nalupta, Isidro E. “Initial environmental impact assessment of proposed tourism facilities within Manleluag Spring National Park Mangatarem, Pangasinan.” MPA thesis, Luzon Colleges (Dagupan City), 1994.

Nutrition, food, environment (NFE) and medicare program, Binmaley, Pangasinan. Manila: Local Government Academy, 1999.


49


Prestosa, Roberto D. “Problems of the barangay service point officers of San Fabian, Pangasinan in the performance of their family planning tasks and functions: an analysis.” M.P.A. thesis, Luzon Colleges (Dagupan City), 1980.

Religion

Ave Maria novenas na sancabalinguitan a rosad paraisoy Dios salanti sancasantosan a Maria del Rosario: Nilactipan so inquipayaoad na nuestra señora ed Manaoag. Manila: Tip. Pontificia del Col. de Sto. Tomas, 1920. (see also Literature)

Libro del pueblo, o, Bangat iran nipaacad ed saray sampoloran ganggay Dios tan saray sacramentos. Guinaoay S. Alfonso de Ligorio et inalis balet ed salitay Pangasinan na P. Fr. Salvado Millan. 3rd ed. Manila: Impr. de Sto. Tomas, 1939. (see also Literature and Translation)

Cuesta, Cardinal Garcia. Catecismo a nipaacar ed protestantismo. Inpatalos balet ed salitay Pangasinan, pinasimbalo tan inarumay amayamay iran bangat, ya sancacanaan ira natan ya amtaen diad Filipinas, na Salvador Millan. Manila: Imp. del Colegio de Sto. Tomas, 1902. (see also Literature and Translation)

Millan, P. Salvador. Novena ni Nuestra Señora Manaoag patrona ti Pangasinan. Manila: UST Press, 1946. (see also Literature)

Novenarioy sancamagloriaan a patriarca señor San Jose, esposoy reinad cataoenan Maria sancasantosan. Manila: Imprenta del Colegio de Sto. Tomas, 1904. (see also Literature)

Say Balon Sipan, o dino, El Nuevo Testamento nen Catawan Tayon Manangilaban a si Jesu-Cristo. Manila: Sociedad Biblica Britanica y Extrangera, 1908. (see also Literature and Translation)

Vidal, Francisco. Novenas nen San Vicente Ferrer, tan say inpanbilay to. Inalis ed salitay Pangasinan na Benito Sanchez Fraga. Manila: Tip. Pontificia del Colegio de Sto. Tomas, 1923. (see also Literature and Translation)

Sociology

Anderson, James N. “Kinship and property in a Pangasinan barrio.” Ph.D. diss., UCLA, 1964.

Andico, Fe A. “A comparative study of the roles and status of women in subsistence and commercial fishing households in a community in Pangasinan.” Ph.D. diss., UP, 1995.


50


Bernardino, Benedicto P. “A case study of the socio-economic problems of a sitio in Pangasinan and its implication to the country.” MA thesis, Northwestern Educational Institution, 1955.

Cespedes, Carol Marie H. “Away from the land: the evolution of a middle class in a Pangasinan town.” Ph.D. diss., Claremont University College, 1971.

Tourism

Elemos, Conchita R. “Ecotourism as a strategy for environmental security: a proposed ecotourism approach for Hundred Islands National Park.’ M.N.S.A. thesis, National Defense College of the Philippines, 2000.

The Probe Team. The other side of Pangasinan. 18 min. Quezon City: Probe Productions, 1995. Videocassette.

Translation

Cuesta, Cardinal Garcia. Catecismo a nipaacar ed protestantismo. Inpatalos balet ed salitay Pangasinan, pinasimbalo tan inarumay amayamay iran bangat, ya sancacanaan ira natan ya amtaen diad Filipinas, nen Salvador Millan. Manila: Imp. del Colegio de Sto. Tomas, 1902. (see also Literature and Religion)

Katonungay panamili (Ley electoral) Inkorit ed Pangasinan nen Buenaventura Ferrer. Manila: Oriental Commercial, 1928. (see also Law)

Libro del pueblo, o, Bangat iran nipaacad ed saray sampoloran ganggay Dios tan saray sacramentos. Guinaoay S. Alfonso de Ligorio et inalis balet ed salitay Pangasinan na P. Fr. Salvado Millan. 3rd ed. Manila: Impr. de Sto. Tomas, 1939. (see also Literature and Religion)

Maikling kuwentong Kapampangan at Pangasinan. Binigyan ng introduksiyon at isinalin nina Maria Crisanta S. Nelmida at Lourdes H. Vidal. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1996. (see also Literature)

Osias, Camilo O. Babasaey ombaley: onan aralen. Inpatalos ed wikay Pangasinan di H. Cañiza tan Antonio Ramos. Maynila: J. Fajardo, n.d. (see also Education)

Pangasinan language publication. Contains say konstitusyon na Republika na Pilipinas. n.p., 1973.

Passio domini nostri Iesu christen. Translated into Pangasinan by Antonio Gonzales. n.p., 1849. (see also Literature)


51


Rizal, Jose. Agmoak didiwiten. Noli me tangere. Impatalus ed Pangasinan nen Lourdes Bengson Ungson. Ibale: Komision na Saray Bayani na Lapag a Bansa, 1963. (see also Literature)

Rizal, Jose. Say isusungpad uley; tungtong ya Filipino. Filibusterismo; novela filipina. Impatalus ed Pangasinan nen Lourdes Bengson Ungson. Ibale: Komision na Saray Bayani na Lapag a Bansa, 1963. (see also Literature)

Say Balon Sipan, o dino, El Nuevo Testamento nen Catawan Tayon Manangilaban a si Jesu-Cristo. Manila: Sociedad Biblica Britanica y Extrangera, 1908. (see also Literature and Religion)

Tokotomi, Kenjiro. Nami-ko (Tuatuwan impanbilay). Patalus ed salitay pangasinan nen M.C. Magsano. Dagupan City: Pangasinan Review Press, 1951. (see also Literature)

Vidal, Francisco. Novenas nen San Vicente Ferrer, tan say inpanbilay to. Inalis ed salitay Pangasinan nen Benito Sanchez Fraga. Manila: Tip. Pontificia del Colegio de Sto. Tomas, 1923. (see also Literature and Religion)

Transportation / Communication

Balle, J. Estracto de la memoria del cable telegrafico submarino de Co. Bolinao (Filipinas) a Hong-Kong. n.p., 1880.

Congregaciones Marianas. El ferro-carril de Manila a Dagupan: con un plano. Manila: Estab. Tipog. dela Oceania Española, 1887.

Urban Planning

Espero, Victorino P. “An analysis of the proposed land uses in the growth centers of Pangasinan.” Ph.D. diss., UP, 1980.


52

Mapping Future Course: State of the Art in Pangasinan...

Documents

Transcript of Mapping Future Course: State of the Art in Pangasinan...