Mapping 20th Century America · 2019-04-12 · Mapping 20th Century America Lauren Tilton...
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Mapping 20th Century America Lauren Tilton [email protected] University of Richmond, United States of America Taylor Arnold [email protected] University of Richmond, United States of America Jason Heppler [email protected] University of Nebraska – Omaha United States of America Robert Nelson [email protected] University of Richmond, United States of America Over the last several years, spatial humanities have grown in prominence. Initiatives such as the University of Virginia’s Institute for Enabling Geospatial Scholarship and Stanford’s Spatial History Project have signaled and begun exploring the impact of the spatial turn. Writing for UVA’s institute, historian Jo Guildi states, “The spatial turn represents the impulse to position these new tools [i.e. GIS] against old questions” (Guildi, 2010). In this panel, we challenge the idea that the spatial turn simply asks old questions and rather argue that it helps pose new as well as answer old questions in twentieth-century American history. In particular, we employ the idea of deep mapping as theorized by historian David Bodenhemer to discuss new scholarship and directions in digital spatial analysis. We also explore the role public humanities plays in framing these projects. The 45-minute panel entitled “Mapping the 20th Century United States” will focus on the role of the spatial analysis in the digital, public humanities and its impact on historical scholarship. Robert Nelson will begin the panel with “Reckoning with Redlining: Public Engagement with ‘Mapping Inequality.’” The Mapping Inequality project provides unparalleled access to the infamous redlining maps and area descriptions created by the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation during the Great Depression. Accessed by tens of thousands of visitors in the first two weeks following its release, this paper will draw upon hundreds of contributions to a public conversation about redlining and urban inequality around “Mapping Inequality” in social media and the comment threads of press the project has received. Nelson will analyze the design decisions he and his colleagues made to prompt public engagement with these maps and the history of redlining. He will also critically use the reaction to the project to critically assess how successful this public-facing digital humanities project has been in prompting productive conversations about redlining and urban and racial inequalities. Continuing with our exploration of the 1930s, we will turn to Taylor Arnold and Lauren Tilton who will discuss combining archives spatially in order to produce new knowledge about and public access to documentary expression in the era. They will focus on layering the Federal Writer’s Project, which documented through text the life histories of thousands of Americans, with 170,000 photographs from the Farm Security Administration-Office of War Information. Placing these archives for the first time in conversation, their deep maps incite new questions about the role of the federal government in documenting the lived experiences of Americans during the Great Depression and the types of representation produced. Next we will turn to the work of Jason Heppler on post-war America. Silicon Valley represented one of the twentieth century’s greatest modernizations of urban space. Beginning in the 1950s, the formation of a new high tech suburbanism led the Valley to become identified not only with a center of hopeful possibility as the Industrial Age industries of the Midwest and Northeast began to decline, but also gave expression to an environmental politic that attempted to reconcile an environmentally conscious pursuit of the American Dream. Yet the claim for high tech’s “clean” industrialization fell short as environmental concerns -- ranging from controlling growth to widespread chemical contamination of water supplies -- reshaped discussions about public and private space. Deep maps help explore the transformation of urban space over time. Along with addressing the role of spatial analysis in cutting edge humanities scholarship, each paper will outline which technologies they are using along with their possibilities and challenges. In particular, Robert Nelson will address a cutting edge spatial toolkit the University of Richmond Digital Scholarship Lab and
Transcript of Mapping 20th Century America · 2019-04-12 · Mapping 20th Century America Lauren Tilton...
Mapping 20th Century America [email protected],UnitedStatesofAmericaTaylorArnoldtarnold2@richmond.eduUniversityofRichmond,UnitedStatesofAmericaJasonHepplerjason.heppler@gmail.comUniversityofNebraska–OmahaUnitedStatesofAmericaRobertNelsonrnelson2@richmond.eduUniversityofRichmond,UnitedStatesofAmerica Overthelastseveralyears,spatialhumanitieshavegrown in prominence. Initiatives such as theUniversity of Virginia’s Institute for EnablingGeospatialScholarshipandStanford’sSpatialHistoryProjecthavesignaledandbegunexploringtheimpactofthespatialturn.WritingforUVA’sinstitute,historianJo Guildi states, “The spatial turn represents theimpulse toposition thesenew tools [i.e.GIS]againstold questions” (Guildi, 2010). In this panel, wechallengetheideathatthespatialturnsimplyasksoldquestionsandratherarguethat ithelpsposenewaswell as answer old questions in twentieth-centuryAmericanhistory.Inparticular,weemploytheideaofdeep mapping as theorized by historian DavidBodenhemer to discuss new scholarship anddirections indigital spatial analysis.Wealso explorethe role public humanities plays in framing theseprojects.The45-minutepanel entitled “Mapping the20thCenturyUnitedStates”will focuson theroleofthe spatial analysis in the digital, public humanitiesanditsimpactonhistoricalscholarship. RobertNelsonwillbeginthepanelwith“Reckoningwith Redlining: Public Engagement with ‘MappingInequality.’”TheMappingInequalityprojectprovidesunparalleled access to the infamous redlining mapsand area descriptions created by theHomeOwners’Loan Corporation during the Great Depression.
Accessedby tensof thousandsofvisitors in the firsttwoweeksfollowingitsrelease, thispaperwilldrawupon hundreds of contributions to a publicconversation about redlining and urban inequalityaround“MappingInequality” insocialmediaandthecomment threads of press the project has received.Nelson will analyze the design decisions he and hiscolleaguesmade to prompt public engagement withthesemapsand thehistoryof redlining.Hewill alsocritically use the reaction to the project to criticallyassess how successful this public-facing digitalhumanitiesprojecthasbeeninpromptingproductiveconversations about redlining and urban and racialinequalities. Continuingwithourexplorationof the1930s,wewillturntoTaylorArnoldandLaurenTiltonwhowilldiscuss combining archives spatially in order toproduce new knowledge about and public access todocumentaryexpressionintheera.Theywillfocusonlayering the Federal Writer’s Project, whichdocumented through text the life histories ofthousands of Americans, with 170,000 photographsfromtheFarmSecurityAdministration-OfficeofWarInformation.Placingthesearchivesforthefirsttimeinconversation, their deep maps incite new questionsabout the role of the federal government indocumenting the lived experiences of Americansduring the Great Depression and the types ofrepresentationproduced. NextwewillturntotheworkofJasonHeppleronpost-war America. Silicon Valley represented one ofthe twentieth century’s greatest modernizations ofurbanspace.Beginninginthe1950s,theformationofanewhightechsuburbanismledtheValleytobecomeidentifiednotonlywithacenterofhopefulpossibilityas the Industrial Age industries of the Midwest andNortheastbegantodecline,butalsogaveexpressiontoan environmental politic that attempted to reconcileanenvironmentallyconsciouspursuitoftheAmericanDream. Yet the claim for high tech’s “clean”industrializationfellshortasenvironmentalconcerns-- ranging from controlling growth to widespreadchemicalcontaminationofwatersupplies--reshapeddiscussionsaboutpublicandprivatespace.Deepmapshelpexplore the transformationofurban spaceovertime. Alongwithaddressingtheroleofspatialanalysisincuttingedgehumanitiesscholarship,eachpaperwilloutlinewhichtechnologiestheyareusingalongwiththeirpossibilitiesandchallenges.Inparticular,RobertNelsonwilladdressacuttingedgespatial toolkit theUniversity of Richmond Digital Scholarship Lab and
Statmen Design are developing for use across thedigitalhumanities.Thepanelistswillalsodiscusstheroleofcollaboration,theprocessofdevelopingcross-institutional partnerships and designing for publicaudiences.
Reckoning with Redlining: Public Engagement with "Mapping Inequality" Robert Nelson Inkeepingwiththeconferencethemeofaccessandits emphasis upon public-facing scholarship, thispresentationwillreflectuponhundredsofcommentsand several conversations from the lay public about"MappingInequality".Acollaborationofteamsatfouruniversities, "Mapping Inequality" currently includesnearly all of themore than150 "securitymaps" andnearly10,000"areadescriptions"createdbytheHomeOwners' Loan Corporation during the GreatDepression. These maps assessed mortgage risk forthousands of neighborhoods in U.S. cities large andsmallonascaleof"A"to"D"."A"neighborhoodsweredeemed"best,"presentingminimalrisksforbanksandlenders;"D"neighborhoodsweredeemed"hazardous"formortgagefinancing.
These grades were explicitly racialist and racist.HOLC's survey instruments asked local agents toquantify the"infiltrationof"undesirablepopulationsofAfricanAmericansandimmigrants.Tocitejustafewexamples, a small subsection of a Tacomaneighborhood was graded "D" though otherwiseidentical to the surrounding "B" neighborhoodbecause "Threehighly respectedNegro familiesownhomesandliveinthemiddleblockofthisareafacingVerde Street.While verymuch above the average oftheirrace,itisquitegenerallyrecognizedbyRealtorsthat their presence seriously detracts from thedesirability of their immediate neighborhood."Proximity to black neighborhoods was enough to
impact HOLC's risk assessment. A subsection of aneighborhood in Richmond was graded "C" ratherthan"B"because"Respectablepeoplebuthomesaretoo near negro area D2." In contrast, a Camdenneighborhoodkept an"A"gradedespiteborderinganAfrican American neighborhood, but only because"High walls separates this section from the coloredarea to the south" that effectively prevented their"spread."
Thesegradeshadrealconsequences.ThroughthisHOLC program, the federal government reinforcedredlining as a best practice within the real estateindustry,ineffectcuttingoffhundredsofthousandsofAfrican Americans off from equitable access tomortgage financing and thushomeownership,whicharguably was the most significant mechanism offamilial wealth accumulation in twentieth-centuryAmerica.Whileofcourseitisbynomeanstheonlyorevenprimarycause,thisredliningprogramhelpedtocontributetogenerationalwealthdisparitiesbetweenwhiteandblackAmericans,where today themedianwealthofwhitehouseholdsisashocking13timesthatofblackhouseholds. We designed "Mapping Inequality" not only withresearchers but activists and the general public inmind. More than 150 of the HOLC maps have beengeorectified(nearlyallofthem,thoughwestillhaveafewtoaddandundoubtedlyafewmorewillsurface),andpolygonsforeachneighborhoodadded.Thesiteislocationawareandasksnewusersiftheywanttoviewtheir,oralternatelythenearest,city.Theopacityoftherastermapscanbeadjustedtohelpviewersconnectthegradestothecontemporarycityscape.Nearly all of the neighborhoods polygons can beclickedtoreadtheareadescriptionsurvey.Inshort,wedesigned it hoping to encourage viewers to grapplewiththematerialsrelatedtotheirownlocalitiesandtopromptthemtomakeconnectiontothepresent.
Theintroductionandothercontextualmaterialsonthesiteconveytheauthors'collectiveassessmentthat"NewDealerahousingpolicies...helpedsetthecoursefor contemporary America." We also include avisualization inspiredbyErnestBurgess'sconcentriccircletheorytosuggestthatHOLCpoliciesdefinitionoftheinteriorofcitiesas"slums"functionedasaself-fulfilling prophecy. Nevertheless, the site prioritizesaccess, exploration, and reuse of these importantprimary source materials. We do not provide thesematerials completely without commentary, butthrough our design choices we do facilitate andencourage relatively direct engagementwithHOLC'smapsandsurveys. AllofthesematerialswereavailableintheNationalArchives. While materials for many cities had beendigitized, to date there has been no comprehensivecollection let along one offering the functionality of"Mapping Inequality." We have no doubt that thesematerials will be useful to researchers--not justhistorians but economists, urban planners, artists,medical doctors, etc.--and will facilitate a far morenuanceunderstandingofHOLCanditsconsequences.Wealsohaveabundantevidencethatthesematerialsare a boon for activistsworkingon fair housing andothersocialjusticecausesaswell. While we're excited about this, we intentionallydeveloped the site as a public history project thataimedtosparkconversationsaboutwealthandracialinequalityinAmericancitiespastandpresent.Bythatmeasure, the project so far has been a success. Twoand a half weeks after being released, the map hasreceived about44,000visits andbeen the subject ofonlinecoveragefromNPR,NationalGeographic,Slate,CityLab,FastCo.,Forbes,andCurbed,allofwhichhavenarrated the state's role in fostering redlining andwealthinequality.
Inthecommentsectionofthesestories,instoriesin local news sources, and in socialmedia there hasbeenabroad-rangingconversationaboutwealthandracial inequalities. On one of the spectrum, somerespondents have been dismissive of the project,suggesting that this happened80 years ago and is aremnantofthepastthathaslittlerelevancetoday;onepersonnotablycharacterizingthesiteasnothingmorethan"historicalracismporn."Othershaverespondedtosuchcommentsthatthisisimportantinasmuchasmany of these 80-year oldmaps resemble the racialand class landscapes of America today and that thegovernment's role in reinforcing redlining and racialdisparitiesofwealthisn'twidelyunderstood. BeyondtheseargumentsabouttheimpactofHOLCand relevance of redlining for understandinginequality in twenty-first-century cities, some of themost interestingandrevealingcommentshavecomefrom people for whom the maps have promptedreflectionupontheirownfamilyhistories."IgrewupinDetroit in the late 50's and60's," onemanwrote."Myaddresswas20400MonteVista,thecornerMontevista and Norfolk. Two streets east, starting at thecornerofBirwoodand8mile,wasawall.Thewallwas12-15feethigh,madeofgreyconcreteblocksandranbehind the homes towards 7 mile, extending to anabandonedarmybaseatthecornerofPembrookandBirwood. The wall was built to divide theneighborhoods, one side was all African Americans,TheotherallCaucasian.Mymotherlivedononesideofthewall,itwasallAfricanAmerican.Sheonce(justonce)toldmethatonecouldheartheWhitefamilieson the other side of the wall talking, see themoccasionally if a ball came over the fence and theyasked for it, most times they did not. One had nocontact, ever. The wall is still there, physically andemotionally." While so far this story is ratherexceptional in its detail, it has prompted us to thinkabout the possibility of using the site to solicit andcollectstoriesabouttheconsequencesofredliningandsegregation on particular individuals, families, andcommunities. Given that "Mapping Inequality" has been at thecenterofseveralonlineconversationsandhundredsofcommentsonwebsites twoandahalfweeksafter itwasfirstreleased,I'moptimisticthatitwillcontinueto occasion more conversations about the role ofracism, redlining, and the state in inequalities ofwealth in American cities. This presentation willprovideanopportunitytocriticallyreflectuponthesematerials and gauge the success and failures of thisparticulardigitalhumanitiesprojectandperhapsthe
digitalhumanitiesmoregenerallyininformingsociallyand politically important public conversations. Thispresentationwillalsoreflectupontheprosandconsofinterpretive framing in digital humanities projectsaimedatthepublic.
Mapping the Federal Writers Project Lauren Tilton and Taylor Arnold “MappingtheFederalWritersProject”willexplorethe role and implementation of deep mapping andspatial analysis in interpreting and understandingdocumentary expression in 1930s America. AsBodenhamer argues, deep maps are “visual, time-based genuinely multimedia and multilayered”(Bodenhemer, 11). These maps allow for nuancedspatial analysis in the service of new humanitiesquestions and arguments. We will focus on theapplication of these concepts in a new extension ofPhotogrammar(photogrammar.yale.edu),adigitalandpublichumanitiesprojectfocusedonprintandvisualculturein1930sAmerica. Photogrammar (photogrammar.yale.edu) usesmethods from the digital humanities and digitalresources to further contextualize and open newavenues of research into the federal project anddocumentaryrecordoftheera.Initscurrentversion,Photogrammarmaps170,000photos from theGreatDepressionandWorldWarIIthatcomprisetheUnitedStatesFarmSecurityAdministrationandOfficeofWarInformation (FSA-OWI) photographic archive.Importantly,thecollectionincludessomeofthemostprominent documentary photographers of the 20thcenturyincludingDorotheaLangeandWalkerEvans.Users can explore the collection through interactivemaps through the use of spatial analysis; search byphoto captions, photographer and time through textanalysis;andbrowsebycolorandthefacesdepictedinthe photographs through the use of image analysis.This new stage - fundedby theAmericanCouncil ofLearned Societies- involves adding a new layer toPhotogrammar - the FederalWriter’s Project (FWP),which funded writers to capture and describe thecomplexities of American life during the GreatDepression (Couch, Hirsch, Mangione, Penkower,Stewart). Dozens of writers were sent to documentthroughwordstheimpactofthegreatdepressiononpeople's lives across the country. Prominent literaryscholars such asNelsonAlgren, known for TheManwith theGoldenArm , andRalph Ellison, known forInvisible Man. In the process, they asked people toprovide their lifehistoriespioneering thepracticeof
oral history, a critical methodology in the field ofhistoryandinthehumanitiesmorebroadly. Usingdeepmappingtoexpandourunderstandingof 1930s America, Photogrammar is creating linksacrossarchives inorder toplace theFSA-OWI in thelargerfederalefforttodocumentAmericaduringtheGreat Depression. Merging collections from theUniversityofNorthCarolina-ChapelHillLibrariesandtheLibraryofCongress,theFWPincludesover4,000life histories. Interviews are being plotted on a newgeographicallayerallowingsearchbyspaceandtime.For example, a user will be able to follow aninterviewer as they move across a state and thecountrytocollectoralhistoriesinthesamewaytheycan now follow documentary photographs likeDorotheaLangeandWalkerEvans.UserswillbeabletosearchthenewFWPlayer independentlyoralongwith thegeographical layerofFSA-OWIphotographsand photographers. As a result, they will be able tocomparetheoralhistoriestothephotographstakeninthesameareaallowingusertocompareandcontrastthe documentary record created and funded by thefederal government. As well, the new and cleanedtranscripts created over this year are allowing forrefined search functionality including facetedbrowsing and full text search. We are alsoexperimenting with the role Natural LanguageProcessing techniques such as Named-EntityRecognition to create new ways to browse thecollection(FinkelandManning2005).Inall,userswillbe able to explore the FWP and FSA-OWI spatially,temporallyandthroughfacetedsearchingallowingthepublictoexplorethebroaderdocumentaryrecordoftheerarelationallythroughdeepmapping. The second half of the paper will focus onmethodology.Wewillstartbydiscussingthepotentialbenefits andpotential difficulties of cross-institutioncollaborationinthecleaningandprocessingofdata.Inour experience, working with institutionally andspatially separated groups requires careful planning,butthisextraup-frontworkimprovesboththegeneralworkflow and final products.Wewill touch onwhatscholarly and which technical questions guided ourcreationofadatabaseschemaforinputtingmetadatafrom the Federal Writer's Project. We take intoconsiderationtheoreticalworkregardingthecreationof"smartdata",bestpracticesregardingTEImarkup(Schoch,TEIInitiativeonLibraries),andprinciplesforcreatingnormalizeddatabasetables(Codd1971).Thediscussion will culminate in showing how thesecarefully curated data sources are made interactiveand public on ourwebsite. The geographic data are
plotted using custom layers created in CARTO(formerlyCartoDB),givingagreatdealofinteractivityoutofthebox.Specifically,wewillextrapolateonhowwe designed the interactivity to enhance the otherdata collections on the Photogrammar website, tomakenewargumentsandposenewquestionsaboutabout documentary expression in 1930sAmerica, torealizetheprinciplesofdeepmappingandtoengagewithvariouspublics.
Mapping Silicon Valley Jason Heppler “MappingSiliconValley”explorestheroleofspatialhistoryintheurbanenvironmentofpost-WorldWarIISanta Clara Valley. Silicon Valley is the product ofcompeting landscapes. The geographer D.W.Meinigrefers to landscapes as “a naıve acceptance of theintricate intermingling of physical, biological, andculturalfeatureswhichanyglancearoundusdisplays"(Meinig, 1979). Wildlife refuges, fenced militaryinstallations, city and neighborhood districts, andpollutedsitesallholddefinitionsontheland.HistorianRichard White has referred to this as "hybridlandscapes," where cultural ideologies clash overconflicting uses of natural resources. The hybridlandscapeisneitherpurelywildnorpurelybuilt,butinsteadaconstructionofnaturalandculturalsystemsthat shape and create place (White, 2004). Peopledefineplacesbyembeddingideasonthelandscape.Incities,urbanplannerslaydowngridsofroads,zones,andregulationsthatdividecitiesalonglabor, leisure,and consumption, thus imbuing certain places withparticularmeaning.Landscapes,asMeinignotes,are“agreatexhibitofconsequences,"andare “symbolic,asexpressionsofculturalvalues,socialbehavior,andindividual actions worked upon particular localitiesoveraspanoftime"(Meinig,1979). By viewing Silicon Valley through the lens oflandscapes and space, I argue for the importance ofplace in shaping a suburban vision of what urbanhistorian Margaret O'Mara has called high-techurbanism. Silicon Valley has come to represent thefuture of post-industrial economic development.Places as varied as Atlanta, Georgia; Philadelphia,Pennsylvania; Cleveland, Ohio; Omaha, Nebraska;Bangalore, India; Mission Hills in the GuandongProvinceofChina;andShenzhen,China,have lookedto SiliconValley as amodel for economic andurbanrevitalization through high-tech economicdevelopment. Indeed, high tech is often drenched ingreen--from high-tech office campuses to "smartcities" that promise to transform work, leisure,
transportation, and urban space into a moresustainablefuture. The work of this high-tech landscape has beendecades in the making and has come with highenvironmentalcosts,despitethepromiseofcleanandgreen cities. Silicon Valley epitomized the trend ofconflating a lack of smokestacks as a proxy forsustainable industrial development. High-techlandscapes centered around industrial research andscientificindustrypromisedgrowthwithoutpollution,butthatpromisewasanimpossiblestandard. "Mapping Silicon Valley" is a broad discussion ofthreemap-centric projects that havemoved throughdifferentstages.Thefirstsetofmapsweredatadriventhematicmaps,producedlargelyduringthecourseofmy dissertation research. These maps were createdlargelyoutofadesiretounderstandthetransforminglandscape in Silicon Valley, from city growth andconflictsoverurbanspacetothewidespreadpresenceof pollution and neighborhoods most threatened bytoxic chemicals. The first section of this paper willreflectonthemethodologicalunderpinningsofthesemaps and their application to environmentalhumanities, while also discussing some of thepotentialshortcomingsandenhancementsthatwouldmakethesemapsmoreusefulforhistoricalresearch.
The second mapping project is oriented arounddigital public history. Called Silicon Valley Historical(http://svhistorical.org)andbuiltontheCuratescapeplatform,theprojectseekstocollectarchivalmaterialand narrate the importance of specific places to theValley's history. Contributions to Silicon ValleyHistorical are not solely driven by scholarlycontributions, but also rely on contributions bystudentsandvolunteersincloseassociationwithareauniversities, colleges, historical associations, andhistoricalsocieties.Thematerialcontained inSiliconValleyHistorical ismeant, inpart, tostepaway fromthe business-centric stories so often associatedwithSiliconValleyandconsidermorefullytheurbanspacesthat were affected by the growth of this high-techregion.Stillinitsearlystagesofplanning,thissectionwilldiscussthechallengeofworkingwithcommunitypartners and developing a sustainable and scalabledigital history project that seeks to serve both thecommunityitstudiesaswellasstudentsandscholarswhowillfindtheprojectuseful. Thefinalmappingproject,stillunderplanninganda partnership with the Stanford Spatial HistoryProject,istentativelytitledFromOrchardstoSuburbs:Changing Landscapes in Silicon Valley and willrepresentthemosttechnologicalandresearchheavyaspects of the project. As I investigate the politicssurrounding the creation of place, this project willallow for the spatial exploration of zoning laws,general plans, government reports, and city councilmeeting minutes. The current design envisages theability tonavigate throughamapand,dependingonthe viewport, presenting a list of primary sourcesavailableforreadingaboutparticularplacesinSiliconValley. These will be accompanied by somecomputational and statistical tools for doing textanalysis to uncover more about the kinds of
conversations happening about particular places inthecityandhowtheyarebeingthoughtabout. Collectively,"MappingSiliconValley"willcriticallyreflect on these projects and their evolution asresearch and public history projects. The paperwillfurtherdelveintotheopportunitiesfordeepmappingand interactivity for exploring the changinglandscapesofSiliconValley.
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