Map Skills Geography 8 th Mrs. Reed via Mrs. Barker.
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Map Skills Map Skills Geography 8 Geography 8 th th Mrs. Reed Mrs. Reed via Mrs. via Mrs. Barker Barker
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Transcript of Map Skills Geography 8 th Mrs. Reed via Mrs. Barker.
Map SkillsMap Skills
Geography 8Geography 8thth
Mrs. Reed Mrs. Reed
via Mrs. Barkervia Mrs. Barker
What is an atlas?What is an atlas?
• A book of A book of mapsmaps• The term The term atlasatlas is taken from is taken from GreekGreek
mythology for the defeated mythology for the defeated titantitan that that was condemned by Zeus to support was condemned by Zeus to support the world on his shoulders.the world on his shoulders.
• Hence, historians/geographers term Hence, historians/geographers term a book of a book of mapsmaps….as an atlas. Lower ….as an atlas. Lower case “a”.case “a”.
Atlas-Greek MythologyAtlas-Greek Mythology
Review your text atlasReview your text atlas
• Pages A2-A22Pages A2-A22
• What kinds of What kinds of mapsmaps are located in are located in your your atlasatlas??
Maps-FoundMaps-Found
• The two types of maps found in your The two types of maps found in your atlas are atlas are politicalpolitical & & physicalphysical of the of the Earth.Earth.
On the physical map, how is On the physical map, how is elevation represented?elevation represented?
• What What colorscolors represent mountains on represent mountains on a physical map?a physical map?
• Why is this map called a physical Why is this map called a physical map?map?
• What What featuresfeatures are represented on a are represented on a physicalphysical map? Name a few, and how map? Name a few, and how they are represented?they are represented?
What is represented on a What is represented on a politicalpolitical map? map?
• Why is it called a political map?Why is it called a political map?
• On some political maps, broken lines On some political maps, broken lines with one dot between them often show with one dot between them often show boundaries between states and boundaries between states and provinces.provinces.
• How does your textbook atlas represent How does your textbook atlas represent state boundaries for the United States?state boundaries for the United States?
• Check page A8 & A9.Check page A8 & A9.
Political maps continuedPolitical maps continued
• How are national boundaries How are national boundaries represented in your text atlas?represented in your text atlas?
• How are national capitals How are national capitals represented?represented?
• How are general cities represented?How are general cities represented?
Key terms: Leave space to Key terms: Leave space to definedefine
• GlobeGlobe gridgrid
• LatitudeLatitude equatorequator
• ParallelsParallels degreesdegrees
• LongitudeLongitude prime meridianprime meridian
• hemisphereshemispheres
GlobeGlobe
• A globe is a scale model of Earth. It A globe is a scale model of Earth. It is useful for looking at the entire is useful for looking at the entire Earth or at large areas of the Earth’s Earth or at large areas of the Earth’s surface.surface.
GridGrid
• The patterns of lines that circle the The patterns of lines that circle the globe in east-west and north-south globe in east-west and north-south directions is called a grid. The directions is called a grid. The intersection of these imaginary lines intersection of these imaginary lines helps us find places on Earth.helps us find places on Earth.
LatitudeLatitude
• The lines that run east-west and are The lines that run east-west and are measured from the equator north measured from the equator north and south are the latitudes.and south are the latitudes.
EquatorEquator
• The equator serves as an imaginary The equator serves as an imaginary line that circles the globe halfway line that circles the globe halfway between the North and South Poles.between the North and South Poles.
ParallelsParallels
• Lines of latitude are called parallels Lines of latitude are called parallels because they are parallel to the because they are parallel to the equator.equator.
DegreesDegrees
• Parallels measure distance from the Parallels measure distance from the equator in degrees.equator in degrees.
LongitudeLongitude
• The lines that run north to south and The lines that run north to south and are measured east to west are are measured east to west are longitude. These imaginary lines pass longitude. These imaginary lines pass through the globe.through the globe.
Prime meridianPrime meridian
• Lines of longitude measure the Lines of longitude measure the distance east and west of the prime distance east and west of the prime meridian. The prime meridian is an meridian. The prime meridian is an imaginary line that runs through imaginary line that runs through Greenwich, England.Greenwich, England.
Important parallelsImportant parallels
• Two important parallels in between Two important parallels in between the poles are the Tropic of Cancer at the poles are the Tropic of Cancer at 23 ½ degrees north latitude; and the 23 ½ degrees north latitude; and the Tropic of Capricorn at 23 ½ degrees Tropic of Capricorn at 23 ½ degrees south.south.
What is a hemisphere? What is a hemisphere?
• As already noted, to locate places on As already noted, to locate places on the Earth, geographers use the Earth, geographers use imaginary lines that crisscross the imaginary lines that crisscross the globe. One of these lines, the globe. One of these lines, the Equator, circles the middle of the Equator, circles the middle of the earth like a belt. It divides the earth earth like a belt. It divides the earth into “half spheres”, or hemispheres. into “half spheres”, or hemispheres.
• Everything north of the Equator is in Everything north of the Equator is in the Northern Hemisphere. the Northern Hemisphere. Everything south of the Equator is in Everything south of the Equator is in the Southern Hemisphere.the Southern Hemisphere.
Southern HemisphereSouthern Hemisphere
Northern HemisphereNorthern Hemisphere
Hemispheres-cont.Hemispheres-cont.
• Another imaginary line runs from Another imaginary line runs from north to south and helps divide the north to south and helps divide the earth into half spheres in the other earth into half spheres in the other direction. This line is called the direction. This line is called the Prime Meridian. East of Prime Prime Meridian. East of Prime Meridian is the Eastern hemisphere; Meridian is the Eastern hemisphere; west of the Prime Meridian is the west of the Prime Meridian is the Western Hemisphere.Western Hemisphere.
• One moves 180 degrees either east One moves 180 degrees either east or west from the Prime Meridian to or west from the Prime Meridian to encounter the Eastern or Western encounter the Eastern or Western Hemispheres.Hemispheres.
In which hemispheres is North In which hemispheres is North America located?America located?
• Review your text S2 & S3.Review your text S2 & S3.
More Map FeaturesMore Map Features
Map ProjectionsMap Projections
• Globes are the best, most accurate Globes are the best, most accurate way to show the round Earth. Using way to show the round Earth. Using a globe has its difficulties, though. A a globe has its difficulties, though. A globe is too large and awkward to globe is too large and awkward to carry around. For these reasons, carry around. For these reasons, geographers use maps instead.geographers use maps instead.
Map ProjectionMap Projection
• A map is made by taking data from a A map is made by taking data from a round globe and placing it on a flat round globe and placing it on a flat surface. It is important to remember surface. It is important to remember that the earth’s features, which are that the earth’s features, which are shown accurately on a globe, shown accurately on a globe, become distorted when the curves of become distorted when the curves of a globe becomes straight lines on a a globe becomes straight lines on a flat map.flat map.
Map ProjectionMap Projection
• Imagine taking the whole peel from Imagine taking the whole peel from an orange and trying to flatten it on an orange and trying to flatten it on a table. You would either have to cut a table. You would either have to cut it or stretch parts of it. Map makers it or stretch parts of it. Map makers face a similar problem in showing the face a similar problem in showing the surface of the round earth on a flat surface of the round earth on a flat map. To fill in the gaps, mapmakers map. To fill in the gaps, mapmakers stretch parts of the earth.stretch parts of the earth.
• They choose either the correct shape They choose either the correct shape or the correct size. It is impossible to or the correct size. It is impossible to show both. show both.
• As a result, mapmakers have As a result, mapmakers have developed different projections, or developed different projections, or ways of showing the earth on a flat ways of showing the earth on a flat piece of paper. Each projection has piece of paper. Each projection has its strengths and weaknesses.its strengths and weaknesses.
Mercator ProjectionsMercator Projections
• Mercator map projection shows land Mercator map projection shows land shapes fairly accurately but not size shapes fairly accurately but not size or distance. Alaska and Greenland or distance. Alaska and Greenland appear much larger on a Mercator appear much larger on a Mercator projection than a globe due to projection than a globe due to distance from the equator. distance from the equator.
Mercator ProjectionMercator Projection
• A Mercator Projection shows true A Mercator Projection shows true direction which makes it useful for direction which makes it useful for sea travel.sea travel.
Robinson ProjectionRobinson Projection
• A map using the Robinson projection A map using the Robinson projection shows size and shape with less shows size and shape with less distortion than does a Mercator map.distortion than does a Mercator map.
Robinson ProjectionRobinson Projection
• Land on the western and eastern Land on the western and eastern sides of the Robinson map appear as sides of the Robinson map appear as they do on a globe. The areas most they do on a globe. The areas most distorted on this map are near the distorted on this map are near the poles. Atlases use the Robinson poles. Atlases use the Robinson projection. projection.
Goode ProjectionGoode Projection
• A map with a Goode Projection shows A map with a Goode Projection shows continents close to their true shapes continents close to their true shapes and size. Distance ,especially in the and size. Distance ,especially in the oceans, are less accurate. oceans, are less accurate.
Goode ProjectionGoode Projection
• The Goode projection would be The Goode projection would be helpful if one wanted to compare helpful if one wanted to compare land area data about continents. land area data about continents.
Projection QuizProjection Quiz
• 1.Tell one inaccuracy in the Mercator 1.Tell one inaccuracy in the Mercator Projection.Projection.
– It shows shapes accurately but It shows shapes accurately but is very inaccurate for size.is very inaccurate for size.
Projection QuizProjection Quiz
• What areas of the world are What areas of the world are portrayed most accurately on the portrayed most accurately on the Mercator map?Mercator map?
– Areas near the equator.Areas near the equator.
Projection QuizProjection Quiz
• Which map do you think is probably the Which map do you think is probably the least accurate in measuring distances least accurate in measuring distances across water? Explain your reasoning.across water? Explain your reasoning.
– Goode’s projection is able to be Goode’s projection is able to be more accurate for both size and more accurate for both size and shape but it is hard to tell shape but it is hard to tell distances across water.distances across water.
Projection QuizProjection Quiz
• Why do you think most geographers Why do you think most geographers prefer using Robinson Projection prefer using Robinson Projection maps?maps?
– Minor distortions of size at high Minor distortions of size at high latitudes are balanced by latitudes are balanced by realistic shapes at the middle realistic shapes at the middle and low latitudes.and low latitudes.
Graphs, Charts, & TablesGraphs, Charts, & Tables
• Graphs, charts and tables are a Graphs, charts and tables are a visual way to present information.visual way to present information.
Bar GraphsBar Graphs
• One axis will tell you what is being One axis will tell you what is being measured. The other axis tells what measured. The other axis tells what unit of measurement are being used. unit of measurement are being used. Bar graphs are especially useful for Bar graphs are especially useful for comparing quantities.comparing quantities.
Horizontal Bar GraphHorizontal Bar Graph
• On a horizontal bar graph the vertical On a horizontal bar graph the vertical axis shows data that is being axis shows data that is being compared and the horizontal axis compared and the horizontal axis shows numerical data.shows numerical data.
Vertical Bar GraphVertical Bar Graph
• On a vertical bar graph the vertical On a vertical bar graph the vertical axis shows numerical data and the axis shows numerical data and the horizontal axis shows data that is horizontal axis shows data that is being compared.being compared.
Line GraphsLine Graphs
• A line graph The vertical axis shows A line graph The vertical axis shows the units of measurement; horizontal the units of measurement; horizontal axis shows data that is being axis shows data that is being compared. compared.
Multiple line graphsMultiple line graphs
• Multiple line graphs show trends by Multiple line graphs show trends by making multiple comparison.making multiple comparison.
ChartsCharts
• A pie chart or graph shows how a A pie chart or graph shows how a whole is divided into parts. Each whole is divided into parts. Each “slice” represents a part of the whole “slice” represents a part of the whole “pie”.“pie”.
Halloween CostumesHalloween Costumes
DiagramsDiagrams
• Diagrams are drawings that show Diagrams are drawings that show steps in a process, point out the steps in a process, point out the parts of an object, or explain how parts of an object, or explain how something works.something works.
Cow DiagramCow Diagram
Venn DiagramVenn Diagram
PictographPictograph
• Pictographs use rows of small Pictographs use rows of small pictures or symbols, with each pictures or symbols, with each picture or symbol representing an picture or symbol representing an amount.amount.
World Time Zones P. S14World Time Zones P. S14
• Since the sun is only directly over Since the sun is only directly over one area at a time, the world is one area at a time, the world is divided into time zones.divided into time zones.
• Since there are 360 degrees in a Since there are 360 degrees in a circle, we know that the planet turns circle, we know that the planet turns 15 degrees of longitude each hour. 15 degrees of longitude each hour. 360 divided by 24(hrs)=15 degrees.360 divided by 24(hrs)=15 degrees.
World Time ZonesWorld Time Zones
• The planet turns in a west-to-east The planet turns in a west-to-east direction. If a place on the Earth has direction. If a place on the Earth has the sun directly overhead at this the sun directly overhead at this moment (noon), then a place 15 moment (noon), then a place 15 degrees to the west will have the sun degrees to the west will have the sun directly overhead one hour from directly overhead one hour from now. Thus, an hour later the planet now. Thus, an hour later the planet has rotated 15 degrees.has rotated 15 degrees.
World Time ZonesWorld Time Zones
Map SkillsMap Skills
The EndThe End
