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Map data sources - OCHA · Sergelen Turshlaga Stants Khalkhgol Matad Erdenetsagaan Altai Bayangovi...
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Transcript of Map data sources - OCHA · Sergelen Turshlaga Stants Khalkhgol Matad Erdenetsagaan Altai Bayangovi...
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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................. 5
2. CONTEXT AND HUMANITARIAN ACHIEVEMENTS TO DATE .................................................................... 7
2.1 CONTEXT ............................................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 RESPONSE TO DATE................................................................................................................................. 8
3. NEEDS ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................................................... 12
3.1 1999-2001 DZUD EXPERIENCES ............................................................................................................. 12 3.2 PRE-EXISTING SITUATION ....................................................................................................................... 13 3.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE AND LOCATION OF AFFECTED POPULATIONS ...................................................... 13 3.4 CURRENT SITUATION.............................................................................................................................. 14 3.5 FUTURE COORDINATION NEEDS ............................................................................................................... 17
4. THE 2010 COMMON HUMANITARIAN ACTION PLAN............................................................................... 18
4.1 SCENARIOS .......................................................................................................................................... 18 4.2 STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES FOR HUMANITARIAN ACTION IN 2010..................................................................... 19 4.3 STRATEGIC MONITORING PLAN ................................................................................................................ 21 4.4 CRITERIA FOR SELECTION AND PRIORITIZATION OF PROJECTS..................................................................... 23 4.5 SECTOR RESPONSE PLANS ..................................................................................................................... 24
4.5.1 SURVIVAL, WASH, HEALTH AND NUTRITION SECTOR ........................................................... 24 4.5.2 AGRICULTURE............................................................................................................................. 30 4.5.3 EARLY RECOVERY...................................................................................................................... 36 4.5.4 EDUCATION.................................................................................................................................. 40
5. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES................................................................................................................ 43
6. CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................................... 44
ANNEX I. LIST OF PROJECTS ......................................................................................................................... 45
TABLE I. SUMMARY OF REQUIREMENTS, COMMITMENTS/CONTRIBUTIONS AND PLEDGES BY CLUSTER.......................... 45 TABLE II. SUMMARY OF REQUIREMENTS, COMMITMENTS/CONTRIBUTIONS ............................................................... 45 AND PLEDGES BY APPEALING ORGANIZATION......................................................................................................... 45 TABLE III. LIST OF PROJECTS GROUPED BY CLUSTER ............................................................................................ 46 TABLE IV. LIST OF COMMITMENTS/CONTRIBUTIONS AND PLEDGES TO PROJECTS NOT LISTED IN THE APPEAL............... 48 TABLE V. SUMMARY OF REQUIREMENTS, COMMITMENTS/CONTRIBUTIONS ............................................................... 50 AND PLEDGES BY IASC STANDARD SECTOR ......................................................................................................... 50
ANNEX II. CONTACT INFORMATION................................................................................................................ 51
ANNEX III. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................... 52
Figure 1. Camel seeking warmth. UNICEF/ 2010/Cullen
Please note that appeals are revised regularly. The latest version of this document is available on http://www.humanitarianappeal.net.
Full project details can be viewed, downloaded and printed from www.reliefweb.int/fts.
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Figure 2. Soums (villages) are unaccessible. - UNICEF/ 2010/ Cullen
Figure 3. Dzud situation at village level. Source: NEMA update of 13 April 2010
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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Mongolia has one of the coldest climates in the world, with temperatures dropping below -20ºC for several months each year. The 2009-10 winter, which has been extremely harsh even by Mongolian standards, has resulted in increased maternal and child mortality, and an unprecedented loss of livestock and the collapse of thousands of people’s livelihoods and many basic services. The disaster is known locally as a dzud which is a complex, long-lasting natural disaster in which a summer drought is followed by heavy snowfalls and unusually low temperatures in winter, and then by a dangerous spring thaw. Fifteen of Mongolia’s 21 provinces, home to 769,106 people (28% of the country’s population), have been declared disaster zones, and another four are seriously affected. An overall lack of resources prompted the Mongolian Government to appeal for assistance from the international community.
Figure 4. For livestock, there was no escape from the snow and cold; over seven million died in four months. UNDP /2010/ Bunchingiv
Although the winter months are over, heavy snowfall and sub-zero temperatures persist in many areas, prolonging and intensifying the suffering for both people and their livestock. The affected population is suffering from a range of factors caused by the dzud, including lack of access to health care, widespread food insecurity, loss of livelihoods, risk of a mass exodus of people from rural areas to the cities in search of alternative employment, and psychological trauma for affected herders and their families. The thick snow cover has also meant that livestock, vital to the lives and livelihoods of a significant proportion of Mongolia’s population, have been unable to graze. Taken together with the summer drought, which prevented the collection of adequate amounts of forage, and with the extreme cold, this has resulted in widespread deaths of animals and in a range of serious consequences for the people who depend on them. By the end of April 2010, more than 7.8 million head of livestock (some 17% of all Mongolia’s livestock) had perished nation-wide. The loss of livestock, as well as a falling livestock birth rate, has had a devastating impact on affected herders and rural communities. The livestock sector provides livelihoods for 30% of Mongolia’s population and represents 16% of the country’s gross domestic product. At present, almost 9,000 households (45,000 people) have been left without animals and face a grim future in the coming months. The multi-faceted concerns raised by the disaster require a greater emphasis on combining humanitarian support, early recovery efforts and medium to longer-term interventions, as well as the formulation of strategies to prevent a recurrence of the situation and to mitigate herders’ vulnerability in the future. The response required for the dzud is qualitatively different from what would normally be needed in other natural disasters. Unlike sudden onset emergencies, the dzud in Mongolia has evolved slowly and has progressively widened its geographical reach, forcing ever-growing numbers of people in rural areas into a battle for basic survival. While the disaster’s foundations were laid in the summer drought, then worsened by the extreme winter, it is in the spring time and into early summer when the worst of the impact will be felt. This Appeal has three strategic objectives: first, to address the most critical humanitarian needs of the vulnerable groups and institutions for the period between May 2010 and April 2011; second, to address the protracted humanitarian and early recovery needs of the affected population by means of livelihood-based humanitarian programming to prevent further or renewed deterioration into a humanitarian emergency; and third, to put in place preparedness, disaster risk-reduction and contingency planning in anticipation of worsening conditions or to deal with other disasters. The Appeal targets two main groups: herders and their families (749,000 individuals) who will remain in rural areas, and those who, for their own survival following the impact of the dzud, are predicted to migrate to peri-urban areas (at least 20,000 people) where they will face employment challenges and have limited access to basic social services. It focuses on limiting further livestock losses, providing
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immediate income-generating opportunities and creating alternative livelihoods. Cutting across all areas, there is a critical need to build capacity, and increase collaboration and coordination with the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) and Government ministries, with a Government-owned, sectoral approach aimed at improving disaster preparedness and response plans an ultimate goal of this Appeal. To support the Government, the international humanitarian community, including non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and UN agencies, is seeking a total of $118,150,794 to address the immediate, early recovery, and preparedness needs of 769,106 people affected by the dzud over a planning and budgeting period extending to April 2011. Partners have reported funding to date of $1,375,200 to projects and activities in this Appeal, leaving unmet requirements of $16,775,594. Basic humanitarian and development indicators for Mongolia Population 2.76 million people (NSO, 2009) Surface area 1,564,115.75 km2 Population density (per km2) 2 (UN, 2005) Agricultural land (% of land area) 83.3 (World Bank, 2005) Protected areas 14.4% of the total territory (MNET, 2009) Under-five mortality 41 p/1,000 (UNICEF, 2008)
Life expectancy Women: 69.9 years Men: 63.9 years (UN Data, 2009)
Prevalence of under nourishment in total population 27% (Second National MDG Implementation Report – Government of Mongolia/ UNDP, 2007)
Gross national income per capita $1,649 (NSO, 2008) Percentage of population living on less than $1 per day 35% (NSO, 2008)
Proportion of population without sustainable access to an improved drinking water source 28% (UNDP, HDR 2007)
2009 UNDP Human Development Index (score/rank) 0.727; 115th of 182 (medium human development)
Also
• The population growth of Mongolia is 1.8% per year (NSO, 2008) • Infant mortality is 20.2 per 1000 live births and maternal mortality ratio is 87.4 per
100,000 live births (MoH/ Health Statistics - 2009) • < 0.1% of the population living with HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS, 2008) • Total Number of livestock: 44 million (as of 31 December 2009 [National Statistics
Office Monthly Bulletin]) including 277,100 camels; 2,221,300 horses; 2,599,300 cattle; 19,274,700 sheep and 19,651,500 goats
Population directly affected by the dzud (disaggregated data from 165 villages in 15 affected aimags (provinces)
Total population
769,106, of which: • 43,555: herders who have lost all
livestock • 163,780: herders who lost half their
livestock or more Total households 217,144
Children under 18 years
279,609 (36% of total affected population) of which: • 18,048: children in dormitories: 18,048 • 77,621: children under-five
Elderly aged 60 and above 44,260 (6%)
Affected population
Pregnant women 8,711 (1%)
1 All dollar signs in this document denote United States dollars. Funding for this appeal should be reported to the Financial Tracking Service (FTS, [email protected]), which will display its requirements and funding on the CAP 2010 page.
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2. CONTEXT AND HUMANITARIAN ACHIEVEMENTS TO DATE
2.1 CONTEXT Dzuds are the result of a confluence of seasonal factors: summer drought followed by heavy snow and unusually low temperatures in winter. While dzuds are a natural phenomenon, their effects can be exacerbated by levels of human development, and activities such as livestock overgrazing, and insufficient fodder stockpiling. Dzuds are not simply livestock famines; they have profound and far-reaching impacts on the people and communities who depend on this vital sector for their food and income. While dzuds are commonly believed to be “winter emergencies”, it is in fact in the spring when the greatest impacts are felt. Spring is traditionally a time of livestock births and the emergence of new pasture. However, the continuation of intense cold and heavy snow means already weakened animals will continue to perish from starvation; pregnant livestock will either miscarry or die during the birthing process, and those offspring that do survive birth will inevitably succumb to a lack of sustenance. The onset of warmer weather also marks the start of the thaw, which results in flash floods caused by melting snow and further isolation and hardship for flood-bound communities. Mongolians are accustomed to harsh winters; however this past winter was the worst in nearly half a century. Since early January 2010, temperatures have consistently been more than 6ºC colder than average and there has been a greater-than-average level of snowfall. This makes spring particularly problematic for herders, who now face repeated cycles of snow thaws and refreezing, denying them access to pasture for livestock grazing. As of the end of April 2010, more than 60% of the country remained blanketed by a thick layer of snow. Many roads are blocked, hindering or preventing access to people and communities in remote areas, and in turn impeding their access to health care facilities and services. In some provinces, fuel and coal reserves have been depleted and other sources of heating supplies have been severely compromised.2 Heavy snow and snowstorms will continue into May, with night temperatures predicted to average from -3ºC to -23ºC. The depth of snow is 61cm in several areas. Affected area and population Mongolia’s herders are the main population of concern for humanitarian organizations. At present, 769,106 people, or more than 28% of the population, have been affected by the dzud primarily through the loss of their livestock. This figure represents 165 villages and comprises 217,144 families, including 279,609 children and 8,711 pregnant women.
At the outset of the dzud, the
government initially declared localized disasters in seven of the country’s 21 aimags (provinces), but later revised the number to 12. At the end of April, following assessments conducted by the government, and confirmed by the UN and the Red Cross, it was found that there were widespread livestock losses and desperate shortages of fodder for animals and food and fuel for families, which was further scaled up to the 15 provinces of Arkhangai, Bayankhongor, Bayan-Ulgii. Dornod Dundgobi, Gobi-Altai, Khentii, Khovd, Khuvsgul, Selenge, Tuv, Umnugobi, Uvs, Uvurkhangai and Zavkhan. A further four provinces were
categorized as in dzud or near disaster. This prompted an urgent appeal to the UN and the international community for support in providing fodder, fuel, food, warm clothing and blankets, medical equipment, medicines and ambulances. The Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) allocated $3,556,532 23 February, and other donor support was forthcoming to address the most urgent of these needs.
Figure 5. Boy carrying weak animal. UNICEF/ 2010/NewsMN/Nyamsaikhan
2 Source: NEMA update, February 9, 2010. 7
Those who have been cut off from accessing health services are particularly vulnerable to preventable and non-preventable diseases and malnutrition. Of particular concern are pregnant and lactating women, the elderly and children. There has been a sharp rise in the incidence of respiratory illness, notably in areas where there is insufficient heating or fuel and food shortages. There have been urgent calls for support to repair failing heating systems in school dormitories, where 18,048 children are housed, and hospitals that are unable to function as a result of the extreme cold inside buildings. In the first three months of 2010, the Ministry of Health (MoH) reported increases in both infant and under-five child mortality, with children dying of preventable illnesses, predominantly respiratory problems, because their families were unable to access emergency medical care. The situation is particularly dire for the 8,711 families or approximately 43,555 Mongolians that assessments indicate have lost all their livestock, meaning they now have no cash flow and therefore have no capacity to buy food or medicines, and are unable to send their children to school. The prevailing climatic conditions also mean they are unable to dry and burn livestock manure for heating and cooking. A further 32,756 families or more than 163,830 Mongolians have lost more than 50% of their livestock. Many more are struggling to keep their remaining animals alive, which at present are too weak to survive through to the summer and which have no market value for herders. The impact of the dzud is especially acute for those families that relied on ‘child money’3, a social welfare benefit for children’s basic survival and education. Fiscal constraints prompted the government to adopt austerity measures just prior to the onset of the dzud to remove this social welfare safety net. The current government social welfare budget is not sufficient to deal with the magnitude of the problem or with the needed allocation of disaster-related funds. There are ongoing advocacy efforts being undertaken with the government to address this issue. Based on the aftermath of the previous dzuds in the successive winters from 1999-2001, predictions can be made on what will occur in the wake of this winter’s dzud. Following the milder 1999-2001 dzuds, there was a mass internal migration of people from rural areas to urban centres, particularly to the capital, Ulaanbaatar, resulting in the city’s rapid population growth, predominantly in poorly serviced peri-urban districts. A survey conducted to identify the causes of the migration to urban areas found that 14% of migrants were driven by the loss of livelihoods as a result of the dzuds (United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA] 2010).4 The government is anticipating a similar mass migration of more than 20,000 people (United Nations Human Settlements Programme [UN Habitat]) and has identified potential land space for migrants, although it has acknowledged the challenges it faces in the provision of basic social services. In an attempt to better predict the next stages of the current dzud disaster, the government undertook a follow-up assessment that confirmed the challenges to come and resulted in a renewed call for assistance from the UN and other donors. The situation is particularly urgent in areas where snow has begun to melt, creating flash floods, forcing the relocation of families, and isolating a number of herders and communities until floodwaters subside, which may be as late as June 2010. 2.2 RESPONSE TO DATE Government response The State Emergency Commission and NEMA have implemented a number of measures, including providing villages with hay and fodder for livestock, food, fuel, clothing, ambulances and other vehicles, diesel power generators and essential medicines. According to NEMA, about 1.1 billion tugrig ($756,000) was initially allocated by the government from its reserve funds to procure and distribute hay and fodder to the hardest hit provinces. The government has since allocated a further MNT Five billion ($3,436,000). NEMA has been responsible for the overall coordination of disaster-relief activities, while the Ministries of Agriculture, Education and Health have been the most active in identifying and seeking humanitarian support. However, government funding remains insufficient to meet the current demands of the affected population.
This shortfall prompted a Government appeal, in January 2010 and again in March 2010 to municipal councils, governmental and NGOs and international agencies for the launch of a coordinated assistance campaign to offset the impact on rural herders’ livelihoods (fodder, hay and fuel) and to provide access to basic essential services. As a result, MNT 600 million ($415,942) was raised locally.
3 The child money programme was a social welfare payment paid monthly to every child, with additional quarterly payments.
4 A total of 70,000 people from 14,000 households in Ulaanbaatar are migrants who moved in the aftermath of the 1999-2001 dzuds.
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The government also received donations of fodder, fuel, blankets, clothing, food and financial support from neighbouring and other governments to meet some of the urgent humanitarian needs triggered by this emergency.
The current dzud has exposed areas of disaster preparedness, response and coordination that need improvement. NEMA responded quickly to the need for an assessment and has attempted to secure resources and distribute goods at the provincial level. A monitoring system was established that included independent NGOs. Information has flowed from the provincial level to the national level. NEMA has also shared a regular situational update with partners, and attended donor coordination meetings. According to the latest reports, roads are slowly being cleared and initial supplies of food, medicine and hay are reaching some of the most critically affected areas.
Figure 6. Dzud-affected areas are still difficult to reach in April - UNDP /2010/ Bunchingiv
However, weaknesses in the areas of NEMA’s technical capacity, communications and emergency coordination with government agencies and external organizations have been observed. Regional and provincial NEMA units in particular are constrained by an overall lack of technical capacity. The dzud has also highlighted the challenges facing NEMA’s search and rescue operations. The reliance on occasional in-kind contributions from donors and on the ad hoc availability of items is a serious hindrance to NEMA’s operational capabilities, whilst at the same time the resources thus far provided by partner organizations have stretched NEMA’s resource-management capacities to the limit. While a number of other partners have expressed interest in providing assistance, there is either little detailed information available or conflicting information that serves only to impede the prioritizing and targeting of responses. There is a demonstrated lack of situational analysis, information management and mapping, all of which are compromising the overall effectiveness of the donor community’s emergency response. The gaps that need to be urgently addressed can be summarized as follows: • Lack of a common and comprehensive humanitarian needs assessment tool • Inconsistent information on the planning and distribution of government and donor aid. Also, no
geographic mapping is available to ensure the coordination of all national and donor contributions
• Lack of systematic coordination between NEMA and the line ministries. Line ministries were approached individually and received support from UN agencies and other stakeholders without clear coordination by NEMA
• Lack of an emergency database and information-management tools within NEMA • Lack of a supply plan for the humanitarian response • Lack of a contingency plan for overcoming logistical and distribution challenges • Lack of snow-removal equipment and snow mobiles to enable contact with isolated and
inaccessible communities • Communication and equipment shortages; some villages cannot be contacted for extended
periods of time • Lack of capacity at the provincial level to comply with central NEMA instructions; and • Lack of an inter-agency contingency plan Building on the lessons learned during the dzud, the UN in Mongolia has offered its support to the government throughout the coming year in addressing the longer-term issues relating to dzud preparedness and sustainable land-management practices. Several coordination gaps, particularly in terms of the flow of information, need to be prioritized. Tough questions related to land management, quality of herds versus quantity, and adequate planning for the anticipated internal migration need to be promptly addressed. These coordination gaps have been identified and addressed as far as feasible within the terms of the response proposed in this Appeal.
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Humanitarian achievements to date The UN Resident Coordinator’s Office has ensured coordination, information gathering, management and mapping, with the primary objectives of strengthening the sectoral approach and providing timely information. Implementation of the system has proved to be an ongoing learning process for the UN, the government and partner organizations. A comprehensive cluster approach that is owned by the government continues to be a goal; however, it will require a considerable degree of capacity-building. Using existing limited resources to the best extent, a streamlined approach was adopted to facilitate the mobilization and coordination of emergency action. Four sectors have been activated: 1. Survival, WASH, Health and Nutrition (SWHN) – United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)5
(lead agency) 2. Education - UNICEF 3. Agriculture – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) 4. Early Recovery - United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Each of the four sectors has conducted a series of needs assessments in collaboration with the government: • Agriculture Sector from 26-28 February, 2010, in Uvurkhangai province • SHN from 27 February to 8 March in Khovd and Uvs provinces. (Action Contre La Faim [ACF])
recently (March) undertook a food assessment study in two of the worst-most affected provinces: Bayan-Ulgii and Uvs
• Early Recovery Sector from 3-8 March in Tuv and Dundgobi provinces • The Education Sector benefited from assessment information provided by the Ministry of
Education, Culture and Science (MECS) that was complemented by field visits from sector leads and a Save the Children assessment
Sector Key elements of response to date Survival, Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), Health and Nutrition
• Provision of essential medicines, sanitation/hygiene items and commodities (antibiotics, oral rehydration salts, zinc, oxygen concentrators)
• Provision of nutritional supplements, multiple micronutrient preparations (MMP) to children between 6-24 months, pregnant and lactating mothers
• Provision of emergency obstetric, maternal and newborn care equipment and supplies to affected areas
• Organized psycho-social support training to trainers, who will train community members in four provinces. Psycho-social support to women and youth through health facilities
• Provision of food aid to affected areas • Funding support provided to cover outreach cost to medical service providers • Printing and dissemination of communication materials, growth monitoring charts,
radio communication and public service announcements in the affected areas • Food supply to reduce risks to maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity in the
most affected provinces and villages • Provision of clinical delivery and midwifery kits, nutritional supplements, and warm
clothing, and mobile services to remote areas for check-ups and reproductive health (RH) services
• Strengthening capacity through vocational trainings, RH education, and scholarships to youth from affected families for secondary and university level. In addition, support in business skills, crop cultivation, herding and raising awareness on food and nutrition through rural newspapers
• Funding support for restoring livelihood of female headed households • CERF funding received by World Health Organization (WHO), UNFPA and UNICEF
to initiate action on urgent humanitarian concerns Education • Small-scale rehabilitation of heating systems in the most desperate 18 schools with
over 17,000 children in five provinces • Provision of coal and firewood to schools and kindergartens in dzud-affected areas • Provision of blankets, warm boots, sanitary kits and recreational kits to dormitories in
dzud-affected areas • Ongoing psycho-social training to school staff and local authorities • Ongoing education assessment in all provinces • Fortified flour to school and kindergarten children
5 Because the World Food Programme (WFP) does not have a presence in Mongolia, and because there were no NGOs prepared to lead a separate food sector, it was decided that food needs would be addressed in the SWHN Sector. The grouping of issues in one sector has not proven ideal and will be adjusted as the cluster approach is introduced in a systematic manner in the future.
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Sector Key elements of response to date • CERF funding received by UNICEF to initiate action on urgent humanitarian concerns
Agriculture • Support provided to the establishment of a Steering Committee at the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Light Industry (MoFALI) and appointment of a National Coordinator on Dzud Emergency and Rehabilitation
• Establishment of an FAO Emergency and Rehabilitation Coordination Unit (ERCU) in the MoFALI
• 2,614 most vulnerable herder households identified and provided with emergency assistance in the provinces of Ovorkhangai, Arkhangai, Bayankhongor, Gobi-Altai, Dundgobi, Zavkhan, and Omnogobi
• Procurement of 2,300 metric tonnes (MTs) of concentrate animal feed pellets, 1,307 kg of milk powder for newborn animals and veterinary medicines (including Avermectin 10%, Multivitamin B,C injections and vitamin powder, syringes and needles) to protect surviving livestock
• Distribution of livestock inputs to beneficiaries in collaboration with NEMA • Partnership established with the NGO Rural Investment Support Centre (RISC) in
beneficiary selection and livestock input distribution • Prepare technical notes (leaflets) to assist beneficiary herder households to make
best use of inputs distributed • Agriculture Sector coordination meetings conducted and follow up made with sector
members to coordinate overall requirements for the Agriculture (including Livestock) Sector
• World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) and Cambridge-Mongolian Development Appeal (CAMDA) provided 130 MTs of concentrated fodder and 1.3 MTs of milk powder to herder households in the villages of Erdenedalai, Adaatsag and Delgertsogt in Dundgovi Provinces (March 2010) to protect livestock from dzud conditions and preserve herder livelihoods
Early Recovery • Early Recovery Team to support cash-for-work (CfW) programme established to support NEMA and UNDP, and commenced its function from 1 March 2010
• Needs assessment carried out with a site visit to five provinces and survey in 21 villages of nine provinces, with a total of 263 respondents (82.2% men and 17.9% women; 29.3% under 35 years, 61.3% between 35 and 60 and 9.5% over 60). The assessment revealed urgent need for carcass removal in severely affected provinces to reduce health risks, and a need to address lack of cash by dzud-hit herders for daily subsistence. Another important finding of the study was the huge shortage of basic search and rescue equipment by local emergency departments
• Carcass removal (for two million carcasses6) plan completed, and the programme implementation started in cooperation with NEMA, province leaders, national radio, and Khaan bank in Mongolia
• Livestock removal has already started and over 360,000 carcasses have been buried through CfW programmes
• Herder communities with over 19,000 individuals in the three provinces have organized themselves into carcass removal groups, and commenced burial work in their localities
• Local Civil Society Organizations in Khovd, Umnugovi provinces were supported • Recruitment of professionals for an Early Recovery Support Team to assist NEMA at
its final stage including International Expert for Disaster Coordination and Early Recovery
6 This number was agreed upon with the NEMA. The needs are increasing day by day and it is not possible to continue updating it. Other organizations, such as ADB and Mercy Corps, and the government itself are also working on the carcass removal. The two million figure is the total of the three worst affected provinces.
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3. NEEDS ANALYSIS
3.1 1999-2001 DZUD EXPERIENCES Many lessons were learnt from the previous devastating dzuds that struck Mongolia in three consecutive winters from 1999-2001. In the course of those three years, 11.2 million livestock perished and more than 15,000 herders lost all their animals, which had long-lasting ramifications for herders’ livelihoods and security, particularly for women and children. Those dzuds resulted in a deepening of poverty, a lowering of the gross domestic product (GDP) and an increase in levels of chronic malnutrition and maternal mortality. A 2003 nutritional survey conducted after the 2001 dzud found a greater prevalence of malnutrition in dzud-affected areas and universal foliate deficiency among pregnant women. The survey also identified a high level of chronic malnutrition among children under-five (<-2.0 z scores): 35.8%; half of all children had rickets; 86% of non-pregnant mothers and 79% of children aged from 24-59 months had low serum foliate levels; and 36% of children aged from 6-35 months had deficiencies of two micronutrients and 64% had combined deficiencies of more than two micronutrients. Based on the national average, the maternal mortality rate increased from 158.9 per 100,000 live births in 1998 to 169.3 per 100,000 live births in 2001. There was also an increase in such psycho-social problems as depression, anxiety and suicide among herders. Past post-dzud experience has shown that many affected herders, particularly young herders, will migrate en masse from rural areas to cities, particularly to the capital, Ulaanbaatar. According to official statistics, between 2001 and 2002 the number of herders fell by 4.2%, which precisely corresponded to the growth of Ulaanbaatar’s population - the final destination for about 50,000 people. Those families that migrated to cities or provincial centres faced, and in many cases continue to face, a dearth of basic social services. They lack access to electricity, water for drinking and household use, sanitation, health care, and pre-schools and primary schools. Most migrants have experienced unemployment and increases in insecurity, general violence and violence against women, and alcoholism. A UN needs assessment survey conducted in March 2010 found that at least 6.8% of dzud-affected families had already decided to move to urban areas in search of employment. UN Habitat estimates that more than 20,000 people, or 5,000 families, will be forced to migrate to urban areas in the aftermath of this dzud - predominantly to the peri-urban districts of Ulaanbaatar, Darkhan and Orkhon – to seek out jobs, food, health care, and education services for their children. In order to predict the expected internal migration patterns that will occur, it is necessary to examine the patterns of movements that took place in the wake of the 1999-2001 dzuds. Migration peaked two to three years after the end of the dzuds, when herders found they were unable to rebuild their lives, their livelihoods and their herds.
Number of Registered immigrants in Ulaanbaatar from 1995 to 2007 (Dzud years indicated in green, other years in blue)
Source: State Civil Registration Bureau)
010,000
20,00030,00040,000
50,00060,000
70,00080,000
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Ulaanbaatar municipal officials are not prepared for the influx of migrants that will begin in spring. As stated previously, there is already a critical lack of social services and basic infrastructure in peri-urban districts that have led to pollution problems and which pose serious health risks to residents.
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3.2 PRE-EXISTING SITUATION Prior to the dzud of 2010, disparities between rural and urban areas meant all Mongolians had not benefited equally from the country’s recent economic growth. Until 2008, Mongolia enjoyed annual GDP growth of about eight percent, and there were some improvements in key development indicators, including the health Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), life expectancy at birth and the combined cross-enrolment ratio. For example, the maternal mortality rate decreased from 169.3 per 100,000 live births in 2001 to 44.3 per 100,000 live births in 2008, but rose to 81.4 in 20097. Similarly, the infant mortality rate decreased from 30.2 per 1,000 live births in 2001 to 19.6 in 2008, but rose to 20.2 in 2009. However, the level of poverty remained static at about 35%. Poverty in Mongolia is multi-dimensional and stems from a range of core problems, including a lack of income, unemployment, poor social-service delivery, weak civil participation, and growing disparities between men and women, between urban and rural areas and between the rich and poor. More than 50% of rural Mongolians live in poverty. Levels of malnutrition, stunting, anaemia, vitamin D deficiency are also all higher in rural Mongolia – in the very provinces now increasingly affected by Dzud. The global financial crisis, particularly the fall in commodity prices, led to a sharp slowdown in economic growth in 2009. These external shocks exposed the underlying weaknesses of Mongolia’s economic and policy environment. In 2009, real GDP fell by 1.6%. The social impact of the economic crisis was seen in steep inflation and wage declines, especially in the informal sector. While Mongolia’s booming mining sector promises substantial future economic growth, the abundance of natural resources might not accelerate further diversification of export items and might instead render agricultural and manufacturing goods less competitive. Mining is capital intensive and the growth of the sector will not lead to a significant level of job creation. As a result, the anticipated economic growth fuelled by accelerated commodity exports might not lead to the long-term development of the country. Furthermore, Mongolia’s lack of diversity in its economic structure, its being a landlocked country, and its high dependence on commodity exports that have low added value make the economy extremely vulnerable to downward shifts in world market prices. The country’s food security is also contingent upon weather conditions and is challenged by the difficulties inherent in long-distance transport for domestic food distribution. FAO has classified Mongolia as a Low-Income Food Deficit Country because of the low net income per person, its net importation of basic foodstuffs for three or more years, and the lack of sufficient foreign exchange to purchase needed food on the international market. 3.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE AND LOCATION OF AFFECTED POPULATIONS In Mongolia, livestock are an integral component of rural livelihoods and are an economic safety net, particularly for poor and vulnerable herder households. For those households, livestock and livestock products provide direct food and income. However, the role of livestock extends far beyond what is produced for the market or for direct consumption. The Mongolian pastoralist system provides employment to herder families and those handling and marketing such products as cashmere, meat and dairy products, hides and skins. Livestock is a store of wealth and a form of insurance. It contributes to gender equality by generating income opportunities for women, and products such as milk play an important role in child nutrition. Livestock byproducts are also sources of fuel for cooking and heating. Livestock also have a special cultural significance: livestock ownership may form the basis for the observation of traditional customs or may establish the status of herders. A herder with fewer than 300 head of livestock is considered to be at a subsistence level; a herder with more than 300 head can earn a profit. 8 Despite this, it is widely believed that current livestock numbers exceed the country’s pastureland carrying capacity. A lack of other income-generating opportunities and the value of cashmere have prompted many to dramatically increase their goat herds. And while it is possible to sustain increased livestock numbers in good summers and mild winters, it is not possible to do so in long, cold winters. For people in rural areas, one of the main challenges is distance. Herder families must travel 100-250 km to reach health care facilities. Those facilities themselves suffer from a lack of equipment or 7 Increased MMR due largely to rapid spread of H1N1. 8 World Bank, Livestock Sector Study, 2009.
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outdated and inadequate equipment. For example, in many rural areas, Russian jeeps are used as ambulances, and there is poor heating and equipment for pregnant women and newborns. An emergency obstetric care (EMOC)/essential newborn care (ENC) survey conducted by the WHO, UNFPA, UNICEF and MoH in 2009 found there were shortages of essential drugs and equipment at primary health care facilities. As a result, about 60% of pregnant women were normally referred to the district centre for obstetric care, which was not possible for many when roads became inaccessible. The study also found that heating in delivery rooms was insufficient, with some facilities registering temperatures as low as 11ºC; the minimum temperature needed to ensure the survival of newborns is 25ºC. Prolonged winter conditions have further tested poorly maintained heating systems leading many to collapse and forcing the closure of several areas within health care centres. Another survey also found that many villages had limited numbers of trained personnel capable of dealing with complications relating to obstetric or newborn care. Because of their nomadic lifestyle, almost all rural children six years and above are housed in dormitories during the school year. These children are largely from poor families, with many of the schools are located in villages made inaccessible by the heavy snow. Over the harsh winter, the schools have had to keep children housed over the school holiday periods, ordered not to release them as the Government feared they would be lost attempting to return to their families. This extended school year drained food and fuel resources. Heating systems9 collapsed unable to cope with prolonged and deeper-than-usual cold temperatures. Psychological symptoms and trauma began to manifest as children witnessed the suffering and heart break of their parents, and were unable to be with them. 3.4 CURRENT SITUATION The dzud has had a profound impact on vast areas of the country and has caused severe disruptions to the normal social, economic and cultural patterns of an already vulnerable and highly dispersed population. The challenges will only increase with the onset of spring. The international community alone cannot meet the needs of all vulnerable people. However, in collaboration with the Government of Mongolia and in coordination with government-led and other international relief efforts, this response plan is designed to target the most vulnerable of the affected population. A review of pre-dzud and current data indicates that 769,106 people or 28% of the total population, in 15 provinces require urgent humanitarian assistance. This includes 279,609 children under-18 and 44,260 people over the age of 60.
While dzuds are commonly believed to be “winter emergencies”, it is in fact in spring that the greatest impacts are felt. The onset of warmer weather marks the start of the thaw, which results in flash floods caused by melting snow and further isolation and hardship for flood-bound communities. Flooding has already been reported in Bulgan village in Khovd province, forcing the relocation of up to 100 families. Wide-scale flash flooding is expected in rural areas in late April/May. A significant concern is that the warmer weather will result in the thawing and decomposition of the millions of animal carcasses now littering the Mongolian countryside, which will pose an immense risk to human health, particularly in areas where carcasses are lying in close proximity to settlements or running water. Rotting remains attract flies, rodents, insects, wild birds and dogs, which then become transmission agents for the spread of disease, and there have been unsubstantiated media reports that people who are desperate for food are consuming carcasses. Efforts to remove and bury carcasses have begun, although the persistence of harsh weather conditions has hindered operations and local capacity to remove carcasses is weak and needs urgent attention. Another factor impeding
Figure 8. Cattle struggling to survive amidst heavy snow. UNDP /2010/ Bunchingiv
9 A 2007 Education Ministry study on school dormitory conditions found that there were difficulties in meeting health and hygiene standards as a result of several factors, including the use of the wrong buildings for dormitories, overcrowded rooms, a lack of adequate heating and electricity systems, a lack of proper WASH facilities, and a lack of other basic necessities.
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progress in this regard is the lack of government funds needed to effectively mobilize people to work on carcass removal and to provide them with the requisite disinfectant, protective clothing and tools. The dzud is also the catalyst for a sharp deterioration in national food security, and in turn in the country’s overall nutritional status. The most urgent concern is severe food shortages. At present, 8,711 herder families (approximately 43,555 people) have lost all their livestock and another 32,756 families (163,780 individuals) have lost more than half their animals. The death of livestock means problems with cash flow, food and fuel. While food shortages were predicted, the scale is greater than originally anticipated and the timing much earlier. The situation is now critical for many people. Livestock are essential to food security and agricultural livelihoods, not only for rural smallholders who directly rely on livestock for income and food, but also for urban consumers who benefit from affordable and high-quality meat and dairy products. In the short term, urgent supplies of fodder and the provision of veterinary care are needed to ensure the survival of the remaining livestock. In the medium term, attention must be focused on herder capacity-building, sustainable land use and better methods of fodder production. This spring, the loss of livestock is expected to increase substantially. Currently, 50,000 animals are dying every few days. This critical period, which is expected to continue until as late as June, will be financially devastating for herders, particularly those who have no alternative means of income generation. For many herders, their animals are like family to them, and as the death toll mounts, trauma, fatigue and stress are also increasing. Rising numbers of herders are now reporting to hospital with depression and viewed as being at risk of suicide. As of the beginning of May 2010, more than 7.8 million livestock had perished nation-wide, effectively decimating rural communities and having a particularly devastating impact on smaller-scale herders (those with fewer than 250 animals10) who have lost more than 80% of their livestock and who face losing even more animals in the months to come. In a normal winter, the average loss of livestock is generally no more than two percent. The huge loss of livestock in this year’s dzud is evident in a comparison between the worst four dzuds of the past 50 years:
Table 1: Livestock losses during the past four worst dzuds Year No. of livestock lost 1999-2000 total 2.24 million 2000-2001 total 3.40 million 2001-2002 total 2.07 million 2010 - 5 January 0.05 million 2010 - 1 February 1.8 million 2010 – 18 March 3.8 million 2010 – May 7.8 million
The cause of the dzud and its subsequent impacts on agriculture are complex, but include the following factors:
No. Causes Impact Lack of household-conserved hay production due to the drought Poor body condition of animals with low fat reserves 1.
Summer drought affecting many parts of the country (especially key pastoral areas?) Lack of hay available on the private market
Lack of alternative income-generating opportunities led more people to keep livestock Significant increase in goat population, as cashmere is a ‘cash crop’ 2. Increasing national herd Resultant environmental degradation and over-grazing contributed to poor body condition of animals at the end of the summer
3. Unusually cold winter follows Temperatures below -45oC in many areas for long period Early snow thawed and refroze as an ice cover over pasture Thick layer of snow affecting mobility of herders and livestock
Frequent and heavy snowfall is experienced, preventing access to winter grazing Frequent snowstorms
Role played by former State Fodder Reserve now left to market forces 5. Lack of stored hay for distribution
and sale A series of good summers resulted in poor market for hay, so private merchants reduced production in summer 2009
10 According to the National Statistical Office, the minimum number of livestock required for subsistence is 200 head.
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There is a danger of a significant escalation of malnutrition in dzud-affected areas. As many as 30% of children in dzud-affected areas already suffer from stunting. The potential for broader health problems has been exacerbated by the current socio-economic environment. The national poverty level stands at about 36%, and in 2009 the government revoked almost all social safety nets for families. Unless basic social services are guaranteed and employment opportunities are created, the deterioration in access to, and quality of, such services will continue. Health statistics from the affected provinces show increases in both morbidity and mortality. Most alarming is the steady increase in infant and under-five child mortality recorded since January 2010 in dzud-affected areas. As of March 2010, the infant mortality rate in dzud-affected areas rose to 32.3 per 1,000 live births compared with the national average of 22.7 and the 19.6 average of the past five years. The mortality rate for children under-five is 39.7 per 1,000 live births compared with the national average of 28.7; in the same period in 2009, the rate was 23.4. Incidences of maternal mortality predominantly occur in dzud-affected areas: of the six cases registered nation-wide in January 2010, four occurred in dzud-affected provinces. Adults are increasingly suffering from cardiac diseases, strokes, gastric diseases, urinary tract diseases, hypertension, and such stress-related disorders as depression, anxiety, insomnia and fatigue. As of March 2010, adult suicides had been reported in several areas and there had been a rise in stress-related pre-term births. Pregnant and lactating mothers and their babies have been cut off from access to health services, essential drugs and medicines, and district hospitals’ capacity for outreach services is overstretched. The provision of education services to rural populations has always been a challenge given the vastness of the territory, the low population density, the traditional nomadic way of life, and poor infrastructure development. The dzud has overstretched poorly maintained heating systems in school dormitories that house herder children aged from six to 18. Poor heating, a lack of fuel for both heating and cooking, and shortages of food, blankets and warm clothing have all increased the health risks for children. A needs assessment survey conducted by Save the Children (SC) in March-April 2010 covering 74 schools and 26 kindergartens in dzud-affected and non-affected areas found there was a significant risk that children would increasingly drop out of school to help financially support their families. Impact of the dzud on women The dzud has had a particularly significant impact on female herders, who represent 51% of the total herding population. Situational assessments have found that women are facing enormous hardships as a result of the loss of livestock, increased workloads, the depletion of household food supplies and the lack of adequate clothing to withstand the persistently cold weather, and are hence suffering from anxiety, stress and psychological trauma. The depletion of food supplies has caused many women to lose a considerable amount of weight, which places pregnant women at risk of foetal growth retardation. It is feared that many babies born during this period will be underweight. Access to water is another area of concern; 57.4% of the female herders questioned during the early recovery sector’s rapid assessment reported difficulties in accessing drinking water due to blocked paths to wells, and/or wells covered by snow or ice. The trek to wells has also become more arduous and time-consuming.11 While women represent the majority of herders, they have fewer opportunities to start new businesses and face more obstacles than men, making it difficult for them to seek alternate forms of income. Women are also hindered by the persistence of traditional gender stereotypes that define men as breadwinners and leaders of households. According to the rapid needs assessment, 55% of those questioned thought men should have ownership rights over economic assets, including livestock; the same percentage believed men were the key decision-makers in households. Particularly vulnerable are female-headed households (FHH). According to the last Living Standard Measurement Survey, FHH are the societal group most prone to poverty in Mongolia. At present, 24.6% of very poor households and 18.3% of the total number of poor households are headed by females, although FHH comprise only about 12-13% of the total number.
11 Rapid Assessment Findings of the Early Recovery Sector.
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The dzud is already having a negative impact on the national economy. February’s economic figures12 show a sharp upturn in inflation, which rose to 8.7% and was roughly double the January level and up from just 1.2% in December 2009. This increase has primarily been driven by a rise in food (mainly meat) prices, which reflects the substantial livestock losses incurred during the dzud. The rise in inflation will erode incomes and purchasing power, with low-income households likely to be the hardest hit. More than 50% of the animals that have been lost thus far are goats, which will likely result in a cashmere shortage during the coming season, and hence will impact heavily on those people whose incomes depend on cashmere. The dzud has resulted in significant setbacks in the area of poverty reduction and hence progress toward achieving Mongolia’s MDGs, particularly MDG1. With the loss of more than 16% of the country’s livestock, many herders have been left without a source of income. While heavy livestock losses have occurred before in Mongolia, the magnitude of this winter’s losses – three times higher than the previous worst dzud - makes it an extraordinary situation. For many herders, it marks a collapse of their lives and their livelihoods. The majority of people living in poverty are based in rural Mongolia, deepening the economic impact for already vulnerable communities. The majority of those affected by the dzud are nomadic herders, who make up 35% of Mongolia’s workforce and for whom livestock represents about 70% of their total assets. Many are also saddled with the added burden of debt in the form of outstanding loans from financial institutions.13 It is an evolving human tragedy. The indirect economic effects of the dzud will also affect the national poverty level and exacerbate the inequality between urban and rural standards of living. In the short term, affected herders must be given the opportunity to generate alternate forms of direct income; in the medium term the goal must be to re-establish people’s livelihoods in ways that make them less vulnerable to future natural disasters and that have less of an impact on the environment. 3.5 FUTURE COORDINATION NEEDS The Government of Mongolia, guided by NEMA, has provided the first line of Dzud response. Roads are progressively being cleared and initial supplies of food, medicines and hay for animals are beginning to reach some of the most critically-affected areas. However, provincial and regional NEMA units remain constrained by a lack of technical capacity. NEMA’s capacity to coordinate donor-funded assistance also needs strengthening. The resources provided by various partners have stretched NEMA’s resource management capacities to the limit. Proper situational analyses, information management and mapping are currently lacking.
12 World Bank: Mongolia Monthly Economic Update - February 2010.
13 Due to a lack of hay and fodder, herders have requested loans from local banks in order to buy costly the feed needed to prevent further livestock losses.
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4. THE 2010 COMMON HUMANITARIAN ACTION PLAN
4.1 SCENARIOS Most-likely scenario • As the snow and ice melts, national and international assistance will gradually be able to reach
the affected population • If food reaches the affected population, the food security situation will gradually stabilize and
there will be greater access to health care • Undernourishment, malnutrition and other health issues will need ongoing food and
micronutrient support • A comprehensive vaccination campaign will be needed • The massive number of animal carcasses strewn across the country will pose a health risk,
particularly in areas where flash floods displace the carcasses • Flash flooding will lead to the relocation of hundreds of families for periods of up to one month • Psycho-social problems will continue to manifest, with many people needing counselling and
support. • Child labour will increase as a result of families’ desperate need for income • Many herders will struggle to continue in this employment, which will only remain viable if they
receive immediate fodder and veterinary support. • Many herders who have lost everything will migrate to peri-urban areas; retraining initiatives and
alternate employment options will be needed • At least one percent of the population will migrate and will face significant challenges in
accessing employment and will lack access to food and basic services for a period of at least six months
Best-case scenario • A rapid improvement in the weather with limited flooding from melting snow, and a long
productive summer, will ensure that more herders than currently predicted will have access to sufficient food, support and medical care, their children will remain in functioning dormitories and their herds will gain sufficient strength to survive the year ahead
• A percentage will still migrate, however they will benefit from planning and services to ensure safe resettlement
Worst-case scenario • Winter conditions will continue for longer than normal, many roads will remain blocked, with a
mixture of mud and sludge replacing hardened snow • This will exacerbate difficulties in reaching people living in remote areas and those cut off by
flash floods from melting snow • This in turn could prompt a further deterioration in food security and access to medical care • The carcasses of dead animals that were preserved by the ice and snow will start decaying,
with all the attendant public and environmental health risks • Outbreaks of disease and increases in malnutrition will affect vulnerable populations, resulting
in further increases in child and maternal mortality • Animal deaths will continue to rise, further impoverishing those who are dependent on livestock
for income and food • This will lead to a greater than predicted migration to peri-urban areas, overwhelming any
existing services and challenging efforts to meet their needs • A shorter than normal summer will lead to low fodder production, resulting in a Dzud that lasts
into 2011
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4.2 STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES FOR HUMANITARIAN ACTION IN 2010 The most dangerous period of a dzud is in the spring, when the full impact of the winter’s devastation is realized. While humanitarian efforts to date have responded to many of the needs of those most affected by the dzud, the full scope of the humanitarian impacts of the disaster is only now beginning to be seen. For the affected population, these include severe food shortages, a lack of access to basic social services, economic ruin for many herders, and emotional trauma among the affected populations. This Dzud Response Plan focuses on meeting three main priorities with a combination of immediate, medium and long-term measures. It addresses the urgent humanitarian needs of the most vulnerable groups and ensures that critical institutions such as schools and medical facilities are accessible and remain functional throughout the coming year. It defines and supports critical early recovery actions, specifically related to livestock, and aims to strengthen the capacity of affected populations and the government to prepare for and deal with the consequences of the dzud and the next winter. Strategic objectives
Address the most critical humanitarian needs of the vulnerable groups and institutions for the period between April 2010 and April 2011. Strategy Food security, health, nutrition, WASH, psycho-social support and education are priority sectors for humanitarian action in 2010. Organizations involved can prevent loss of life
with relatively modest programmes to provide basic health care, psycho-social support, safe drinking water, sanitation, food, funding support for restoring livelihood of FHH and time-critical agricultural and livestock inputs for the affected populations. Working in these sectors, humanitarian organizations will integrate gender-sensitive and early-recovery aspects into their programmes to help ensure a long-term impact.
Indicator Target
Decrease of acute malnutrition among children under-five (below five percent) (weight for height as percent)
Infant mortality rate maintained at past five-year average 19.6 per 1,000 live births
Maternal mortality rate maintained at past five-year average 74.9 per 100,000 live births
Percentage of relocated children aged 5-11 enrolled in primary school and young children in pre-school
Primary -100% Pre-school – 60%
Prioritized schools have functioning heating and children have access to water and sanitation
Heating – 100% Water/San: 60%
Percentage of affected herders with their remaining herds protected following 2010 dzud 60%
Enhanced household level food security, family income and livelihoods of the target beneficiary herder families
approximately 36,000 herders
Number of carcasses removed from prioritized areas at least two million
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Address the protracted humanitarian and early recovery needs of the affected population by means of gender-sensitive livelihood-based humanitarian programming to prevent further or renewed deterioration into a humanitarian emergency.
Strategy Immediate attention to carcass removal to prevent the spread of disease and to alleviate the triggers of psycho-social distress will be achieved by destitute herders who will be employed to undertake this work. The preservation of food security and surviving animals will be achieved through fodder and medical support to viable herds. Agricultural support to herders to recover their livelihoods through the provision of technical assistance and essential livestock inputs will be provided. Emphasis will be made to enhance livestock rearing practices, improve fodder production, promote more cost-effective health care methods and strengthen access to veterinary services in rural communities. Capacity-building and support for improved markets and product lines will be provided to viable herders. Retraining and support for alternate forms of employment will be provided to herders, with particular focus on women, who have lost their livestock, including approaches that will allow them to remain in rural areas and work on the land. Indicator Target
Area to be cleaned of carcasses 128,000 km2*
Number of herders benefiting from CfW on carcass removal 20,000 of which 3,000 are female herders
Percentage of herder groups earning additional incomes through alternate income generation
Minimum 80% of herder families engaged in small- scale vegetable production
Number of herder families receiving critical livestock inputs 13,410 (80,460 people)
Percentage of herder groups/cooperatives registered as formal business entities Minimum 50%
*Note: following Government recommendations, this area will encompass the three provinces of Khovd, Dundgobi and Ovorkhangai.
Put in place preparedness, disaster risk-reduction and contingency planning (mainstreamed throughout sectors) in anticipation of worsening conditions resulting from a post-dzud spring/summer season, and preparing for the next winter as well as for other risks such as earthquakes. Strategy
National and local capacity will be strengthened for increased resilience, risk management and effective response to recurrent disasters, which will lay the groundwork for long-term recovery and improved conditions for future development. Support will also be given to NEMA in developing a coordinated approach to early recovery response and planning. Indicator Target
Number of copies of the 2010 Dzud Experience and Lessons Learned Report published and distributed 500
National Recovery Plan developed and approved Plan officially approved
Clusters formed in all areas relevant to situation in Mongolia, with active Government participation. Consultations and training conducted, Clusters formalized, plans developed and tested In a simulation in April 2011
Cluster consultations co-chaired by ministries
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Indicator Target
NEMA’s coordination and information management enhanced
Quality donor report by NEMA, smoother information dissemination by NEMA
Medium-term framework with action plan for disaster preparedness, prevention and risk reduction prepared and endorsed by key stakeholders for implementation, with emphasis on reducing risks of impact of dzud on herders’ livelihoods
Approved document with NEMA
Percentage increase in technical capacity of NEMA departments in Uvurkhangai, Khovd, Dundgobi 50%
Number of personnel working in local emergency departments trained for improved search and rescue operations during dzud 300
4.3 STRATEGIC MONITORING PLAN
Monitoring and evaluation remains a crucial component of the relief and recovery effort in Mongolia, although it is hampered by the limited capacity of the government and international organizations to conduct regular and accurate surveys due to the vast area affected, the current difficult conditions and the very limited capacity of the international humanitarian community. As conditions improve, combined UN, NGO and government monitoring teams will operate in the affected areas. In addition, each sector will develop its own strategic plans with an emphasis on monitoring and evaluation within the sector. Sectors will closely monitor the situation during the year providing data by sector and also a report on the progress made towards the CAP’s strategic objectives. Sectors will present quarterly reports to the UN Country Team meetings focusing on the progress made towards their targets. The UN Resident Coordinator’s Office will offer support in analysis and the compiling of relevant data, with a particular emphasis on reviewing the overall Appeal at its mid-term review. Logical Framework for the Humanitarian Response
Key indicators Corresponding Response Plan Objectives
Address the most critical humanitarian needs of the vulnerable groups and institutions for the period between April 2010 and April 2011
− Decrease of acute malnutrition among children under-five below 5% (weight for height as percent)
− Child mortality rate maintained at past five-year average
− Maternal mortality rate maintained at past five-year average
Survival, WASH, Health and Nutrition Sector
• Prevent maternal and child morbidity and mortfrom newborn complications, common childhooillnesses including diarrhoea, acute respiratoryinfection (ARI) and pneumonia
• Ensure that herder families in areas severely affected by dzud-disaster areas are provided with food, nutritional and essential medical supplies
• Strengthen women’s health and resilience through psycho-social support, medical check-ups, micronutrients and livelihood support
• Prevent water-borne diseases among immigrant population affected by dzud in the temporary resettlements by ensuring access to clean water sources and promoting good hygiene practices
− Percentage of relocated children aged 5-11 enrolled in primary school and young children in pre-school
− Prioritized schools have functioning heating and children have access to water and sanitation
Education Sector
• To sustain enrolment and attendance of rural children in schools by creating child friendly physical and psycho-social environment in rural dormitories and schools and expanding non-formal education facilities and dormitory arrangements
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− Quantity and quality of delivered critical livestock inputs in timely manner
Agriculture Sector
• Stabilize the household level food security and livelihood by supporting sustainable livestock production and agriculture
• Strengthen the fodder production and animal health care immediately, supporting the dzud-affected herder families to protect and increase the quality of their surviving herd
− # of carcasses removed (at least two million)
Early Recovery
• Remove 1.5-2 million livestock carcasses14 removed in the territories of 225 areas in three provinces thereby reducing health risks and pollution of living environment of rural households
Address the protracted humanitarian and early recovery needs of the affected population by means of gender-sensitive livelihood-based humanitarian programming to prevent further or renewed deterioration into a humanitarian emergency.
− Area to be cleaned from carcasses (128,000 km2)
− # of herders benefitting from CfW on carcass removal (20,000) of which # of female herders (3,000)
− Percent of herder groups earning additional incomes through alternate income generation (minimum 80%) percent of herder families engaged in small-scale vegetable production (minimum 80%)
− Percent of herder groups/cooperatives registered as formal business entities (minimum 50%)
Early Recovery
• Reduce health risks of rural population through removal of two million carcasses with community involvement while providing at least 30,000 herders with immediate cash income for their daily food needs
• Provide over 6,000 herders with alternate income generation opportunities to lessen their dependence on livestock herding exposed to high risks
− Percentage of children successfully enrolled at non-formal education facilities.
Education
• To prevent children of dzud-affected poor families from hazardous child labour in informal mining by providing non-formal education
Put in place preparedness, disaster risk reduction, contingency planning (each
mainstreamed throughout sectors) in anticipation of worsening conditions resulting from a post-dzud spring/summer season, and preparing for the next winter
− Data system designed and functioning in 100% of relevant institutions
Survival, WASH, Health and Nutrition
• Establish data collection mechanisms within the relevant institutions at national, sub-national and provincial levels
− Improved knowledge and capacity of target beneficiary herder families in disaster preparedness and risk reduction
− Functional Agriculture Sector with effective coordination and facilitation mechanism
Agriculture Sector
• Increase preparedness for similar situation in future
• Increase markets for a wider range of livestock products
− # of copies 2010 Dzud Experience and Lessons learned report published and distributed (500)
− National Recovery Plan developed and approved
− # of users of NEMA website for GIS-based disaster loss and mapping (at least 600)
− Percent of increase in technical capacity of NEMA departments in Uvurkhangai, Khovd, Dundgobi (50%)
Early Recovery Sector
• Support the government emergency agency in early recovery planning, coordination, and improvement of its technical capacity for search and rescue operations during potential dzud
− Country-wide training undertaken and education sector emergency plans in place
Education Sector
• To strengthen coordinated Education Sector emergency preparedness and response capacity at all levels
14 Death toll of the livestock is expected to increase in coming spring months.
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4.4 CRITERIA FOR SELECTION AND PRIORITIZATION OF PROJECTS A. SELECTION Projects were selected according to the following criteria: • The project is consistent with the priorities identified by the relevant ministries and is consistent with overall sectoral strategy • The project is designed to reach the most affected populations, without discrimination of any form • The project is in line with a human rights-based approach, with gender a key consideration • The project does not duplicate activities implemented by other organizations • The implementing agency and/or its implementing partners have a recognized capacity to implement the project • The project takes into account logistical needs; and • The project is cost-effective B. PRIORITIZATION The projects submitted were mapped geographically to avoid duplication and tested for complementarity. Projects per sector were prioritized according to their urgency in reaching affected populations with life-saving interventions. In this regard, food and nutrition, fodder and medical care are considered urgent interventions.
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4.5 SECTOR RESPONSE PLANS 4.5.1 SURVIVAL, WASH, HEALTH AND NUTRITION SECTOR Lead Agency UNICEF Implementing Partners UNFPA, MoH, provincial and district health departments, NEMA, Adventist
Development and Relief Agency (ADRA), Action Contre la Faim (ACF), SC Number of Projects 7 Sector Objectives • Prevent maternal and child morbidity and mortality from newborn
complications, common childhood illnesses including diarrhoea, ARI and pneumonia
• Ensure that herder families in areas severely affected by dzud disaster areas are provided with food, nutritional and essential medical supplies
• Strengthen women’s health and resilience through psycho-social support, medical check-ups, micro-nutritients and livelihood support
• Prevent water-borne diseases among immigrant population affected by dzud in the temporary resettlements by ensuring access to clean water sources and promoting good hygiene practices
• Establish data collection mechanisms within the relevant institutions at national, sub-national and provincial levels
Beneficiaries Total direct beneficiaries 104,980 people, including: • Women 33,300 • Children 63,680 • Other vulnerable groups – migrants 8,000
Funds Requested $3,108,530 Contact Information Ider Dungerdorj
+976 11312185 ext # 118 [email protected]
Needs analysis The Survival, Health and Nutrition, comprised of representatives from the government, NGOs and multilateral and bilateral donor agencies was formed to address the health, nutrition, food, water and sanitation needs of the dzud-affected populations. In addition to the use of baseline data and information currently available, a needs assessment using the Inter-Agency Standing Committee developed Initial Rapid Assessment (IRA) tool for assessing Health/Nutrition and WASH situations was conducted in collaboration with Government representatives in March 2010 covering 165 village health facilities of 15 provinces. Overall: Due to the severe winter conditions, people’s access to health facilities is severely constrained, and this is likely to remain the case through the spring, when flooding will further isolate communities. Children and women are paying the highest price - with their lives. Disturbing increases in infant and child mortality are now recorded. Deteriorating living conditions are resulting in a higher incidence of acute respiratory diseases, poorer hygiene standards, increased incidence of water-borne diseases, and the worsening of chronic diseases. These deteriorating living conditions also have an impact on maternal health, leading to an increased incidence of preventable maternal deaths and unsafe deliveries. Access to health facilities, including emergency obstetric and neonatal care, is also constrained by a lack of fuel for heating and transportation and essential drugs supplies are exhausted. Allocations of government funds to cover fuel for heating and emergency vehicles are rapidly diminishing due to increased fuel consumption. In some instances, local hospitals were closed partially as their heating systems were broken due to their extensive use during the extreme cold period. Vulnerable groups including pregnant and lactating women, children, isolated herders and herding communities, elderly and mentally disabled people are particularly at risk. As the herders used all their cash reserves to purchase hay and fodder for their animals, they have nothing left to buy food or medicines for themselves. Significant risks to human health are posed by huge numbers of carcasses, which could be significant vectors of disease once flooding begins following the spring thaw. Assessments confirmed that many villages have limited medical facilities and trained personnel to deal with any complications to obstetric or newborn care. Therefore, there is a need provide obstetric surgical and drug kits and train personnel on provision of specialized services.
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Impact on children: Health statistics from the affected provinces indicate a dramatic increase in infant and under-five mortality since January, 2010. In dzud-affected provinces, as of March, 2010, infant mortality rate increased up to 32.3 per 1,000 live births, whereas the country average is 22.7, and the average for the last five years is 21.9 (35% lower than current status). Under-five child mortality (U5MR) is 39.7 per 1,000 live births, whereas the country average is 28.7. This time last year, it was 23.4 (40% lower than the 2010 rate). Main causes of child mortality are complications of ARIs due to inaccessibility to essential medicines and emergency/intensive care. Infant and under-five child mortality in dzud-affected provinces, 2010
Month Average of dzud-affected provinces
Country average 2010
Average of last five years
January 27.2 (excl. Dornod) 22.4 21.3 February 29.6 21.6 21.9 Infant Mortality March 32.3 22.7 21.9 January 31.2 (excl. Dornod) 27.3 n/a February 36.4 27.3 n/a Under-five mortality March 39.7 28.7 n/a
Source: MoH data, http://www.doh.gov.mn In nine provinces where data has been collected, IMR and U5MR are higher than the national average. For instance, infant mortality rate in Uvs province has peaked in March 2010 at 50.5 per 1,000 live births comparing to the last five-year national average of 22.4 per 1,000 live births and the last five-year average for this particular province of 30.1 per 1,000 live births.
Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 live births in several of the worst dzud-affected provinces, January- March, 2010
Province name Jan Feb March Arkhangai 26.1 34.9 39.1 Bayankhongor 26.6 27.0 40.7 Bayan-Ulgii 39.1 36.6 39.2 Dundgobi 19.8 26.6 30.8 Gobi-Altai 15.6 16.8 16.9 Khovd 32.5 44.3 35.7 Khuvsgul 24.5 22.7 30.7 Tuv 18.9 21.5 30.7 Umnugobi 18.7 15.5 14.2 Uvurkhangai 44.4 38.0 40.5 Uvs 37.6 46.7 50.5 Zavkhan 23.4 19.5 15.9 Country average (for particular month) 22.4 21.6 -
Shading indicates worst affected areas Source: MoH data, http://www.doh.gov.mn
U5MR is up to 62% higher than the national average. For example, in Uvs province it has reached in 70.7 per 1,000 live births in March 2010 comparing to the national average of 28.7 per 1,000 live births.
Under-five mortality rate per 1,000 live births in the most dzud-affected provinces January- March, 2010
Province name Jan Feb March Arkhangai 30.4 37.6 44.9 Bayankhongor 26.6 36.0 46.7 Bayan-Ulgii 47.8 52.2 58.0 Dundgobi 29.7 37.2 38.5 Gobi-Altai 15.5 16.8 19.7 Khovd 45.5 50.6 43.7 Khuvsgul 27.7 34.7 39.3 Tuv 18.9 21.5 34.5 Uvurkhangai 48.1 40.1 43.4 Umnugobi 28.0 25.9 21.3 Uvs 59.1 68.5 70.7 Zavkhan 29.2 22.7 18.2 Country average 27.3 27.3 28.7
Shading indicates worst affected areas Source: MoH data, http://www.doh.gov.mn
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Newborn care: Capacity of primary health care (PHC) to deliver essential services and respond to the emergency is weak: A survey on essential newborn and emergency obstetric care conducted by WHO, UNFPA, UNICEF and MoH on February/April of 2009 revealed a shortage of essential drugs and equipment at PHC facilities to support normal delivery. The heating in delivery rooms was insufficient, as some had temperatures as low as 11 degrees while newborn survival is ensured at 25 or higher degrees. Baby warmers are not readily available at primary and secondary health facilities. Herder families are located at 100-250 km away from health facilities and transportation of pregnant mothers and newborns in suitably warm condition is a challenge for most health facilities, most of which lack adequate vehicles for this purpose.
Figure 9. Health service providers are lacking appropriate vehicles and clothing. UNCEF/2010/Byamba
Lowered vaccination rates: Also, due to inaccessibility to the health services, lowered vaccination rates are recorded in some dzud-affected areas reaching only 57% of children due for vaccinations, whereas the child vaccination rate in Mongolia in previous years was more than 95%. Nutrition: As many as 30% of children in dzud-affected areas suffer from stunting. Since animal stock is the main food source for herders, the loss of animals means that increases of both severe acute malnutrition and chronic malnutrition rate among children under-five are anticipated. Feedback from doctors confirms an increase in chronic malnutrition figures, although this is not yet well documented. The preliminary food assessment conducted by Action Contre la Faim (ACF) in March 2010 indicates that two groups are facing significant food insecurity. The first are those herders (about 25% of 2,000 herders in the affected areas) who now have less than 80 animals and are unable to pay back their bank loans. For those who have no other sources of income (about 1,500 families) they are assessed as food-insecure and in need of food support until at least the end of the summer – September. The second group comprises 55% of 2,000 herders, who had up to 240 animals and no debt. Of these around a third do not receive support from parents pensions and have no other sources of income, and are now faced with the decision as to use their animals for food, or for breeding and eventual replenishment of their herds. This group of herders is not predicted to survive into next year without concerted support for both animals and their own food needs. The assessments conducted by the sectors and the local Red Cross confirm that as Spring unfolds the situation amongst the affected population is becoming desperate, because of the depletion of winter food reserves of the dry meat and dairy products that are the stable food items for this population. The significant concern remains that even if they overcome a difficult summer, herders and non-herders will not be able to prepare sufficient food reserves for next winter, because there will not be enough livestock to slaughter and because food prices will increase. A sharp decline in caloric and protein intake is foreseen unless remedial actions are taken. Thus, the assessment confirms that support to food, fortified foods and nutrition supplements for both the population that remain as herders as well as those that migrate to peri-urban areas will be necessary for a period up to 12 months. The situation was already fragile because of the changes occurring in the social and economic environment of the country. Unless basic social services are protected and employment opportunities are created, the deterioration in access and quality of those services will continue. While access issues will be resolved to some degree as the snow melts later in the season, the lack of available cash resources unquestionably will mean that food shortages, chronic malnutrition, access to medications and treatment, and the psycho-social concerns will continue for herders. In addition, with the predicted migration of at least one percent of the population to peri-urban areas15 many of these
15 Analysis undertaken by UN Habitat 2010, not yet published information.
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challenges remain, with heightened concern regarding the lack of access that this population will have to basic social services in general and to water and sanitation, clean drinking sources, health and nutrition support. Water, sanitation and hygiene: The needs assessment also revealed poor hygiene practices and facilities at household level, and in schools and medical facilities, including provision of adequate sanitation and safe water. Families migrating to peri-urban areas may face limited access to water and sanitation facilities, which will significantly increase the risk of outbreaks of diarrhoea, and an increase in under-five mortality. Dead animal bodies also impose greater risk to human health as they will pollute water sources through melting snow. Flash floods are anticipated both in rural and peri-urban areas in April/May and pose a contamination risk to water sources.
Figure 7. Woman collecting snow for drinking waterUNICEF /2010/NewsMN/Nyamsaikhan
Increased migration and health risks for migrant families: Based on past similar experiences, it was anticipated that many families would migrate to the cities or provincial centres. This migration has now begun with early evidence confirming that the families are struggling to find land to settle and face difficulties in accessing basic social services. They lack access to electricity, water – for washing or drinking, sanitation, health care and pre-schools or primary schools. They are joining existing populations who already face these challenges and are experiencing unemployment, poverty, an increase in insecurity, violence and abuse of women and children, increased alcoholism of men, and increased stress symptoms. Essential drugs, medical equipment, first aid kits, food and nutrition, hygiene and sanitation items, disinfectants, health promotion material, ambulances support for outreach health services will continue to be required in the growing peri-urban areas. Psycho-social support for stress management for those who have migrated will also be needed. Strategy and proposed activities Objective 1: Prevent maternal and child morbidity and mortality from birth complications and common childhood illnesses • Management of severe acute malnutrition and other emergency health services including
capacity-building for the health workers on Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illnesses (IMNCI), emergency triage assessment and micronutrient supplementation
• Provision of emergency obstetric and newborn supply items (delivery kits, baby warmers, incubators, baby feeding and nasal tubes, oxygen concentrators, nebulizers, etc.) and essential medicines (antibiotics, oral rehydration salt [ORS], zinc, salbutamol)
• Provision of solar and wind powered generators • Provision of transportation for epidemiology and vaccination campaigns • Establishment of additional immunization and mobile units to reach children and women in
remote villages • Capacity-building of health service providers to deal with obstetric and newborn-related
complications • Printing and distribution of communication materials (PSAs, leaflets, posters) on prevention of
common childhood illnesses • Develop information, education and communication (IEC) materials on infant feeding in
emergency (IFE) • Assistance to MoH in updating its emergency preparedness plan and guideline on infant and
young children feeding during emergencies • Micronutrient supplementation to children under five
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Objective 2: To ensure that herder families are provided with food, nutritional and essential medical supplies • Provision of food aid and essential medicines packages for families and poor households in
target areas • Provision of multiple micronutrient supplements to pregnant/lactating mothers and children
under five, support complementary feeding and therapeutic feeding as well as provision of fortified flour to schools, kindergartens and targeted households
• Information dissemination through local and social media on available livelihoods services and other community support programmes such as health, gender, psycho-social support, reproductive health, food and nutrition
Objective 3: Strengthen women’s health and resilience through psycho-social support, medical check-ups, micro-nutritients and livelihood support • Health education on reproductive health, medical check-ups and provision of micro-nutritients
psycho-social support to women and youth • Improved herding techniques by linking experienced herder families with young families and use
the existing expertise in a participatory way • Scholarships for youth from affected families to support them to continue their education in
secondary and tertiary school • Health education activities to women of reproductive age especially for those displaced families
that will be migrating closer to the district and provincial centres • Psycho-social support to the affected people , with a particular focus on women, through health
service providers • Vocational training and provision of business start-up funds to eligible women Objective 4: To prevent water-borne diseases among immigrant population affected by dzud in the temporary resettlements by ensuring access to clean water sources and promoting good hygiene practices • Construction of public latrines in Ulaanbaatar peri-urban areas in and target village for migrant
families • Provision of hygiene kits (alcohol-based hand-rubs, soap, toothpaste, water purifying tablets
and hygiene pads) to poor households and herders in village and peri-urban areas • Provision of adequate water sanitation and hygiene interventions for schools and hospitals in
affected areas • Conduct public awareness campaign though local media to ensure proper hygiene practice
among the residents in the area Objective 5: To establish data collection mechanisms within the relevant institutions at national, sub-national and provincial levels • Establishment of an emergency data management multidisciplinary team headed by
NEMA/NSO • Design new regulations, provisions and amendments to existing emergency, disaster-related
regulations • Development and operationalization of Emergency DevInfo at national and sub-national levels:
provision of equipments, instalment and training for NEMA and NSO Indicators • Infant and under-five child mortality rates • Number of children treated from acute malnutrition • Number of children stunted • Number of pregnant and lactating women provided with nutritional supplements • Decrease of hospitalization due to ARI/diarrhoea complication • Percentage of contraceptive use among herder women • Maternal mortality rates • Number of households received food package • Number of affected families having access to VIP latrines and safe drinking water • Number of migrants who practice proper hygiene focusing on hand washing and water
treatment at household level • Number of Emergency DevInfo training conducted
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Outcomes • In the dzud-affected areas child morbidity and mortality rates are maintained at average of the
last five years • Death rate of children under-five to be less than three percent, cure rate 90% and default rate of
five percent • At least 60,380 children prevented from developing anaemia, and acute malnutrition • 18,000 cases of ARI and diarrhoea are prevented at the community level and lives saved due to
strengthened community IMCI and hand washing • Reproductive health needs of pregnant women, lactating mothers and other vulnerable women
in dzud-affected areas addressed • Capacity of district hospitals and clinics to deliver health services strengthened • Food packages provided to at least 1,900 herder and poor families in the dzud-affected areas
(for up to 12 months in some areas) • At least 2,000 families in resettlement in Ulaanbaatar and 4,500 families in rural areas have
easy access to drinking water and sanitation facilities • Real-time emergency assessment, data collection and response mechanisms of NEMA
operational Sectoral monitoring plan A two-pronged monitoring strategy will be used to monitor and evaluate the implementation of the projects under the Survival: Health, Nutrition Sector. Firstly, information and report on interventions undertaken will be updated on a regular basis by the local governments and community members. Secondly, monthly spot checks and monitoring/fact-finding visits will be organized by the project implementing agencies to the most affected provinces and villages. Clear results will be regularly monitored.
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4.5.2 AGRICULTURE Lead Agency FAO Implementing Partners FAO, Mercy Corps, ACF, JCS International, ADRA, World Society for the
Protection of Animals (WSPA), MoFALI, local government authorities, NGOs, Cambridge-Mongolian Development Appeal (CAMDA) NGO, Family Agricultural Resources Mongolia (FARM) NGO, veterinarians and veterinarian clinics, herders and herder groups
Number of Projects 8 Sector Objectives • Protect the declining number of livestock and livelihoods of the vulnerable
herder families through supply of critical livestock inputs. Enhance the capacity of the target beneficiary households on disaster preparedness and risk reduction for future dzud disaster through input support on fodder production and technical know-how transfer
• Supply fencing material and fodder crop seed for the production of improved variety of fodder and to enhance technical knowledge and skills on fodder production
• Prevent the livelihoods of the more vulnerable herder families from falling to the group without livelihood
• Promote cost-effective methods of animal health and values of veterinary services for improved animal health
• Strengthen food safety nets systems at the household level and improve capacity of herders to better adapt to the effects of climate change
• Achieve a functional and effective coordination though the sector approach in addressing emergency and rehabilitation needs in dzud-affected areas to ensure lack of duplication, avoiding gaps and optimization of fund use for the benefit of herder families
Beneficiaries Total beneficiaries: 80,460 people. Emphasis will be given to marginal and women-headed households with children, and migrating vulnerable families
Funds Requested $7,807,225 Contact Information Buyannemekh Chimeddorj
+976 99199435 [email protected]
Needs analysis The Government of Mongolia requested FAO to carry out a rapid needs assessment to assess the impact of dzud in the livestock sector and the livelihoods of the herders in the country. FAO immediately dispatched a rapid need assessment team that carried out several consultations in Ulaanbaatar and travelled to Ovorkhangai and Arkhangai provinces to assess the situation. The FAO mission also consulted with the MoFALI and the NEMA). FAO carried out a more detailed technical needs assessment in February-March 2010. The herders in some of the visited villages confirmed the deaths of livestock from as early as November and some reported deaths of up to 50 head on cold nights. The temperatures dropped down so low during the day that the livestock could not move out of the shelters for almost a week in one stretch. This resulted in the consumption of stored fodder and feed planned to last until mid-April. By late February, the reported figure for livestock mortality (all species combined) was around 2.8 million.16 As of the beginning of May 2010 the livestock deaths further increased to 7.8 million deaths or more than 16% of the total number of livestock in Mongolia. During the field visits carried by FAO mission in January, February and March 2010 and interactions with the local Government authorities and affected herders, it became clear that the remaining livestock is under a constant threat of further decline. ACF needs assessment mission carried out in March 2010 in Bayan Olgiy and Uvs provinces was informed by the herder families that they experienced dry weather for last two years already. With this situation in these provinces, it is unlikely that the pasture potential would recover even if there is normal precipitation this year. The most vulnerable herders face difficulty to meet their family food and fuel needs, and are simply not in a position to purchase any fodder or feed, which is already scarce in the villages. In any case, supplies of staple livestock feed inputs, such as wheat bran and hay, are now short and due to supply and demand factors, the traders are charging almost two to three times the normal price. The local authorities lack resources to procure animal health supplements to provide to the herders. Due to the sudden deaths of livestock, herders further face the risk of losing cash income through their normal
16 NEMA, February 2010.
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means, that is, through the sale of dairy products, cashmere and meat. Due to the extremely cold weather and heavy snowfall, the mobility of herders has sharply declined owing to inadequate transport, labour constraints and an increasing desire for social services.
Livestock below 300 head is considered a subsistence herd; above 300 head increases the chances that the household will be able to make a profit on them.17 The loss of significantly higher number of livestock and possibility of further losses has placed severe constraints on the livelihoods of the poor and vulnerable herders, especially those who owned about 100-300 livestock heads in the family. These families do not have sufficient animal feed stored for winter and spring. Added to the burden of feeding their families and heating their Gers (traditional dwellings used by nomadic herders), this situation will result in food shortages and insecurity over an extended period, often most acutely in the spring time, which could further result in increased malnutrition in children and pregnant women and migration of large numbers
to other villages, provincial capitals and Ulaanbaatar.
Figure 11. Animals frozen to death. FAO/2010/Hadrill
The consequence of loss of further livestock below the minimum number required for sustainable income is therefore clear: destitution and a lack of alternative employment opportunities in the rural area, which would inevitably lead to increased social problems and tensions. Timely assistance support to save the lives of the remaining livestock with supplementary fodder, feed and animal health support, also keeping in view the current reproduction cycle (lambing and kidding), is therefore extremely urgent. 18 If no timely livestock input support is provided, it is most likely that these herder families will suffer from chronic food and livelihood insecurity, which can lead to economic deprivation, dependence on external food aid, migration within the province and to Ulaanbaatar, and possible social unrest. Furthermore, the indebted vulnerable herder families need support to get prepared for the next winter, both in terms of technical assistance and input support. An FAO detailed needs assessment mission19 conducted a PRA (participatory rural appraisal) session in area #1 of Sant village, Ovorkhangai province on 27 February 2010, where herder informants were asked to name their possible ways of earning income and rank these. The findings are shown in the table below:
17 World Bank, Livestock Sector Study, 2009. 18 Uvurkhangai 2010 03.30 UNDP.
19Source: FAO Assessment Report - Mongolia Winter Disaster by David Hadrill , Livestock Expert, February to March 2010.
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Table 1. Source of household income and their relative importance Income-Earning Activities Relative Importance
Cashmere 27.5% Meat 25.0% Hides and skins 20.0% Sheep wool 10.0% Dairy products 10.0% Camel wool 7.5% Remittances (from relatives in the capital etc.) Negligible importance Sale of labour Negligible importance
The above exercise demonstrated that for the herder community there was no significant income from any source outside livestock production. The sale of cashmere from goats was the most important source of income, followed by sale of meat, then hides and skins. The time in a normal year when the different forms of income generation occur was demonstrated, using the seasonal calendar exercise carried out in Sant Village. The results are shown in the tables below: Tables 2-3. Seasonal patterns of income and migration
Income from: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Cashmere
Camel wool
Sheep wool
Hides and skins
Dairy products
Meat
Migration Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec At winter quarters (See note 1)
Summer otor
Hay-making (See note 2)
Otor due to dzud (See note 3)
Notes: 1. The herders normally stay at their winter quarters from 20 October to 20 May. 2. However, hay is not produced in Sant village. Herders purchase it from October to May. 3. Last year, many families migrated with their livestock to places 250 to 300 km away because of lack of winter grazing in the area. Otor due to dzud continues till the early grass in summer. As a coping strategy, many families decided to migrate long distances in search of better grazing. This migration began at the start of winter, when they would normally settle at their traditional winter quarters. Regarding income, because of the dzud animals were in poor condition and so less valuable, with herders reporting as a consequence that meat prices were lower. They stated that the market was flooded in October with animals, with many herders trying to sell their livestock, and so prices were reduced. The needs assessments carried out by FAO, ACF and Government authorities in a number of provinces illustrate the real picture of the dire situation faced by the herder families in these provinces, which is also indicative to similar situation in all other affected provinces in agriculture and food security sector, in particular the livestock sub-sector.
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Strategies and proposed activities Objective 1: Protect the declining number of livestock and livelihoods of the vulnerable herder families through supply of critical livestock inputs. Enhance the capacity of the target beneficiary households on disaster preparedness and risk reduction for future dzud disaster through input support on fodder production and technical know-how transfer. • Carry out a detailed needs assessment
using a participatory approach to determine the priorities and the most critical livestock inputs (live animals, shelter materials, feeds, drugs, vaccines, husbandry tools) and development of the technical specifications, procurement of the identified critical livestock input packages to be carried out and delivered to the affected beneficiaries
Figure 12. Carcasses awaiting removal - FAO/2010/Hadrill
• Strengthen pasture and livestock management capability of herders through training on intensive livestock farming, and pasture management, including demonstration of fodder production as a companion strategy for disaster preparedness
Objective 2: Supply fencing material and fodder crop seed for the production of improved variety of fodder and to enhance technical knowledge and skills on fodder production. • Procure appropriate fencing material, necessary equipment, supplies and tools and adapted
seed species and varieties of fodder crops carried out and delivered to target beneficiaries • Pilot demonstrations fodder production plots developed through provision of fencing material
and fodder crop seeds to create reserve grazing for weak animals on 1-1.5 hectares of field managed at herder household level, and provide training on fodder harvesting, conservation, quality assessment and utilization techniques with a focus on community-based preparedness
• Provide technical and material support for the construction / repair of winter shelters Objective 3: Promote cost-effective methods of animal health and values of veterinary services for improved animal health. • Procure high quality anti-parasite drugs for use in female sheep and goat after
lambing/kidding to prevent the risk of spreading of parasites to newborns • Identify qualified, registered veterinarians in each affected villages and provide each
veterinarian with appropriate drugs, equipment and training. Treat livestock, train herders, and distribute information in affected areas through local veterinarians on a small fee-for-service basis to reduce misuse and encourage ownership
• Procure high quality milk powder (preferably manufactured for livestock newborns), with bottles and teats for distribution to herders
• Publish and distribute simple, graphic Animal Health Preparedness & Recovery Information leaflets for veterinarians to discuss with herders. Content will only include preparedness and recovery from winter problems
Objective 4: Strengthen food safety nets systems at the household level and improve capacity of herders to better adapt to the effects of climate change. • Strengthen food security through establishment of community vegetable gardens,
demonstrating protected cultivation • Provide capacity-building training and seminars on managing resources, cooking, food storage,
building root cellar and greenhouses, and small - scale irrigated fodder production • Promote the plantation of sea buckthorn as shelterbelt to generate small income to sustain
livelihood of dzud-affected families through the sale of sea buckthorn juice and oil rich in calcium as alternative source of income
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Objective 5: Achieve a functional and effective coordination though the cluster approach in addressing emergency and rehabilitation needs in dzud-affected areas to ensure lack of duplication, avoiding gaps and optimization of fund use for the benefit of herder families. • Coordinate the activities with the current implementation of Government policy and programmes
such as the “State Policy towards Herders”, the “National Programme for Food Securtiy” (2009-2016), “Mongolian Livestock” (2010-2021) and “Livestock Fodder” (2007-2015) national programmes
• Build capacity of herders in emergency management, e.g. disaster management planning, hazard mapping, capacity vulnerability assessment
• Support to development of a comprehensive medium-term livestock rehabilitation and recovery programme for the dzud-affected areas with due consideration to disaster preparedness and risk reduction
• Strengthen Agriculture Sector coordination through regular meetings and information sharing involving all stakeholders including MoFALI, departments of agriculture, veterinary services, UN agencies, agriculture sector members and donors
• Liaise with other ongoing similar interventions supported by the international financial institutions such as the World Bank, and build on FAO experiences to maximize the projects synergies
• Ensure a consultative and participatory approach to sector coordination, needs assessment, and identification of beneficiaries
• Optimize the use of available resources • Organize an internal medium-term review after six months to assess progress in the
development of activities against the sector work plan • Organize a wrap-up sector workshop to take stock of lessons learned from the projects Expected Outcomes • Dzud-affected families in target provinces are immediately enabled to protect their disaster-
affected, livestock-based livelihoods and prevent their vulnerable livestock from dying through supply of critical livestock inputs
• Household level food security and family income of the targeted beneficiary herder families protected by preventing further livestock mortalities and maintaining the herds’ productive capacity of milk, meat and other products
• Improved technical know-how of the target beneficiary families on better animal health practices • Improved disaster preparedness and risk reduction of the target beneficiary families for future
dzud disasters • Enhanced technical knowledge and skills of the targeted beneficiary families of herders
on community fodder production, conservation and utilization • Livestock feed security ensured and livestock life cycle feeding management improved,
thereby increasing productivity and household income • Increased understanding among herders on the importance post-birthing parasite treatment.
Veterinarians have an opportunity to take a role of the professional advisor, not just a technician • Decreased new born livestock mortality • Dzud-affected herder households receive Animal Health Preparedness & Recovery • Information, training on animal health recovery, and subsidized and appropriate animal health
interventions • Post-birthing females and newborns are treated appropriately • Livelihoods of dzud-affected vulnerable herders are sustained through the supply of vouchers
for fodder at less expensive prices • Enhanced capacity of herders to adapt to climate change and to prepare for future disaster • Improved knowledge among the herders on intensive livestock farming and pasture
management • Establishment of community vegetable gardens • Improved capacity and skills of targeted beneficiaries in farming, management of resources,
cooking, food storage, building root-cellar and greenhouse • Immediate impact on coordination mechanism with a functional Agriculture Sector with regular
coordination meetings and sharing of information among the relevant stakeholders • Agriculture Sector members supported to design and implement their immediate response and
medium-term rehabilitation plans as necessary • Advocacy conducted on disaster preparedness and disaster risk reduction for future dzuds • Close collaboration of the Agriculture Sector with the other ongoing livestock sector projects,
implemented by Government of Mongolia and other relevant agencies in the country such as 34
European Union, the World Bank, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) and United States Agency for International Development (USAID) enhanced with linking of project activities
• Close monitoring and exchange of information on the sector activities with the Government of Mongolia and other sector members
Sectoral monitoring plan A medium-term evaluation will be done after six months with the main objective to assess the progress in the development of activities against the work plan. Impact assessment to evaluate the impact of the project as part of FAO standard method of monitoring and evaluation system and evaluate the improvement in the food and livelihood security situation of the dzud-affected families in the target areas will be undertaken. A final evaluation, together with a closing workshop, will be done to assess the success of the projects. FAO through sector coordination and lead will endeavour in linking the project activities with any ongoing projects on livestock and food security in the provinces. The activities will be closely monitored and information shared among Agriculture Sector members, the Government of Mongolia and other sector members.
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4.5.3 EARLY RECOVERY Lead Agency UNDP Implementing Partners ILO, UN Habitat, UNICEF, ADRA, Mercy Corps, Chamber of Commerce, NEMA,
Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Village Authorities, Khaan Bank Number of Projects 6 Sector Objectives To ensure effective early recovery from the dzud, three principal objectives to be
achieved by the Early Recovery Sector are to: 1) reduce health risks of rural population through removal of two million
carcasses with community involvement while providing at least 30,000 herders with immediate cash income for their daily food needs;
2) provide over 6,000 herders with alternate income generation opportunities to lessen their dependence on livestock herding exposed to high risks;
3) support NEMA in early recovery planning, coordination, and improvement of its technical capacity for search and rescue operations during potential dzud.
Beneficiaries 36,000 herders, NEMA, three provincial departments Funds Requested $4,430,000 Contact Information Akbar Usmani
+976 99114337 [email protected]
Needs analysis The majority of the Mongolian rural populations are herders who are fully dependent on their livestock both as direct food supply and as the main source of income. They live in remote areas far away from major settlements and without alternatives to generate income or obtain food. Over 35% of the country is living below the poverty line and can be considered highly vulnerable. With 7.8 million livestock deaths, many herders no longer have any source of income or food and are forced to leave the area they resided. Assessments have shown that at least 8,711 families no longer have any livestock, and an additional 32,756 lost over 50%. The real figure may be much higher as it is challenging to obtain detailed information about the local situation in many areas due to the vast territory of the country, its low population density (the lowest in the world) and the limited resources available to the government. This collapse of livelihood needs to be addressed urgently and support is needed as well to clear out the enormous amount of livestock carcasses that are lying all around the country and pose health risks as well as a depressing sight for herders. Previous dzuds, which were of a smaller magnitude, triggered mass migration to urban areas in the months and years afterward and already a significant part of the population is on the move. The dire situation requires much support both in the short and long term. Strategy and proposed activities Timely support needs to arrive to the affected populations, who are eager to rebuild their normal lives so that they no longer have to rely on relief assistance. Based on needs assessments and in consultation with partners, three main needs have been identified: (1) Removal of livestock carcasses; (2) Support to livelihoods; and, (3) Support to early recovery planning. Objective 1: Reduce health risks of rural population through removal of carcasses with community involvement while providing the affected herders with immediate cash income for their daily food needs So far 7.8 million livestock have died: a number that is still growing by the day during April and May 2010. These carcasses pose a threat to the health of humans and animals. The large volume of carcasses also creates a psychological burden for herders, especially for the thousands of herders who have lost all. Suicides occurred after previous dzuds and have been reported this time as well.
The carcasses of the millions of livestock that still remain in the open are a direct threat to the health of herders, through both vector-borne diseases and water/soil contamination (WHO, 2010), and have negative impact on their psychological condition. Mongolian law prescribes the burying of dead animals in holes and NEMA has developed a
Figure 8. HerUNDP/2010/
ders moving dead sheep for burial. Bunchingiv Bazartseren
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9:
national plan to bury all carcasses in the country. However, the Government lacks sufficient funds to mobilize people to work on the removal of such a large number of carcasses, and provide them with adequate disinfection materials, and basic protective clothing, and tools for burial. NEMA estimated in early April that the removal of 7.8 million carcasses would require at least five million US dollars. Therefore, the short-term priority for early recovery addresses the current need for carcasses removal. Recent assessment missions by UN organizations in early April, 2010 confirmed that many herders are desperate and in state of apathy as a result of large livestock losses. Livestock removal has already started and although over 360,000 carcasses have been buried through CfW programmes more funding is needed to cover additional areas and because the number of livestock deaths still rises rapidly. Objective 2: Provide herder communities with alternate income generation opportunities to lessen their dependence on livestock herding exposed to high risks The loss of livestock is a direct collapse of livelihoods for many herders, as 35% of the population lives below the poverty line (NSO 2008) with prevailing presence in rural Mongolia. According to studies conducted by the UNDP Sustainable Land Management project in 2008, 80% of herders hold 40% of the entire national livestock herd. This means there are many herders whose subsistence depends solely on their small amount of livestock.20 These herders were not able to slaughter many animals to obtain cash for buying extra fodder and hay. Moreover, last fall the majority of small herders borrowed money mainly from banks to preserve more hay and fodder or to move for otor (distant migration in search of better pastures) to save their livestock but without much success and added burden of debt. Extensive migration of herders is anticipated as this was experienced following the dzud in 1999-2001. Past experience has shown that this migration does not occur only directly after the disaster, but that an increased migration pattern can be observed for a period of several years. The previous migration waves have led to large scale unsustainable housing known locally as ‘ger areas’. These ger houses are not connected to the water network and the large scale use of coal is the main source for severe air pollution during the Mongolian winter. It is also important to look at the broader environmental context, as herders are increasingly vulnerable to the impact of climate change. According to Mongolia’s 2009 Assessment Report on Climate Change (MNET), climate change predictions for Mongolia include further increase of air temperatures, reduction of water resources and arable land, and augmented precipitation in some regions. The assessment identifies the livestock sector as the most exposed to climate change. In the background of these negative trends for climate change coupled with escalating frequency of disasters like the current dzud, a drastic policy reform in the livestock sector is needed for climate change adaptation towards labour force shift from this vulnerable sector to other less risky sectors, possibly, processing of livestock products for final agricultural commodities. Therefore the response needs to focus on decreasing the dependency on large numbers of livestock and improving pasture management. This is something that needs to be supported for many years to come, and this Appeal addresses the initial support. The response needs to address the root causes that have contributed to the disaster. Several assessments confirm that over-concentration of stock, which results in overgrazing of pastures, reduction of land productivity, as well as weak production capacity for hay and fodder for winter hardships all contribute significantly to the severity of dzud. Shortages of hay and fodder, poor coordination of otor (migration in search of better pastureland towards central region) prior to an emergency, and untrained young herders are the evidence that local government authorities and herders have not adequately prepared for the winter, despite the warnings of the Government of Mongolia on possible severe wintering. During a survey by the Early Recovery Sector in 21 villages of nine provinces, 263 respondents, including mainly affected herders and a small number of local government representatives, highlighted an overall decrease of income by 19%. About 20% of the herders expressed an interest in developing alternative livelihoods. Over 50% of herders are interested to start a new business if significant support is provided. A majority of them plan to continue rearing livestock (74.5%), while 31.2% would like to grow vegetables and other crops, some (22.1%) want like to start small-scale production and sales businesses, few (6.8%) think of migrating to urban areas to find employment, and 4.6% would like to do sewing/tailoring in order to sustain their livelihoods.
20 It is estimated by NSO that the minimum number of livestock for subsistence of a medium-herder household (five people) is 200 sheep heads.
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To implement the above plans to restore their livelihoods, a majority (68.8%) believe that loan and financial support are priority needs. Other needs expressed include: • 28.5% skills trainings • 24.7% small-scale equipment • 13.7% organizational support to start a business • 8% management support to expand a business • a number of women (14.9%), twice that of men, do not know what to do to sustain their livelihoods
in the future These results show that to reduce the future risks and vulnerability of herders to potential natural disasters, more essential measures will be training on business management, planning for adaptation to climate change, and new skills for other alternate livelihood activities that can be pursued in parallel to herding, and provision of initial seed funds to start up their businesses. Objective 3: Support NEMA in elaborating standarized assessment tools, sector approach, early recovery planning, coordination, and improvement of its technical capacity for search and rescue operations during potential dzud The recent dzud experience has highlighted several areas in need of improvement in disaster preparedness, response and coordination in Mongolia. At the onset of dzud, NEMA guided by the State Emergency Commission responded quickly to the need for an assessment and attempted to mobilize resources and distribute aid to affected provinces. A monitoring system was established including involvement of the Trade Union of Mongolia. Information has flowed from province levels to the central level; a regular situational update has been shared with partners, and donor coordination meetings have been attended by NEMA representatives. A rapid field assessment for early recovery needs undertaken in March revealed the serious shortage of basic equipment at provincial level NEMA departments specially those necessary for effective search and rescue operations. The rescuers experienced great difficulties in searching herders who got lost in vast steppes during snow storms trying to save their herds from being frozen and starved. The problems occurred mainly because of the lack of radio communication tools, and transport means to traverse heavy snow terrain, and reach those isolated from the centres by snow-blocked roads. Most of the communication and information management issues have to be dealt with in the long-term perspective, but for the early recovery, the priority measures required to include direct assistance in smoothening information flow on dzud issues both domestically and internationally, improving coordination, and creating databases on dzud loss, and aid mapping. Moreover, support to early recovery planning and implementation and provision of basic equipment to ensure better preparedness for the case of dzud continuation or its occurrence in the near future remain of utmost importance. Expected Outcomes • At least two million carcasses will be removed cleaning almost 150,000km2 in the three key
provinces of Khovd, Dundgobi and Ovorkhangai • 25,000 herders will benefit from CfW on carcass removal, of which at least 3,000 will be female
herders • Minimum 80% of involved herder groups will earn additional incomes through alternate income
generation. At least 80% of these herder families will be engaged in small-scale vegetable production for their household consumption
• Minimum 50% of targeted herder groups/cooperatives will become registered legal business entities
• Overall dependency on livestock income will be decreased • 2010 Dzud Experience and Lessons learned report will be developed, published and distributed • National Recovery Plan will be developed and approved for implementation • NEMA will have a website for geographic information system-based disaster loss and mapping,
and has capacity for its continuous maintenance • Emergency coordination and humanitarian assessments, communication and information flows
improved, with improved transparency in aid coordination and delivery reaching to the populations in greatest need
• Technical capacity of NEMA departments in Uvurkhangai, Khovd, Dundgobi will increase by 50% for performing search and rescue operations during potential dzud
• Inter-agency Contingency Plan produced, owned by Government and a simulation testing it conducted early in 2011
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Sectoral monitoring plan Results indicators will help monitor whether strategic interventions are achieving their intended objectives. The design of the programmes will encourage transparency and accountability in the use of resources. Monitoring activities will include on-site surveillance, regular reporting, and financial expenditure tracking. Wherever applicable, communities will be engaged in monitoring the implementation of the activities. Financial transaction will be reported through transparent financial systems. The Paris Declaration of 2005 on Aid Effectiveness will be fully adhered to. The monitoring framework is intended to achieve the following purposes: • Results-Orientation: Ensure appropriate measurement and assessment of sector performance
in order to effectively improve its management and achieve results • Quality Assurance: Ensure quality in sector activities to ensure best possible benefit for
beneficiaries, through monitoring delivery and identifying issues that need corrective action and ensure that additional assistance is provided early
• Accountability: Ensure accountability in the use of resources through the emphasis on financial reviews to make sure that funds are being appropriately used to achieve defined outputs, and that the implementing partners have sufficient controls in place to demonstrate that funds are being used appropriately
• Transparency: Ensure transparency in sector activities, finances, and results to all stakeholders
• Learning: ensure that key lessons learnt are analysed for future response activities To enhance coordination for all early recovery activities, the ER sector will: • organize regular and ad hoc meetings • update the sector response matrix on a regular basis • carry out joint monitoring missions The above-mentioned monitoring framework is already applied to the UNDP CfW programme. A hotline is opened at National Radio to allow public monitoring; herders can report on procedural violations in their areas and can give feedback on the efficiency and transparency of operations. The beneficiary lists shall be displayed at the Information Board of the Village Government accessible by any interested individual while village level committees will endorse and oversee implementation within their localities.
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4.5.4 EDUCATION Appealing Agency UNICEF MECS, National Centre for Non-formal and Distance Education, Provincial
Education and Culture Departments, local schools Number of Projects 6 Sector Objectives • To sustain enrolment and attendance of rural children in schools by creating
child friendly physical and psycho-social environment in rural dormitories and schools and expanding non-formal education facilities and dormitory arrangements
• To protect children of dzud-affected poor families from hazardous child labour in informal mining by providing non-formal education
• To strengthen coordinated education sector emergency preparedness and response capacity at all levels
Beneficiaries Total beneficiaries • Children: 69,593 (including 18,048 in 225 school dormitories in 165 villages
of 15 provinces that are declared disaster and dzud-affected areas) • Other vulnerable groups: 6,000
Funds Requested 2,805,039 Contact Information Bolorchimeg Bor
+976 11 312 185 ext# 108 [email protected]
Needs analysis As with other sectors, the Education Sector, especially rural education institutions, has been severely affected by the dzud both directly and indirectly. According to the statistics from the MECS there are approximately 18,048 students staying in dormitories in dzud-affected provinces during the 2009/2010 school year. While delivery of quality education services to rural populations is difficult and costly during normal conditions due to the vast territory, low population density, traditional nomadic lifestyle as well as poor infrastructure development in rural areas, the dzud has compounded the challenges. To address the growing concerns an education sector was formed, initially consisting of UNICEF and SC, and called particular attention to the children in dormitories as they are largely from nomadic herder families who are hard hit by the dzud.
Creation of a child-friendly learning and living environment in boarding schools that are almost entirely attended by children from herder families is one of the important pre-requisities that support children’s rights to education and development and ensure the continuation of education services in times of disaster. However, current educational facilities including the capacity and physical conditions of dormitories are not adequate to respond to such demand.
The needs assessment recently conducted in March-April 2010 by SC, which included 74 schools and 26 kindergartens in dzud-affected and non-affected areas, confirmed the importance of support by the sector including the repair of heating systems and supply of fuel and reinforced that the quality of learning has been affected by the dzud. The dzud has resulted in a significant downturn in attendance, retention, and learning achievement of children due to the extremely
poor teaching/learning conditions in schools, the lack of education materials, overcrowding in boarding facilities, parents’ inability to afford food and school expenses, and low motivation and deteriorated competence of teachers. The plight of these children is further compounded by the fact that they cannot get support from, or even be visited by, their parents due to the dzud. The combination of factors makes the children more vulnerable to disease and preventable illnesses, and impacts on their psycho-social well-being.
Figure 10. School child with frost bitten nose and face. UNICEF/2010/Byambaa
In addition, the assessment established that there is a significant risk that children will increasingly drop out of school to contribute to the family income. Urgent attention to the livelihoods and food security of families must go hand in hand with making schools safe and healthy environments for children and their learning. Attention to these areas will mitigate against severe suffering of children in future dzud situations. Teachers’ recommendations to the assessment included:
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• summer educational programmes for students (as students’ learning achievement has decreased mainly due to increased absenteeism)
• support for herders, flooding protection materials in villages in the short term, greater preparedness, dzud and vocational skills training for children
• economic support for teachers • structural improvements for schools in the long term The main concerns expressed by students related to the improvement of living and learning conditions especially in dormitories by improvements in sanitary facilities (in-door toilets and showers), improvements in the quality of food provided, as well as provision of entertainment materials and equipment (such as TVs, music and books). Regarding the migration of some herders to Ulaanbaatar as a result of the dzud, the MECS reports that currently 26 schools in seven districts of Ulaanbaatar, representing a quarter of schools in the capital, in particular in the districts of Songinohairhan and Bayanzurkh, are already overstretched. Schools have to operate over three shifts every day, providing 116 classes to 5,483 students in the third shift alone. It is likely that increased migration to peri-urban areas will add significantly to this burden. In other cases, impoverished families may migrate with their children to mining sites where schooling and health facilities are either non-existent or woefully inadequate to cope with the influx of hundreds or thousands of children. Finally, and overall, there is an increasing need to build capacity at all levels of the education system through systematic monitoring of dzud and other emergencies, and to plan and act upon preparedness plans for humanitarian emergencies. The Ministry understands the importance of preparedness and has expressed interest in working with the UN to strengthen the education sector. Strategy and proposed activities Objective 1: To sustain enrolment and attendance of rural children in schools by creating child-friendly physical and psycho-social environment in rural dormitories and schools and expanding non formal education facilities and dormitory arrangements • Create child-friendly environment at rural dormitories and schools by improving heating,
sanitation and cooking facilities, provision of blankets, hygiene kits, and recreational kits • Provide ger-dormitories and learning materials for about 3,000 school-age children who do not
have access to school dormitories • Capacity building of dormitory teachers on methodologies and skills working with younger and
adolescent children • Support and promote dormitories in establishing Child Development Centres for conducting
various activities including initiatives of child-led organizations and leisure time activities for students
• Provide a training of trainers (ToT) and further trainings to school teachers and social workers on psycho-social assessment and support
• Organize community education and awareness programme activities to ensure community responsiveness/preparedness to environmental issues
Objective 2: To protect children of dzud-affected poor families from hazardous child labour in informal mining by providing non-formal education • Provide non-formal education classes for school dropouts who have been internally displaced
as a result of disaster and are currently living in the peri-urban areas • Provide pre-school and non-formal basic education services to children of dzud-affected migrant
and non-migrant families
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Objective 3: To strengthen coordinated Education Sector emergency preparedness and response capacity at all levels • Deliver a capacity development programme for ministry officials, officials within selected
provinces and schools to monitor the affect of the dzud and produce preparedness and response plans for possible humanitarian emergencies in the future
• Implement Child-Led Disaster Risk Reduction (CLDRR) programmes at rural schools and dormitories to minimize post-dzud-related risks and mobilize children and young people as risk communicators and agents of social change within their schools and respective communities
• Provide training of head teachers and teachers to enhance their knowledge and skills for disaster preparedness and emergency management to ensure continuity and quality of teaching and learning and provide psycho-social support to children in schools and communities affected by dzud
Expected Outcomes • School enrolment and attendance rates for children from herder families maintained and their
learning outcomes improved • Second learning opportunities provided to children who dropped out of schools due to dzud • Coordinated education emergency and response mechanism established Sectoral monitoring plan Local schools report the implementation of results based project activities on a monthly basis through e-mails and phone calls, and provide feedback and comments when necessary to provincial Education and Culture Department and appealing agencies. Provincial Education and Culture Departments will conduct regular on-site monitoring of project activities in close collaboration with local schools and submit a monitoring report with main highlights to appealing agencies and the MECS every two months or when required. Joint monitoring by appealing agencies will be conducted on a quarterly basis in close collaboration with the MECS.
42
5. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
The response to the dzud disaster is being led by the Government of Mongolia. The UN was formally requested to coordinate all donor contributions. UN have also formed an internal inter-agency emergency working group who will coordinate joint situation reports, share programme responses, etc. The humanitarian community is coordinating closely through the sectors with NEMA and other Government departments. Sector meetings have been taking place with an increasing number of partners. Sector coordination, information collection and management and mapping have been ensured by the UN Resident Coordinator’s Office with the primary objective of strengthening the role of the sectors and providing timely information. Other agencies are invited to consolidate all information management (IM) resources to provide analysis on sector response.
Sector Governmental institutions Sector lead Other humanitarian stakeholders
Survival, WASH, Health and Nutrition
Ministry of Social Welfare UNICEF UNFPA, ACF, SC, ADRA
Education Ministry of Education UNICEF
SC, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), International Labour Organization (ILO)
Agriculture Ministry of Food Agriculture and light Industry
FAO
FAO, Mercy Corps, ACF, Joint Christian Services (JCS) International, ADRA, WSPA, MoFALI, local government authorities, NGOs, CAMDA, FARM, veterinarians and veterinarian clinics
Early Recovery NEMA UNDP
ILO, UN Habitat, UNICEF, ADRA, Mercy Corps, Chamber of Commerce, NEMA, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, village authorities, Khaan Bank
43
6. CONCLUSION
Fifteen of Mongolia’s twenty-one regions, home to over 769,106 people, have now been declared disaster zones. As a direct result of the dzud more than 7.8 million head of livestock (17% of total numbers) have died due to the cold and lack of fodder. The famine and deaths among the livestock has created an equally concerning human famine and lack of cash flow for the affected population. With a significant portion of Mongolia’s employment, food security and GDP involved in and stemming from livestock rearing, these losses are severe. Urgent targeted humanitarian and early recovery assistance is required to mitigate against further deterioration to the lives and livelihoods of the affected herder population. Springtime is when the worst of the winter’s impact will be felt. The Mongolian people, the Government, and the international community face a great challenge to respond to the growing dzud disaster in 2010, the worst of its kind in recent history. This Appeal addresses the need for immediate assistance, medium- and long-term rehabilitation, resettlement and coordination programmes. It will assist the most affected herder populations to ensure food security and nutrition; access to basic health, including reproductive health, water, sanitation, hygiene, psycho-social support, and education services; reduce further herd depletion, and create alternative livelihoods. Women, girls, boys and men have different priorities, roles and responsibilities and are affected in a different manner; hence, services need to be designed to meet the needs of all.
The Appeal aims to reach the herders who will remain in rural areas, as well as those who will migrate to peri-urban areas where they will face employment challenges as well as extremely limited access to basic social services. Cutting across all the areas is a crucial need to build up the capacity of, and collaboration and coordination with, NEMA and other Government ministries and departments, developing preparedness and response plans for future disasters. The Appeal has been coordinated with all actors, including the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) (which launched a separate appeal earlier this year21), is based on information to date (30 April) and will be supported by additional assessments over the coming weeks and months.
The unique features of this slow onset natural disaster with man-made components make analysis and response complex. This Appeal gives a framework to the response, based on inputs by the Government, herders and various assessments from the international community. The situation is an evolving one and the needs will grow further during the coming months. While important short-term support has already been delivered, the situation has been aggravated strongly in the last months. It is important that the victims of the dzud in Mongolia, mainly nomadic people living in remote regions, are not forgotten, especially now that the widespread media attention received at the start of the disaster has faded while the impacts have increased. The support of the international community remains essential to stem growing mortality and respond to the humanitarian plight of this vulnerable population.
21 This appeal may be accessed at the following link: http://www.ifrc.org/where/country/cn6.asp?countryid=194
44
ANNEX I. LIST OF PROJECTS
Table I. Summary of requirements, commitments/contributions and pledges by cluster
Table II. Summary of requirements, commitments/contributions and pledges by appealing organization
Compiled by OCHA on the basis of information provided by donors and appealing organizations
Original Requirements
Funding % Covered
Table I: Summary of requirements, commitments/contributions and pledges (grouped by Cluster) MONGOLIA - Dzud Appeal 2010
as of 10 May 2010 ht tp:/ /www.reliefweb.int/fts
Value in US$ A B B/A
Unmet Requirements
A-B
Uncommit tedPledges
C
Cluster
7,807,225 6,432,025 -1,375,200 18% AGRICULTURE
4,430,000 4,430,000 - - 0%EARLY RECOVERY
2,805,039 2,805,039 - - 0%EDUCATION
3,108,530 3,108,530 - - 0%SURVIVAL, W ASH, HEALTH & NUTRITION
Grand Total 18 ,150,794 16,775,594 -1,375,200 8%
The list of projects and the f igures for their funding requirements in this document are a snapshot as of 10 May 2010. For continuously updated information on projects, funding requirements, and contributions to date, visit the Financial Tracking Service (www.reliefweb.int/fts).
-
Table II: Summary of requirements, commitments/contributions and pledges (grouped by appealing organization) MONGOLIA - Dzud Appeal 2010
as of 10 May 2010 http:/ /www.reliefweb.int/fts
Compiled by OCHA on the basis of information provided by donors and appealing organizations
Funding Uncommit tePledges
Appealing Organization % Covered
Unmet Requirements
Original Requirements
V
d
alues in US$ C A B B/A A-B
1 ,280,000 ACF 0% -- 1,280,000
1 ,134,500 ADRA 0% -- 1,134,500
5 ,570,000 FAO 25% -1,375,200 4,194,800
1 ,249,645 ILO 0% - - 1,249,645
80,000 JCS 0% -- 80,000
1 ,112,000 Mercy Corps 0% -- 1,112,000
895,394 SC 0% -- 895,394
2 ,300,000 UNDP 0% -- 2,300,000
400,000 UNESCO 0% - - 400,000
352,030 UNFPA 0% -- 352,030
550,000 UN-HABITAT 0% -- 550,000
2 ,882,000 UNICEF 0% -- 2,882,000
345,225 W SPA 0% -- 345,225
18,150,794 16,775,594 Grand Total 8%1,375,200
the actual payment of funds or transfer of in-kind goods from the donor to the recipient entity.
creation of a legal, contractual obligation between the donor and recipient enti ty, speci fying the amount to be contributed.
a non-binding announcement of an intended contribution or allocation by the donor. ("Uncommitted pledge" on these tables indicates the balance of original pledges not yet committed).
Contribution:
Commitment:
Pledge:
NOTE: "Funding" means Contributions + Commitments + Carry-over
45
Table III. List of projects grouped by cluster
Project Code Appealing Agency Project title
Original Requirements
($)
Funding
($) %
Covered Unmet
Requirements($)
(click on code to open full project sheet) AGRICULTURE
MNG-10/A/32368/R/123 FAO
Immediate input support to vulnerable herders affected by livestock losses in 12 provinces to protect their livelihoods and strengthen food security
2,920,000 1,375,200 47% 1,544,800
MNG-10/A/32369/R/123 FAO
Pilot intervention to support the vulnerable herder families on Dzud disaster risk reduction and preparedness through community fodder production and transfer of technical skills
2,150,000 - 0% 2,150,000
MNG-10/A/32370/R/123 FAO Coordination of agricultural and livestock emergency and rehabilitation interventions 500,000 - 0% 500,000
MNG-10/A/32371/R/5162 Mercy Corps Strengthening livestock through improved animal health in Dundgobi, Omnogobi and Zavkhan Provinces
512,000 - 0% 512,000
MNG-10/A/32372/R/5186 ACF Prevention of erosion of livelihoods of the most vulnerable Dzud affected herders in Uvs and Bayan Olgiy Provinces
900,000 - 0% 900,000
MNG-10/A/32373/R/6579 ADRA Reducing risk and securing livelihoods of Dzud affected families in 6 soums of Arkhangai Province
400,000 - 0% 400,000
MNG-10/A/32374/R/5516 WSPA
Immediate support to prevent further deaths of livestock as a result of the Dzud, and to protect livelihoods of Dzud affected herders in Erdenedalai soum (Dundgobi Province)
345,225 - 0% 345,225
MNG-10/A/32375/R/7396 JCS
Fodder and farming improvements for alternative income generation and food security in Tarialan and Ulaangom soums (Uvs Province) and Khujirt soum (Ovorkhangai Province)
80,000 - 0% 80,000
Sub total for AGRICULTURE 7,807,225 1,375,200 18% 6,432,025
EARLY RECOVERY
MNG-10/ER/32203/776 UNDP Early Recovery Assistance for Dzud-Affected Areas in Mongolia Focusing on Alternative Livelihoods
2,300,000 - 0% 2,300,000
MNG-10/ER/32204/7039 UN-HABITAT Medium Term Resettlement of Dzud-Affected Migrants in Ulaanbaatar 550,000 - 0% 550,000
MNG-10/ER/32206/5104 ILO Livelihoods recovery project for Dzud affected families resettling in suburban areas
400,000 - 0% 400,000
MNG-10/ER/32207/6579 ADRA Women & Disaster: Women taking the lead in restoring shattered lives 490,000 - 0% 490,000
MNG-10/ER/32208/5162 Mercy Corps Rapid recovery for vulnerable herder and ex-herder households in 9 aimags 600,000 - 0% 600,000
MNG-10/CSS/32364/R/124 UNICEF Establishment of an effective cluster based emergency response system in Mongolia
90,000 - 0% 90,000
Sub total for EARLY RECOVERY 4,430,000 - 0% 4,430,000
EDUCATION
MNG-10/E/32272/124 UNICEF Creation of child friendly environment at 225 rural dormitories in 166 Dzud affected soums in 15 provinces
800,000 - 0% 800,000
MNG-10/E/32273/124 UNICEF Child-Led Disaster Risk Reduction (CLDRR) program in Dzud affected areas 120,000 - 0% 120,000
MNG-10/E/32274/124 UNICEF Promoting a protective environment and psycho-social support for children in schools, their families and communities
140,000 - 0% 140,000
46
Project Code Appealing Agency Project title
Original Requirements
($)
Funding
($) %
Covered Unmet
Requirements($)
MNG-10/E/32277/5103 UNESCO Ensuring continuity and quality of teaching and learning in schools affected by the Dzud
400,000 - 0% 400,000
MNG-10/E/32278/5104 ILO Providing pre-school and non-formal basic education services to children of Dzud affected migrant and non-migrant families
849,645 - 0% 849,645
MNG-10/E/32279/6079 SC Strengthening coordinated education sector emergency preparedness and response capacity at all levels in Mongolia
495,394 - 0% 495,394
Sub total for EDUCATION 2,805,039 - 0% 2,805,039
SURVIVAL, WASH, HEALTH & NUTRITION
MNG-10/H/32222/124 UNICEF Strengthening essential child health and nutrition services in Dzud-affected aimags (provinces) and peri-urban areas
1,250,000 - 0% 1,250,000
MNG-10/H/32228/1171 UNFPA Improved reproductive health and restored livelihoods for women of reproductive age and youth
352,030 - 0% 352,030
MNG-10/WS/32234/124 UNICEF
Establishment of mechanisms for distribution of drinking water supply and installation of hygiene latrines for intra migrants in re settlement area of Ulaanbaatar.
332,000 - 0% 332,000
MNG-10/F/32237/5186 ACF Relief disaster and food distribution program to Dzud affected herders of Uvs and Bayan Ulgii provinces, Mongolia.
380,000 - 0% 380,000
MNG-10/H/32239/6079 SC
Health and nutrition emergency support to children of Dzud affected herders through the Ger kindergarten program in Arhangai, Gobi altai and Zavkhan Aimags
400,000 - 0% 400,000
MNG-10/CSS/32253/124 UNICEF
Information and Data Management Systems facilitating coordination, rapid assessments and monitoring and evaluation
150,000 - 0% 150,000
MNG-10/H/32255/6579 ADRA
EMERGENCY FOOD & ESSENTIAL MEDICAL SUPPLY ASSISTANCE TO DZUD AFFECTED FAMILIES IN ARKHANGAI PROVINCE
244,500 - 0% 244,500
Sub total for SURVIVAL, WASH, HEALTH & NUTRITION 3,108,530 - 0% 3,108,530
Grand Total 18,150,794 1,375,200 8% 16,775,594
47
Table IV. List of commitments/contributions and pledges to projects not listed in the Appeal
Appealing Organization Funding Description UncommittedPledges
Table IV: List of commitments/contributions and pledges to projects not listed in the Appeal Other humanitarian funding to MONGOLIA 2010
as of 10 May 2010 http://www.reliefweb.int/fts
Compiled by OCHA on the basis of information provided by donors and appealing organizations. Page 1 of 2
Values in US$
Donor
IFRC DREFIFRC 90,171 -Australia
Assist the MRCS to replenish emergency suppl iesMongolia RC 225,428 -Australia
For humanitarian/emergency relief work for heal th,education and psycho-social support services, and targeted longer-term recovery activities in response to the Mongolian Dzud
UNFPA 270,514 -Australia
For health, education and psycho-social support services, and targeted longer-term recovery activities for responding to the Mongolia Dzud (SM100033)
UNICEF 315,600 -Australia
Support to Mongolian chi ldren affected by Dzud to provide food, fuel,health care, education and psychosocial support (SM099906)
UNICEF 100,000 -Brazil
Immediate food and non-food items for most vulnerable groups of the population
IFRC 98,328 -Canada
Immediate food and non-food items for 230 herder fami lies in Selenge and Khuvsgul aimags
Mongolia RC 43,000 -Canada
CERF rapid response grant to project: Immediate removal of 1.5 million livestock carcasses in Dzud affected communi ties under the poverty line to avoid immediate heal th and associated risks (10-UDP-006)
UNDP 1,524,430 -Central Emergency Response Fund
CERF rapid response grant to project: Provision of emergency reproductive heal th support to Dzud affected population in Mongolia focusing on vulnerable women and gi rls (10-FPA-014)
UNFPA 242,461 -Central Emergency Response Fund
CERF rapid response grant to project: Provision of life emergency medical supplies, food and fuel for most vulnerable children and pregnant women in 133 disaster and severely affected soums (10-CEF-018)
UNICEF 963,803 -Central Emergency Response Fund
CERF rapid response grant to project: Provision of psycho-social support, emergency communication tools and medical supplies to the disaster and severely affected by Dzud aimags (10-WHO-018)
WHO 225,838 -Central Emergency Response Fund
Electrici ty generators, noodles, rice, blankets, and food Bilateral (to affected government) 1,000,000 -China
Relief and recovery (97648/2010-ORS)ADRA 107,962 -Czech Republic
Relief and recovery (97648/2010-ORS)CARITAS 107,962 -Czech Republic
Humanitarian assistanceWorld Bank 270,450 -European Union
In-kind assistanceBilateral (to affected government) 5,865 -Finland
Réponse au phénomène DZUDBilateral (to affected government) 33,738 -France
Medical kits, clothing, removal of carcassesWVI 134,590 -Germany
Safekeeping of primary health care for people in need to be of the coldness in winter 2009/2010 (VN05 321.50 MNG 01/10)
WVI 131,297 -Germany
Counterpart Fund of the Non-Project Aid to provide fodder, flour and transport cost
Bilateral (to affected government) 500,000 -Japan
Grass Root Grant aidBilateral (to affected government) 200,000 -Japan
Assistance to populations affected by the Cold WaveUNICEF 67,477 -Luxembourg
Humanitarian assistanceBilateral (to affected government) 20,000 -Philippines
25 wagons of fodder, lubricant, warm clothes, and medicinesBilateral (to affected government) 320,000 -Russian Federation
To ensure up to 1,800 herder families (7,200 people) in eight provinces receive essential food and non-food items to meet their immediate needs for up to three months. To ensure the heal th status of 1,800 most affected herder fami lies in eight provinces im improved through the provision of psychological support and health education. Up to 1,600 families (6,400 people) who have lost their livestock will be assisted in recovery and in building resilience for a period of up to six months
RC/Sweden 107,553 -Sweden
The list of projects and the figures for their funding requirements in this document are a snapshot as of 10 May 2010. For continuously updated information on projects, funding requirements, and contributions to date, visit the Financial Tracking Service (www.reliefweb.int/fts).
48
Appealing Organization Funding Description UncommittedPledges
Table IV: List of commitments/contributions and pledges to projects not listed in the Appeal Other humanitarian funding to MONGOLIA 2010
as of 10 May 2010 http://www.reliefweb.int/fts
Compiled by OCHA on the basis of informat ion provided by donors and appealing organizations. Page 2 of 2
Values in US$
Donor
Immediate relief for herder groups according to their self-defined priorities (e.g. cash for work, material aid, opening of roads, access to social services) as well as early recovery / prevention (e.g. hay making, alternative income opportunities)
Bilateral (to affected government) 470,810 -Switzerland
In kind - A plane wi th humanitarian assistance arrived on 23 Feb wi th following aid: 250 Food parcels (Rice, chickpeas, flour, dry beans, macaroni and sugar) -750 Blankets -1000 Sleeping Bags -1140 Warm Clothes
Bilateral (to affected government) 50,000 -Turkey
Logistics and Relief CommoditiesUNICEF 49,625 -United States of America
Fodder, food aid, warm clothesWVI - -World Vision Int'l
Grand Total 7,676,902 -
the actual payment of funds or transfer of in-kind goods from the donor to the recipient enti ty. Contribution:
creation of a legal, contractual obligation between the donor and recipient entity, specifying the amount to be contributed.
Commitment:
a non-binding announcement of an intended contribution or allocation by the donor. ("Uncommitted pledge" on these tables indicates the balance of original pledges not yet committed).
Pledge: NOTE: "Funding" means Contributions + Commitments + Carry-over
The list of projects and the figures for their funding requirements in this document are a snapshot as of 10 May 2010. For continuously updated information on projects, funding requirements, and contributions to date, visit the Financial Tracking Service (www.reliefweb.int/f ts).
49
Table V. Summary of requirements, commitments/contributions and pledges by IASC standard sector
Table V: Summary of requirements, commitments/contributions and pledges (grouped by IASC standard sector) MONGOLIA - Dzud Appeal 2010
as of 10 May 2010 http://www.reliefweb.int/fts
Unmet Requirements
Funding Original Requirements
Compiled by OCHA on the basis of information provided by donors and appealing organizations
UncommittedPledges
% Covered
Sector
A B A-B CB/AValue in US$
7,807,225 6,432,025 -1,375,200 18%AGRICULTURE
240,000 240,000 -- 0%COORDINATION AND SUPPORT SERVICES
4,340,000 4,340,000 -- 0%ECONOMIC RECOVERY AND INFRASTRUCTURE
2,805,039 2,805,039 -- 0%EDUCATION
380,000 380,000 -- 0%FOOD
2,246,530 2,246,530 -- 0%HEALTH
332,000 332,000 -- 0%WATER AND SANITATION
GRAND TOTAL 18,150,794 16,775,594 -1,375,200 8%
the actual payment of funds or transfer of in-kind goods from the donor to the recipient enti ty. Contribution:
creation of a legal, contractual obligation between the donor and recipient entity, specifying the amount to be contributed.
Commitment:
a non-binding announcement of an intended contribution or allocation by the donor. ("Uncommitted pledge" on these tables indicates the balance of original pledges not yet committed).
Pledge:
NOTE: "Funding" means Contributions + Commitments + Carry-over
The list of projects and the figures for their funding requirements in this document are a snapshot as of 10 May 2010. For continuously updated information on projects, funding requirements, and contributions to date, visit the Financial Tracking Service (www.reliefweb.int/f ts).
50
ANNEX II. CONTACT INFORMATION
Humanitarian Coordination Unit, UNRC Office Mongolia
Rana Flowers, UNRC a.i. Cell: +976 99118274 – email: [email protected] Adiya Oyungerel Cell: +976 99096434 – email: [email protected] Catherine Decker Cell: +976 95799363 – email: [email protected]
Rajan Gengaje (OCHA) Cell: +66 (0) 81916 1271 – email: [email protected]
Sector Coordination Humanitarian Response
Sector Agency Name and Cell Email
Survival, Health and Nutrition UNICEF
Ider Dungerdorj +976 11312185 ext # 118
Education UNICEF Bolorchimeg Bor +976 11312185 ext# 108
Agriculture FAO Buyannemekh Chimeddorj +976 99199435
Early Recovery UNDP Akbar Usmani +976 99114337
51
ANNEX III. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ACF Action Contre la Faim ADB Asian Development Bank ADRA Adventist Development and Relief Agency ARI acute respiratory infection CAMDA Cambridge-Mongolian Development Appeal CAP Consolidated Appeal Process CERF Central Emergency Response Fund CfW cash-for-work CLDRR child-led disaster risk reduction EDCM Education Donors’ Consultative Mechanism EMOC/ENC Emergency Obstetric Care / Essential Newborn Care services ENC essential newborn care ERC Emergency Relief Coordinator ERCU Emergency and Rehabilitation Coordination Unit (FAO) FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FARM Family Agricultural Resources Mongolia FHH female-headed households GCC global climatic change GDP gross domestic product GIS geographic information system GoM Government of Mongolia GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit HDI Human Development Index HIV/AIDS Human Immuno-deficiency Virus/Acquired Immuno-deficiency Syndrome IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee IFE infant feeding in emergency IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies IEC information, education, and communication ILO International Labour Organization IM information management IMCI integrated management of childhood illnesses IMNCI integrated management of neonatal and childhood illnesses IMR infant mortality rate IRA Initial Rapid Assessment JCS Joint Christian Services MDG Millennium Development Goal MECS Ministry of Education, Culture and Science MMP multiple micronutrient preparation MMR maternal mortality rate MNET Ministry of Nature, Environment and Tourism MoE Ministry of Education MoFALI Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Light Industry MoH Ministry of Health MRCS Mongolian Red Cross Society MT metric ton NEMA National Emergency Management Agency of Mongolia NGO non-governmental organization NSO National Statistics Office ORS oral rehydration salt PRA participatory rural appraisal PHC primary health care RH reproductive health RISC Rural Investment Support Centre
52
SC Save the Children SHN Survival, Health and Nutrition TCP Technical Cooperation Programme ToT Training of Trainers U5MR under-five mortality rate UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme for HIV/AIDS UNCT United Nations Country Team UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UN Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNRC United Nations Resident Coordinator’s Office US United States USAID United States Agency for International Development WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene WB World Bank WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organization WSPA World Society for the Protection of Animals
53
Consolidated Appeal Process (CAP) The CAP is a tool for aid organizations to jointly plan, coordinate, implement and monitor their response to disasters and emergencies, and to appeal for funds together instead of competitively. It is the forum for developing a strategic approach to humanitarian action, focusing on close cooperation between host governments, donors, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, International Organization for Migration (IOM), and United Nations agencies. As such, it presents a snapshot of the situation and response plans, and is an inclusive and coordinated programme cycle of: • Strategic planning leading to a Common Humanitarian Action Plan (CHAP); • Resource mobilization leading to a Consolidated Appeal or a Flash Appeal; • Coordinated programme implementation; • Joint monitoring and evaluation; • Revision, if necessary; • Reporting on results. The CHAP is the core of the CAP – a strategic plan for humanitarian response in a given country or region, including the following elements: • A common analysis of the context in which humanitarian action takes place; • An assessment of needs; • Best, worst, and most likely scenarios; • A clear statement of longer-term objectives and goals; • Prioritized response plans, including a detailed mapping of projects to cover all needs; • A framework for monitoring the strategy and revising it if necessary. The CHAP is the core of a Consolidated Appeal or, when crises break out or natural disasters strike, a Flash Appeal. Under the leadership of the Humanitarian Coordinator, and in consultation with host Governments and donors, the CHAP is developed at the field level by the Humanitarian Country Team. This team includes IASC members and standing invitees (UN agencies, the International Organization for Migration, the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, and NGOs that belong to ICVA, Interaction, or SCHR), but non-IASC members, such as national NGOs, can also be included. The Humanitarian Coordinator is responsible for the annual preparation of the consolidated appeal document. The document is launched globally near the end of each year to enhance advocacy and resource mobilization. An update, known as the Mid-Year Review, is presented to donors the following July. Donors generally fund appealing agencies directly in response to project proposals listed in appeals. The Financial Tracking Service (FTS), managed by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), is a database of appeal funding needs and worldwide donor contributions, and can be found on www.reliefweb.int/fts. In sum, the CAP is how aid agencies join forces to provide people in need the best available protection and assistance, on time.
OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS (OCHA)
UNITED NATIONS PALAIS DES NATIONS
NEW YORK, N.Y. 10017 1211 GENEVA 10 USA SWITZERLAND
