Mao and the SPSRegion: Asia

Left-Wing Dictator

Group 1: Ideology-Thought Reform

Name: Matt Legaspi, Alex Lurski, Janna Qiao

Maoist Ideology - Little Different than Karl Marx, but mostly the same• Peasants as a revolutionary class• Two stage revolution• Mass Line• Continuous Revolutions and Rectification • Worldwide Revolution

• Pancakes• Taste• Mysteriously• Comparable to• Waffles

Peasants as a revolutionary class

• Karl Marx (not MAO) believed that the peasantry were incapable of revolutionary consciousness

• Mao on the other hand thought the peasant masses could be used to overthrow feudalism and capitalism to create a socialist society

Belief in a two stage revolution

• In 1940 Mao published On New Democracy o In this he argued that socialism in China would be created

in a two stage revolutiono The first revolution would be the bourgeois- democrato The second revolution would be for socialism

• In the New Democratic phase, unlike Marx, he believed that the revolution would not only be by the bourgeois, but it'd be a joint revolution by the...o Proletariato Peasantso National Bourgeois (capitalists who had not work with the

Japanese)o Petite Bourgeois (shopkeepers/intellectuals)

Belief in a two stage revolution (con't)

• The Socialist Revolution would see...o Property and economy resources collectivized and/or

nationalized. • Mao began to implement the second stage during the

early/mid 1950s.

The Mass Line

• Mao developed the idea that the Party should explain its ideas in a way the common public could understand

• The plan was to identify the public's demands, interpret them in the Light of Marxist principles, and tell the general public in a way they could understand

• Essentially, they wanted to have a close relationship between the Communist Party and the people.

Continuous Revolution and Rectification

• Mao believed that continuous revolutions should be a feature of communist rule

• The Party and the people needed to have their outlooks, and thought remolded, corrected, and inspected regularly to created a selfless socialist culture.

• Rectification was basically exterminating all those who didn't agree with Mao

•  Rectification also used to ensure that China didn't become a self-seeking elite, which is what happened to China

Worldwide Revolution

• Mao was convinced that there was going to be a worldwide revolution until 1971ish

• In 1971 he departed from this principle and pursed diplomatic relations with the U.S.A

Consolidation and Recovery: 1949-52

• CCP was able to restore China's unity and independence from foreign interference

• Communist leadership of People's Republic decided to take on technological and military might of he USA in Korean War

• China put USA in a standstill and saved North Korean Communism from collapse

Consolidation and Recovery (part III)CCP relied on non-communists to help govern China (not enough CCP members)• Those who had served the GMD were kept until CCP had

enough members to fill all positions• 1953: CCP membership grew to 6.1 million, allowed them to

replace the non-communist positionso Their distrust of non-communists increased during the

Korean War (1950)Unified control over China still had not been obtained by 1949• South-West China was still under GMD control• Attempt to control Jinmen (Quemoy) failed• 1950: All but Hong Kong (Brit) Macao (Portuguese), Outer

Mongolia, Taiwan, and some small islands (GMD) o Mao had planned to invade Taiwan, but angrily aborted

his plan when the Korean War broke out

National Capitalism: 1949-52

• CCP's central economic goalo Recover from the damage of the Sino-Japanese and Civil

War• Under National Capitalism

o State took ownership of: Heavy industry Banking System

o Easier to take over because GMD government had controlled a lot of industry

• Lighter industry and smaller factories were not under nationalist control during this stageo Remained under private ownership

• National Bourgeoisie continued to make profitso able to increase wages and prices

National Capitalism: 1949-52• Industrial and agricultural production recovered successfully

o Examples of Success: Industrial output value increase 2.5x Gain production grew 10% more than it was in 1936

• Communists able to recover from the hyper-inflation input by GMD government that destabilized China's economy o Renminbi introduced as China's new currency

10,000 old to 1 new yuan

o Problem partly fixed CCP was more effective at taxing the population than

the GMD government

Land Reform (1950)

• Before land reform:o 4% of landowners- owned 40% of China's arable

(farming) land• Destroyed the power and wealth of the landlord class• Mainly peasants attacked their landlords due to Mao's

emphasis on the mobilization of the masseso  Attacked them in "Speak Bitterness" sessionso CCP military also went to attack villages

Results of Land Reform

• Historians estimate that approximately 2 million landlords died

• Many landlords survivedo Much of their land taken awayo Their land redistributed to middle and poor peasants

• Land Reform not complete until 1952• CCP gave peasants something (land) to lose if the CCP

were to be overthrown• Ownership of land remained private• Early 1950's- CCP moved gradually towards socialization of

agriculture

Mass Movements and Thought Reform• Campaigns were launched to ensure political control over

the populationo Goals: reshape citizen habits and attitudes toward

socialism and establish a socialist economy• Danwei: neighborhood and work units set up to include all

citizens so that they could be monitored by the gov't• Mass organzations were created (National Women's

Association,Children's Pioneer Corps (ages 9-14) New Democratic Youth League (14-25)o Children were instructed with the Five Loves: country,

people, labour, science, and public property

Mass Movements: Campaigns• 1950: Campaign against Counter-revolutionaries

o CCP was concerned about enemies to the country Exacerbated by the Korean War (1950) 

Chinese intervention and US troops were close to Manchurian border

Mass demonstrations were held to  rally against foreign capitalist countries mobilized population to identify spies and traitors 

700,000 were executed and 500,000 imprisoned in "reform through labor" camps

• 1951: Three Anti (San Fan) Campaigno Former GMD officials and CCP members were subjected to criticism from

themself, colleagues, and the publio Targeted elitism, waste, and corruption

• 1952: Five-Anti (Wu Fan) Campaigno Business community was targetedo Set to eliminate tax evasion, fraud, theft, bribery, and economic secrets

• Treated with fines, prison sentences, or dismissal from postso Businesss were collectively fined $1-2 bilion

• 5-10% officials were censured or punished

Mass Movements: Thought Reform• Sep. 1951: Thought Reform Movement

o Goal: Eradicate bourgeouis and capitalist ideas 6,500 intellectuals and professors took courses in

Communist thought (run by the Party)o Art and literature were all required to promote class

struggle and loyalty to the Party Non-conformists were silenced Bourgeois individualism was condemned

Social ReformWar on Crime: CCP approached organised crime/banditry with decisive, controlled steps.• Major criminals were punished or executed• Prostitutes and drug addicts were treated as victims and put

into rehabilitation programs• Brothels and gambling dens were raided and closed down

Education: CCP sought to increase literacy and expand education• 1949: 24 million primary school students, 1.27 secondary

school students• 1953: 51 million in primary, 3.13 in secondary (illiteracy still

remained very high)• Received assistance from the USSR: Russians taught in

schools, chinese students studied in Russian universities

Social Reform: MarriageCCP tried to promote women's rights and place in society• 1950: Marriage Law

o banned arranged and child marriages, and polygamy•  Women were given rights

o Divorce, right to own propertyo Men's attitudes were difficult to change (esp in rural

areas), so women were often given lower pay

Group 2: Social ReformNames: Sanand Kodali, Bryan

Pinsky, Kéith X. Wright

War on Crime

-CCP wanted to stop crime/banditry    -punished major criminals    -put prostitutes/drug addicts in rehabilitation programs    -closed down brothels and gambling dens

Clearly, the Chinese police think that Segways are intimidating.

Marriage Reform• CCP tried to improve the status  of

women.• Banned arranged marriage, child

marriage, and polygamy.• Women were allowed to initiate

divorce and own property.• This led to an increase in divorce

o 1.3 million divorces in 1953 (That's the population of Hawai'i)

• Cultural attitudes towards marriage and women did not change.

• Women recieved low pay and continued to follow traditional marital customs.

Education

• Launched campaign to improve education.o Increased literacy.o Expanded educational provisions.

• 1949: 25 million children attended primary schools, 1.27 million had secondary education.

• 1953: 51 million children attended primary schools, 3.13 million had secondary education.

• By the mid-1950s literacy rates were as high as 80%.• During the 1950s, the CCP received support from the USSR

in the forms of Russians teaching in Chinese schools and allowing the Chinese to attend Russian Universities.

The First Five Year Plan, 1953-57

• Ended National Capitalist phase in China.o Private industries and businesses were nationalized by

the Chinese Government.• Due to the GMD being backed by the USA, Mao turned to

Stalin and the Russians for aid.o This benefitted the Chinese because they were advised

by the USSR in the technique of building a socialist economy.

• In February 1950, the PRC signed the Sino-Soviet Friendship Treaty.o USSR gave China $300 million in loans (repayable at low

interest), Russian technicians, and economic advisors.

The First Five Year Plan, 1953-57

• In the 1950s, 11,000 Soviet experts worked in China, and 28,000 Chinese received training in Russia.

• Followed Soviet model in which planning was highly centralized and concentrated on heavy industry.o Huge new industrial centers were built.o Factory management changed from a more team-based

approach to one-man management.

Effects of the Five Year Plan

• Complete nationalization of industry.o Initially 20% of heavy industry and 60% of light industry

was private.• Urban population increased from 57 million to 100 million.• Important infrastructure improvements

o The Yangtze River Rail and Road Bridge linked north and south China.

• Heavy industrial output nearly trebled and light industrial output rose by 70%.

• $300 milllion loan represented 3% of investment of the Five Year Plan, in turn forcing the agricultural population to fund the plan.

• 90% of state investment was in industry.o Low agricultural investment caused a slow growth of

agricultural output (3.8% per year).

Socialisation of Agriculture-Introducing Socialism    -Did not want to repeat Russia's mistake: poor collectivization           of agriculture    -CCP adopted a gradualist approach to introduce Socialism      into the countryside    -CCP leadership argued over pace at which PRC moved           towards full collectivization

-Beginnings of Collectivisation    -CCP encouraged peasants to strategically pool equipment                  and animals    -peasants agreed; growth of peasant households in mutual-                       aid teams

-Agricultural Producers' Coöperatives    -1954: CCP organized peasants into large groups     -private ownership retained; land pooled; peasants rewarded                  based on their contributions to the coöperatives    -Mao formed Higher Level Agricultural Producers in which land was               collectively owned regardless of inividual input, a radical change        -by a year, 90% peasants incorporated into Higher Level APCs

The Hundred Flowers Campaign, 1957

• The CCP briefly lifted censorship and opened the Party to constructive criticism.

• Intellectuals were slow to respond at first, thinking it was a trap.

• Later, a "torrent of critcism" was published against the CCP, accusing it of corruption and being alienated from the masses.

• After six weeks, the government was alarmed by the criticism and shut the campaign down.

• Over 500,000 intellectuals were used as forced labour because of their criticism of the government.

Group 3: The Great Leap Forward

Names: Alex, Kyle, Ali, Stacey

Background: The Great Leap Forward

• Great Leap Forward = Series of changes in economic policies

• Mao had reservations about the Soviet-style First Five Year Plano Didn't want to be tied to the USSR

• The Great Leap Forward was based on Mao's speech On the 10 Great Relationshipso Outlined a set of economic priorities

At odds with the Soviet 5 Year Plan

• Cancelled the Second Five Year Plan & instated the Great Leap Forward

Abandons Soviet Model of Economic Planning for Great Leap Forward

• Five Year Plano Focuses on capital-intensive projectso PRC short of capital for investmento Agricultural productivity rose slowlyo Massive emphasis on heavy industry

Light industry and agriculture neglected• Paid differentials for skilled and unskilled workers 

o Against Marxist ideology• Sought to accelerate speed of economic growth• Predicted China would overtake Great Britain in industrial

production within 15 yrs• Sought to assert China's independence and abandon

Russian economic planning• Worried that CCP was losing revolutionary morale

o Govts becoming self interestedo Sought to mobilize party and masses to create modern

socialist economy

Launching Great Leap Forward• Mao inspired by massive irrigation systems

o 100 million peasants cooperate to build dykes/ channelso Provided water to farmlandso Achieved by commune labor

• Set up 26000 communes (~5000 households per commune)• Believed that this would entail significant surplus of labor• Communes responsible for industry, education, defense• CCP leaders to develop industry in countryside and towns

o Set up blast furnaces in countrysideo Target steel production to double by 1959

• Communes in town were unsuccessfulo In factories, decision-making transferred from single

manager to collective management (worker represented)• Saw GLF for cultural and political progress• Communes were to break down distinction between peasant

and workero Tried to convince people to see greater good than for own

family

Results of the Great Leap Forward

• China's gross national income increased by 8% in 1958, but fell by 30% in 1960

• The 600,000 backyard furnaces that were built made steel of extremely poor quality. The program was shut down in 1959.

• Large scale irrigation and hydroelectric projects

• Began mining uranium to launch an atomic energy program

Agricultural Impact of Great Leap Forward• Rural industrialization began• Better agricultural tools• Use of chemical fertilizers• 1958 harvests yielded 200 million tons of grain• Government projected unreal expectations for following

years• 1959 and 1960 crop yields were poor falling over 20%• Cause a famine in China

o Lasted from 1959-1961o 20 million people died

Why did the Great Leap Fail?

• CCP officials couldn't deal with challenges posed by the Great Leap Forward (GLF)o Took off with little prior planningo Local cadres were unprepared to

manage the large scales of the communes

• Mass mobilization (intensive use of labor) could not compensate for the lack of capital investment in technologically advanced processeso "Backyard Furnace" program failed

• Sino-Soviet Split (1960) -- Khrushchev withdrew thousands of Soviet advisers from Chinao Advisers were helping with industrial

projects --> Slump in Chinese industrial production (1960-61)

The Sino-Soviet Split

Why did the GLF fail? (con't)• Flawed agricultural programs imposed on the peasants

o Close plantingo Deep plowingo Campaign against the "Four Pests" (rats, sparrows, flies, & mosquitos)

• Grain production fello Because peasants were also involved in industrial projects & land

reclamation --> Became exhausted from the demands• Withdrawal of material incentives --> Falling levels of agricultural and

industrial outputo Peasants disliked commune life (huge size, no private property,

regimented lifestyle)o Ending of higher wages for skilled workers & more output demotivated

factory workers• 60 per cent of China's arable land as affected by floods in the South &

drought in the Northeast (1959-61)• Famine caused by reforms

o Poor harvests (1959-60)o CCP refused to admit failure

Claimed record harvests in 1959 & took 11 per cent more of the peasants grain than in '57

The Great Leap Terminated (1961)• China was in a state of crisis by the end of 1960

o Worst famine evero In some provinces (such as Anhui), up to 1/4 of the

population died of starvationo Peasants staged armed rebellion in the West and Tibet

PLA deployed to restore order• Solution

o CCP looked to Liu Shaoqi (PRC chairman) & Den Xiaoping (CCP General Secretary) to restore the economy & grain supplies

o Liu and Deng quietly abandoned the GLF• Results

o Took 5 years for agricultural production to fully recovero Industrial production doubled by 1965

Huge oil and gas fields discovered & Daqing

How did Liu and Deng bring about economic recovery in early 1960s?

• CCP reverted to centralized economy• Power returned to state officials• 25 million unemployed workers forced to move

to countryside• Wage differentials for skilled and unskilled

workers introduced• Private plots and markets encouraged in

countrysideo Communes had most fertile land 

• Imported large amounts of grain from Australia and Canada

• 1961 communes subdivided --> reduced in size

• Production team of commune --> unit of rural organization

Mao Retires to the "Second Front"

• Mao stepped down from running day to day planning for the countryo Allowed others to take over those responsibilities

• Mao concentrated on strategic planning• Because the Great Leap Forward had been deemed a

failure, Mao fell farther in to the background than he had expected

• Mao still had some                                                             influence during the                                                          1960

Group 4: CCP Division

Vincent, Hannah, and Joie

CCP Leadership Divdes: 1962-1965

• Why did increasingly bitter faction-fighting develop within the Party?o 1962: serious divisions emerged between radical

Communists (Mao) and the moderenisers who supported Liu & Deng's more ideologically flexible economic policies

o Mao became alarmed by the direction of Liiu & Deng's economic reforms

o January 1962: Mao began to have serious doubts when Liu supported the household responsility system Saw it as an abondonment of socialism Summer of 1962: 20 of land was farmed indiviudally

o Mao sought to restore his influence over the CCP Desparte to prevent Party from becoming increasingly

revisonist & capitalist

CCP Leadership Divdes: 1962-1965

• Why did Mao launch the Socialist Education Movement (1962-1963)?o To reassert his control, Mao turned to mass mobilization

& rectification in the shape of the Socialist Education movement

o The Socialist Education Movement was an attempt to re-educate the masses politically and bring about a fundamental change in the way the Chinese masses saw the world Mao wanted them to take on socialist attitudes

o Mao intended that CCP officials should undergo self-critism and subject themsleves to criticism from the masses 

CCP Leadership Divdes: 1962-1965

• 1962-1963: Liu and Deng obstructed Mao's attempt to mobilize the masseso Issued direction which altered the Socialist Education

Movement Rather than mass mobilization, the CCP leadership

organized work teams Teams went into schools and factories to educate

people and to identify & remove corrupt local officialso It would take Mao until 1966 to get a mass campaign off

the ground --> known as The Cultural Revolution

CCP Leadership Divdes: 1962-1965• How did Mo develope his power-base in order to launch

the Cultutral Revolution?o Mao relied on the loyalty of Lin Bao who was the Defense

Minister from 1959 Lin encouraged a cult of Mao within the PLA 1963: Lin published Mao's Little Red Book which

became daily study for the PLA and the population as a whole to read as their "bible"

o Mao's wife and a group of radicals known as the Shanghi Forum promoted the idea of a total transformation of arts in China All pre-1949 art and literature and all wetsern culture

was rejectedo 1965-1966: Shanghai Forum launched a campaign against

the Wu Han's play The Dismissal of Hai Rai from Office

CCP Leadership Divdes: 1962-1965

• Campaign against Wu Han's playo Campaign agaisnt play was an argument about culture

Shanghai Forum belived the play was a veiled attack on Mao's dismissal fo the Marshal Peng in 1959

Hai Rai (character in play) was an officer that was sacked for criticising a corrupt emporer

o June 1966: Cultrual Revolution Committee dominated by radical Maoists, purged the Group of Five

What were Mao's motives for Cultural Revolution?

• He wanted to reassert his authority over the CCP and cut out the influence of Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaopiang

• Desperate to stop the CCP's movement toward developing an elite of officials

• Mao wanted to attack bourgeois and traditional chinese culture

• Was looking to spread the ideal of his party to China's young generation

How did the Cultural Revolution begin?

• May 1966: Growing unrest of the Cultural Revolution Groupo  Struggle between radical Maoists and pragmatists intensifiedo Universities and schools were radical and Liu had to send teams

to try to put down their actso Students began to form into Red Army groups to carry out the

will of Mao• July 1966: Mao staged his Great Swim in the Yangzi River in order

to demonstrate his power• August 1966: Mao expressed his support for Red Guard

o Red Guard units set up all over Chinao Purged the CCP government of any workers that may have

supported capitalismo First rally took place in Tiananmen Square o  PLA took over railway networko Young radical Maoists met in Beijing and attended mass rallies 

Assessing the Cultural Revolution

• Mao saw the Cultural Revolution as over in 1970 after he defeated his revisionist opponents

• His rule and the domination of the Revolution continued until 1976 when Mao died.

• Can be viewed as an escalation of certain features present in the People's Republic since 1949o Mobilizationo Public Denunciationso Struggle sessions

• Had a more significant effect on urban areas than countryside

How did the Cultural Revolution develop?

• Large-scale purges were carried out by the Red Guards to attack "bad elements"o Many CCP officials, teacher intellectuals, and former bourgeoisie were

subjected to intense psychological and physical assaultso Police were instructed not to intervene with Red Guard violence; secret

police helped Red Guards identify targets• Clashes developed between rival Red Guard factions and between workers

and studentso Resulted in many clashes and deathso Mao and other party leaders became worried that China was on the verge

of another Civil War• Moderate Maoists insisted on the restoration of order

o PLA was sent in to restore order when Red Guard violence continuedo Revolutionary Committees (influenced by the PLA) were set up in each

province and able to restore order in most places by late 1968o Mao called on the Red Guards to leave the cities and go into the

countryside; 12 million did over the next four years

Why did Mao retreat from radicalism?

• Purges and violence went on much further than what Mao had intended

• emergence of the  Shanghai People's Commune threatened the CCP's monopoly of power in China

• Cultural Revolution was causing chaos at a time when the CCP leadership was increasingly worried by the prospect of war with the USSR

• A number of military commanders (with the exception of Lin Biao) became worried that the purges of the Cultural Revolution may be extended to the PLA

What were the results of the Cultural Revolution?

• Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping, and the "revisionists" were defeated; Deng Xiaoping would later return to power in 1973

• Cult of Mao reached its height; the new constitution defined "Marxism-Leninism-Mao-Zedong Thought" as the guiding line of the  CCP in 1969

• About 500,000 people died (though some suggest millions) died; the main victims were intellectuals and officials (rather than peasants as in the Great Leap Forward); the prision camp system "Laogai" expanded

• massive transfer of 20 to 30 million urban inhabitants to the countryside in 1968 - 1970

• "May 7th Schools" were set up to reeducate Party officials in Maoist thought and by working in the fields

What were the results of the Cultural Revolution?Continued

• Education (particularly higher education) was disastrously disrupted; admission to university during the Cultural Revolution was based on "political consciousness" rather than academic qualifications

• Chinese art and literature became very stable as strict controls on what could be displayed, performed, and published were imposed; the Red Guard destroyed much Chinese art, notably Buddhist temples

• The People's Republic became increasingly isolated internationally; Westerns were attacked in China

• Economy was not severely damaged by the Cultural Revolution; there was some disruption to industry but by 1970, industrial output had risen to record levels

Group 5: Mao's Last Years and Foreign Policy

Names: Jackie, Devin, Erica

Mao's Last Years 1971-1976:    The Rise and Fall of Lin Biao

• 1969: Lin Biao officially confirmed as Mao's successor• 1969: 10 of 16 Politburo members were members of armed forces

o Only 3 of these 10 supported Lin Biao• Mao beginning to have doubts about Lin• Sept 1971: Lin disappeared

o CCP claimed he had been planning a coup and assassination attempt against Maoo Also said he fled to Russia by plane, but died in plane crash over Mongolia

• Appears that Lin was purged by Mao because he opposed closer ties to U.S.• Zhou En-lai wanted to establish better relations with U.S., due to tension between China and USSR

o Reasons China needed Western investment to boost economy Tension between China and USSR

1968: CCP alarmed at Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia 1969: military clashes along Sino-Soviet border

• 1971: U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger secretly visited China• 1972: U.S. President Richard Nixon visited China• U.S. withdrew its opposition to PRC entering the United Nations• 1979: full diplomatic relations between China and U.S. officially restored

Mao's Last Years 1971 - 1976:    Faction Struggle Continues: The    Radicals and the Pragmatists battle    for control of the Party• 1971 - Mao and Zhou En-lai running party, but both were aging• 1972 - Zhou En-lai diagnosed with cancer• 1973 - Deng Xiaoping allowed back to Beijing and appointed Vice-Premier• Not clear if radicals or pragmatists would gain control of party on Mao's death• Ongoing debate in 1970s regarding direction of economic policy

o Radicals: wanted to maintain centralized controls, and emphasized importance of mass mobilization and production focused on quantity and speed

o Modernizers: stressed gradualism, quality production and the expansion of incentives and wage differentials Led by Deng up to 1976 and then, late, Zhou Enlai

Mao's Last Years 1971 - 1976:    Faction Struggle Continues: The    Radicals and the Pragmatists battle    for control of the Party (cont'd)

• "Four Modernizations"o Written by Deng and Zhouo Center of 1975 - 1976 debateo Radicals still a force in the Party (Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunquiao, Yao Wenyuan, and Wang

Hongwen) 1973: Three were appointed to Politburo Wang Hongwen (radical Shanghai trade union leader) presented as Mao's successor

o 1973: Mao decided Deng Xiaoping should be restored to Central Committee Done in order to balance the radicals

o 1973: Radicals launched campaign "Criticize Confucius and Lin Biao" This was a propaganda attack on Zhou and his revisionist policies

Mao's Last Years 1971 - 1976:    Faction Struggle Continues: The    Radicals and the Pragmatists battle    for control of the Party (cont'd)

• Four Modernizations (cont'd)o Jan 1976: Zhou Enlai died and Mao supported Hua Goufeng as new Premier

Hua Goufeng was moderate Maoist (between radicals and pragmatists)o April 1976: Deng removed from Vice-Premier position, after demonstrations in Tiananmen Square

in Zhou Enlai's memory Now, Hua Guofeng joined with the radicals against Deng Xiaoping

o Sept 1976: Mao died and Hua Guofeng ordered arrest of radicals called "the Gang of Four" Accused of planning coup and finally put on trial in 1980 Jiang sentenced to death, but this actually meant life imprisionment (died in 1991)

• 1977: Deng appointed as number three in Party hierarchy (CCP Secretary)o Deng was a modernizer and dominant figure in CCP from late 1970s to his death in 1997

Wanted greater trade with U.S. and Japan Introduced reforms such as increased incentives and decentralization

Postscript: 'Capitalist Road'• Agriculture reforms used to increase agricultural

productivityo 1979 - peaseant encouraged to maximize use of their

private plotso 1978 - "household responsibility system"

each peasant household could farm its own land and take responsibility for producing and agreed amount of grain (state obliged to buy)

peasant allowed to sell any surplus above this quota on the open market

•  collectivisation did not allow the development of a modern, agricultural system 

• reforms did not resolve the shortage of arable land 

Postscript: 'Capitalist Road'• late 1970s - Industry reforms 

o 1978 - China abandoned its policy of national economic self-sufficiency Joined International Monetary Fund & World Bank 1979 - four Special Economic Zones created to attract foreign

capital massive increase in foreign investment & foreign trade 1978 - China signed trade agreements with both US & Japan

o More emphasis was placed on the production of consumer goods to provide incentives for workers & peasants

o 1984 - state control over industry reduced significant inflation but also industrial growth

• 1994 - 4th largest economy •  Social problems intensified

o social inequality, rising unemployment & increase in strikes

The Democracy Movement and the Tiananment Square Massacre• 1980s: demands for greater political freedom

o Stimulated by Chinese government's policy from 1978 Sent thousands of students abroad to foreign universities

• Major student demonstrations in 1986o Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms in USSR and visit to Beijing in May 1989 encouraged

these demonstrations• Tiananment Square Massacre

o Demonstrators protested against slump in economy, which led to increase in unemployment

o CCP was unsure of how to respond Zhao favored concessions and some liberalization Premier Li Ping and Deng Xiaoping advocated repression

o Zhao firedo Troops sent to clear demonstratorso About 1,000 killed (but possibly more)

• CCP maintains single party ruleo Despite radical departure from Marxism in economic matters

The Korean War (1950-53)• Korea had been under Japanese control since 1910• Korea would be divided in half 

o north - pro-communist (Kim Il Sung)o south - pro- US democratic state (Syngman Rhee)

• Both wanted to establish united, independent Korea• US willing to surrender Taiwan to PRC •  June 25, 1950 - North Korean troops invaded South

o city of Pusano South Korea appealed to United Nations Security

Council  UN condemned invasion & sent US troops under

control of General Douglas MacArthur• MacArthur met with Jiang & affirmed US support 

o afraid of China attacking Taiwan• Sept 1950 - South Koreans pushed North Koreans back

The Korean War (1950-53)• Chinese attacked Yalu River & pushed US troops south • Mac Arthur was dissmissed by Truman for wanting to

escalate the conflict • July 1953 - war ended 

o armistice signed establishing 28th parallel as borderline• high casualties• PRC saw war as attempt by Western powers to interfere

with Chinao USA determined to overthrow Mao and PRCo Korean war turned China opinion against USA

• China saw Korea as double-edged swordo showed  that the PRC could defeat the West and the

war had been used a "cry" to unify Chinao  China lost many lives, owed large financial and

economic cost to PRC ($1 billion to USSR for military aid)

Chinese Foreign Policy 1949-76• Mao's goal: 

o make the PRC recognized as a powerful independent state throughout the world

o ensure China was never dependent on any foreign power• Sino-Soviet Treaty

o USSR supported China through a $300 million loano allowed China to develop economicallyo debt was eventually paid in full; Mao kept China free of foreign

debts• Sino-Soviet Relations 1953-61

o Korean War tested the relationship between the PRC and the USSR --> Mao thought Stalin had planned the invasion of South Korea

o Relations improved after Stalin's death --> this changed after Khrushchev's destalinization speech in 1956

o Mao believed that K-rush's change in policy to "peaceful coexistence" with the west was an attempt to isolate the PRC globally

Chinese Foreign Policy 1949-76 (cont.)• Sino-American relations 1971-76

o everyone was shocked when the President Nixon was invited to China by Mao the USA was seen as their traditional

Western imperialist enemy but was now seen as their friend

o Mao's goal of this relationship was to undermine the Soviet Union's position as a world power

o USA replaced Taiwan with the PRC as a permanent member of the UN Security Council

I wonder if Mao had a pair of blue suede shoes...

Chinese Foreign Policy 1949-76 (cont.)

• Relations between the PRC and other nationso India -successful interactions; agreement over Tibet and

initiation of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence  Relationships worsened when because China

supported Pakistan in a small war 1976 China reestablished its relationship with India

o No interaction with Westo Strained relationships in East

UN criticized Mao for invading Tibet• PRC was never consistent with foreign relationships;

policies always made Chine independent