Many issues in society involve science and technology.
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Transcript of Many issues in society involve science and technology.
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Many issues in society involve science and technology.
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A physical change occurs when the fundamental entities remain unchanged at a molecular level.
e.g. change in phase, shape, or dissolving
A chemical change involves some kind of change in the chemical bonds. At least one new substance is formed.
A nuclear change involves changes in the nucleus, resulting in new elements.
2(g) 2(l)H H
2(g) 2(g) 2 (l)2 H + O 2 H O
(g) (g) (g)H H He
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The Kinetic Molecular Theory
The smallest particles of a substance are in constant random motion.
If a collision between different entities occurs with enough energy and in the right orientation, a chemical reaction will occur.
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A Balanced Chemical Equation
The number of each kind of atom is the same on each side of the arrow (mass is conserved).
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Read pgs. 44 – 45
pg. 45 Section 2.1 Questions #’s 1 – 3
Read pgs. 46 – 49 pg. 50 Section 2.2 Questions #’s 1 – 10
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A mole is the unit of chemical amount of substance.
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Balance this equationBalance this equation
KI(aq) + Cl2(g) KCl(aq) + I2(s)
2 KI(aq) + Cl2(g) 2 KCl(aq) + I2(s)
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Balance this equationBalance this equation
NH3(g) + O2(g) N2(g) + H2O(l)
4 NH3(g) + 3 O2(g) 2 N2(g) + 6 H2O(l)
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Balance this equationBalance this equation
KClO3(aq) → KCl(aq) + O2(g)
2 KClO3(aq) → 2 KCl(aq) + 3 O2(g)
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Al(s) + H2SO4(aq) → Al2(SO4)3(aq) + H2(g)
2 Al(s)+ 3 H2SO4(aq) → Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3 H2(g)
Balance this equationBalance this equation
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Hg(OH)2(s) + H3PO4(aq) Hg3(PO4)2(s) + H2O(l)
3 Hg(OH)2(s) + 2 H3PO4(aq) Hg3(PO4)2(s) + 6 H2O(l)
Balance this equationBalance this equation
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CuO(s) + NH3(g) Cu(s) + H2O(l) + N2(g)
3 CuO(s) + 2 NH3(g) 3 Cu(s)+ 3 H2O(l) + N2(g)
Balance this equationBalance this equation
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NH3(g) + O2(g) N2O4(g) + H2O(g)
4 NH3(g) + 7 O2(g) 2 N2O4(g) + 6 H2O(g)
Balance this equationBalance this equation
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chlorine + magnesium iodide magnesium chloride + iodine
Cl2(g) + MgI2(aq) MgCl2(aq) + I2(s)
Balance this equationBalance this equation
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sodium chloride + sulfuric acid hydrochloric acid + sodium sulfate
2 NaCl(aq) + H2SO4(aq) 2 HCl(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)
Balance this equationBalance this equation
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potassium nitrate decomposes into potassium nitrite and oxygen
2 KNO3(aq) 2 KNO2(aq) + O2(g)
Balance this equationBalance this equation
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bismuth (III) nitrate + calcium iodide bismuth (III) iodide + calcium nitrate
2 Bi(NO3)3(aq) + 3 CaI2(aq) 2 BiI3(aq) + 3 Ca(NO3)2(aq)
Balance this equationBalance this equation
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iron (III) oxide reacts with carbon monoxide to produce iron and carbon
dioxide
Fe2O3(s) + 3 CO(g) 2 Fe(s) + 3 CO2(g)
Balance this equationBalance this equation
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Read pgs. 51 – 53
pgs. 53 – 54 Section 2.3 Questions #’s 1 – 6
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The molar mass, M, of a substance is the mass of one mole of a substance.
m = mass (g)
n = number of moles (mol)
M = molar mass (g/mol)
mn
M
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Molar masses are always to two decimal
places!
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Mass-Amount Conversions
Examples
1) Calcium carbonate helps to neutralize acidic soil under spruce trees. Convert a mass of 1500 g of calcium carbonate to a chemical amount.
14.99 mol
2) Sodium sulfate is mined from lakes and deposits along the Alberta-Saskatchewan border. Convert a reacting amount of 3.46 mmol of sodium sulfate into mass in grams.
0.491 g
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Read pgs. 55 – 57
pg. 57 Section 2.4 Questions #’s 1 – 7
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elements → compound
Formation Reactions
(s) 2 (g) (s)2 Mg + O 2 MgO
magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide
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compound → elements
Simple Decomposition Reactions
2 (l) 2 (g) 2 (g)2 H O 2 H + O
water → hydrogen + oxygen
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Combustion Reactionssubstance + oxygen → most common oxides
Substance Oxide
carbon
hydrogen
sulfur
nitrogen
a metaloxide with the most common ion charge
2(g)CO
2 (g)H O
2(g)SO
2(g)NO
4 10(g) 2 (g) 2 (g) 2 (g)2 C H + 13 O 8 CO + 10 H Obutane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
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element + compound → compound + element
Single Replacement Reactions
(s) 3(aq) (s) 3 2(aq)Cu + 2 AgNO 2 Ag + Cu NO
copper + silver nitrate → silver + copper (II) nitrate
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compound + compound → compound + compound
Double Replacement Reactions
2(aq) 2 3(aq) 3(s) (aq)CaCl + Na CO CaCO + NaCl
calcium chloride + sodium carbonate → calcium carbonate + sodium chloride
acid + base → water + ionic compound (a salt)
(aq) (aq) 2 (aq) (aq)HCl + KOH H O + KCl
Neutralization
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Read pgs. 58 – 59
pgs. 59 – 60 Section 2.5 Questions #’s 1 – 6
Read pgs. 61 – 63
pg. 64 Section 2.6 Questions #’s 1 – 5