Manufactured Substances in Chemical Industry
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Transcript of Manufactured Substances in Chemical Industry
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Understand the manufacture of sulphuric acid.Synthesise the manufacture of ammonia and its salts.Understand alloys.Evaluate the uses of synthetic polymer.Apply the uses of glass and ceramics.Evaluate the uses of composite materials.Appreciate various synthetic industrial materials.
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STAGE3: Conversion of trioxide to sulphuric acid i. Sulphur trioxide SO2 is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid H2SO4 to form oleum
H2S2O7 which is then diluted with water to form sulphuric acid H2SO4.
SO3(g)+H2SO4(l) H2S2O7(l)Oleum
H2S2O7(l)+ H2O(l) 2H2SO4(aq)
ii. The two reactions in stage3 are equivalent to adding sulphur trioxide directly into water.
SO3(g)+H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)
iii. The addition of sulphur trioxide directly into is not carried out because the reaction isvary vigorous; a lot of heat is given off. As a result, alarge cloud of sulphuric acid
fumes is produced, which is corrosive and causes severe air pollution.
In the converter
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Sulphur Oxygen
S(s) +
O2(g) SO 2(g)
SO 2(g) +H2SO 4(aq) H2S2O7(l)H2S2O7(l) +H2O(l) 2H2SO 4(aq)
2SO(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
Temperature: 450-500CPressure: 2-3 atmospheresCatalyst: Vanadium(V) oxide
OxygenUnreacted2%so 2 isflowed back to converter together with
The Contact Process
Outline Of Contact process
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SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
1. Sulphur dioxide is one of the by-product of contact process. It is a colourless and poisonous gas with a vary pungent smell.
2. Sulphur dioxide which escape into the air causes air pollution.
3. Sulphur dioxide is an acidic which dissolves in water to form sulphurous acidic,H2SO3. In the atmosphere, sulphur dioxide dissolve in water droplets to formsulphurous acidic.
SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(aq)
4. Oxidation of sulphur acid by oxygen produce sulphuric acid, H2SO4, which falls to theearth as acid rain. Sulphur trioxide is also easily oxidised in the air to form sulphur trioxide. Sulphur trioxide dissolve in rainwater to produce sulphuric acid.
SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)
Acid rain and environmental pollution
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(NH3)USES OF AMMONIA
1. Ammonia that is produce commercially has many uses.2. It uses:
i. In the manufacture of chemical fertilizers such as ammonium sulphate, ammonianitric, ammonia phosphate and urea.
ii. To manufacture nitric acid and explosive.iii. In the making of synthetic fibre and nylon.iv. As a degreasing agent in aqueous form to remove greasy stains in the kitchen.
PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA GAS
1. The physical properties of ammonia gas include the following:i. It colourless and has a pungent odour.
ii. It is vary soluble in water and form a weak alkaline solution.iii. It less dense then water.
iv. It easily liquified (at about 35.5C) when cool.2. The chemical properties of ammonia gas:a) Ammonia gas dissolves in water to form a weak alkali.
NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
b) The presence of hydroxide icon causes the aqueous solution to become alkaline. Thusaqueous ammonia solution:i. Turns red litmus paper blue.
ii. Reacts with acid to form only salt and waterin neutralization reaction.
NH3(aq) + HCI(aq) NH4CI(aq)
2NH3 + H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq)
iii. Reacts with solution of metallic cations to produce precipitates.
Fe+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Fe (OH)2(s)(Form ammonia solution) Dirty green precipitate
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MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA IN INDUSTRY
1. Ammonia is manufacture on a large scale in industry through the haber process. In this process, ammonia is formed form direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen gas inthe volume ratio 1:3.
2. The gas nitrogen obtain form the fractional distillation of liquefied air. The hydrogengas is obtained form the cracking of petroleum or from the catalysed reaction of naturalgas, CH4, with steam.
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)
3. The mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen gases is passed over an iron catalyst under controlled optimum condition as below to form ammonia gas.
i. Temperature: 450-500Cii. Pressure: 200-500 atmospheres
iii. Catalyst used: Iron fillings
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
4. Under these control optimum condition, only 15% of the gas mixture turn into ammoniagas. The nitrogen and hydrogen that have not reacted are then flow back over the catalystagain in the reactor chamber.
5. The ammonia product is then cooled at a low temperature so that it condenses into aliquid in the cooling chamber.
AMMONIUM FERTILIZERS
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Nitrogen Hydrogen
N2 and H 2 are mixed in the proportion of 1:3
N2(g) + 3H 2(g) 2NH3(g)
Temperature: 450-500CPressure: 200-500 atmospheresCatalyst used: Iron fillings
Liquidammonia
In cooling chamber Unreacted N 2 andH2 gases
In the reactor chamber
The Haber Process
Outline Of Habert process
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1. Nitrogen is required in large amount by plant to make proteins which are necessaryfor growth and cell repair.
2. Most plant are not able to get a nitrogen supply directly from the air although it isabundant in the air (78%). Plants can only absorb soluble nitrogen compounds fromsoil through their roots.
3. The nitrogen compounds are usually soluble nitric salt, ammonia and ammonia saltwhich are manufacture as chemical fertilizer.4. Reactions of ammonia with acids produce ammonium fertilizers.
NH3(aq) + HNO3(aq) NH4NO3(aq)Ammonium nitrate
3NH3(aq) + H3PO4(aq) (NH4)3PO4(aq)Ammonium phosphate
2NH3(aq) +H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq)
Ammonium sulphate
ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS IN MATELS
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1. The atom of pure metals are packed together closely. This causes the metal to have ahigh density
2. The forces of attraction between atoms (metallic bonds) are strong. More heat energyis needed to overcome the metallic bond so that the atoms are further apart during themelting. This is why metals usually have high melting point.
3. Heat energy can be transferred easily from one atom to the next by vibration. Thismake metal good conduct of heat.4. The freely moving outermost electrons within the metals structure are able to conduct
electricity. Metal are, therefore, good electrical conductors.5. Since atoms of pure metal are of the same size, they are arranged orderly in a regular
layered pattern. When a force is applied to metal, layer of atom slide easily over oneanother. This make pure metals soft, malleable and ductile.
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Force
Layer of atom slide
Metals are ductile
Force
The shape of themetal change
Matel are malleable
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WHAT ARE ALLOYS?
1. Pure metal are usually too soft for most uses. They also have a low resistance tocorrosion. They rush and tarnish easily.2. To improve the physical properties of metal, a small amount of another element
(usually metal) is added to form another an alloy.3. An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals (something non-metal) in a specific proportion. For example:
a. Bronze (90% of copper and 10% of tin) b. Steel (99% of iron and 1% of carbon)
4. The purposes of making alloys include the following:a) Increase the strength
i. Pure iron is soft and vary malleable. When a small amount of carbon is added toiron, an alloy, steal is formed. The more carbon is added, the stronger the steel
becomes.ii. Pure aluminium is light but not strong. With a small amount of copper and
magnesium are added to aluminium, a strong, light and durable alloy callduralumin is produced. b)Improving the resistance to corrosion
i. Iron rust easily but stainless steel which contains 80.6% of iron, 0.4% of carbon,18% of chromium and 1% of nickel does not rush. These properties makestainless steel suitable for making surgical instrument and cutlery.
ii. Pure copper tarnish easily. When zinc (30%) is added, the yellow alloy which isknown as brass develops a high resistance to corrosion.
c) Enhancing the appearancei. Pewter, an alloy of tin (97%), antimony and copper is not only hard but also has
a more beautiful white silvery appearance.ii. When copper is mixed with nickel to form cupronickel, an alloy that has an
attractive silvery, bright appearance is formed which is suitable for makingcoins.
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Alloy Composition Properties UsesHigh carbon steel 99% iron
1% carbonStrong, hard and
high wear resistance Making of cutting
tools, hammers andchisels
Stainless steel 80.6% iron
0.4% carbon18%chromium
1% nickel
Do not rust and
tarnish, strong anddurable
Making of surgical
instrument, knivesforks and spoons
Brass 70% copper 30% zinc
Hard, do not rust, bright appearance
Making of ornaments,electrical wiringand plug.
Bronze 90% copper 10% tin
Hard, do not corrodeeasily and durable
For casting bells,medals, swordsand statues
Pewter 90% tin2.5% copper
0.5% antimony
Ductile andmalleable, white
silvery appearance
Making of ornaments,souvenirs andmugs
Duralumin 95% aluminium4% copper
1%magnesium
Light, strong anddurable
Making part of aircrafts and racingcars
Cupronickel 75%copper 25%nickel
Attractive, silveryappearance, hard and
tough
Making of silver coins
Composition, properties and uses of alloys
The formation of alloy
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WHAT ARE POLYMER
1. Molecule that consist of a large number of small identical or similar units joinedtogether repeatedly are called polymer.
2. The smaller molecules that make up the repeating unit in polymer are caller monomer.3. The process of joining together a large number of monomers to form a long chain
polymer is called polymerisation.4. Polymer can be naturally occurring or man-made (synthetic). Natural polymer are found
in plant and in animals for example of natural polymers are starch cellulose, protein andrubber.
5. Two type of polymerisation in producing synthetic polymer are additional
polymerisation.6. Double bonds between two carbon atoms usually undergo addition polymerization.
Some Common Addition Polymers
Name(s) Formula Monomer Properties Uses
Polyethylenelow density(LDPE)
(CH 2-CH 2)n ethyleneCH 2=CH 2
soft, waxy solid film wrap, plastic bags
Polyethylene
high density(HDPE) (CH2-CH 2)n
ethyleneCH 2=CH 2
rigid, translucentsolid
electrical
insulation bottles, toys
Polypropylene(PP) differentgrades
[CH 2-CH(CH 3)]n
propyleneCH 2=CHCH 3
atactic: soft, elasticsolidisotactic: hard,strong solid
similar to LDPEcarpet,upholstery
Poly(vinylchloride)(PVC)
(CH 2-CHCl) n
vinyl chlorideCH 2=CHCl
strong rigid solid pipes, siding,flooring
Poly(vinylidenechloride)(Saran A)
(CH 2-CCl 2)n
vinylidenechlorideCH 2=CCl 2
dense, high-meltingsolid seat covers, films
Polystyrene(PS)
[CH 2-CH(C 6H5)]n
styreneCH 2=CHC 6H5
hard, rigid, clear solidsoluble in organicsolvents
toys, cabinets packaging(foamed)
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Polyacrylonitrile(PAN, Orlon,Acrilan)
(CH 2-CHCN) n
acrylonitrileCH 2=CHCN
high-melting solidsoluble in organicsolvents
rugs, blanketsclothing
Polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE, Teflon)
(CF 2-CF 2)n tetrafluoroethyleneCF 2=CF 2
resistant, smoothsolid
non-stick
surfaceselectricalinsulation
Poly(methylmethacrylate)(PMMA, Lucite,Plexiglas)
[CH 2-C(CH 3)CO 2CH3]n
methylmethacrylateCH 2=C(CH 3)CO2CH 3
hard, transparentsolid
lighting covers,signsskylights
Poly(vinyl acetate)(PVAc)
(CH 2-CHOCOCH 3)n
vinyl acetateCH 2=CHOCOCH3
soft, sticky solid latex paints,adhesives
cis-Polyisoprenenatural rubber
[CH 2-CH=C(CH 3)-CH 2]n
isopreneCH 2=CH-C(CH 3)=CH 2
soft, sticky solidrequiresvulcanizationfor practical use
Polychloroprene(cis + trans)(Neoprene)
[CH 2-CH=CCl-CH 2]n
chloropreneCH 2=CH-CCl=CH 2
tough, rubberysolid
synthetic rubber oil resistant
Uses of synthetic polymers
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SYNTHETIC POLYMERS IN DAILY LIFE
1. Synthetic polymers have many advantages over other type of materials:a. They are cheap, light-weight and translucent.
b. They are easily colored, easily moulded and shaped.c. They are non-corrosive, waterproof and good insulator.d. They are durable and long lasting because they are resistant to decay, rusting and
chemical attacks.2. There are disadvantage using synthetic polymer:
a. Most of the synthetic polymer are flammable. When a synthetic polymer materialcatches fire, poisonous fumes are produce causing air pollution.
b. Synthetic polymers are non-biodegradable. When there are discharge, they causelitter problem and pollute the environment.
c. Plastic container that are left aside in an open area collect rainwater which becomes the breeding ground for mosquitoes.
d. There are limitation in recycle have to be separated out as the addition of non-recyclable polymers in the mixture affect the properties of the recycled polymers.
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WHAT ARE GLASS
1. Glass is one of the most useful but inexpensive materials in the world. Many productsare made from glass because of its specials properties.
2. Glass is:a. Transparent, hard but brittle.
b. A heat and electric insulator.c. Resistant to corrosion.d. Chemical not reaction and therefore resistant to chemical attack.e. Easy to maintain.
Type of glass Composition Properties UsesFused glass SiO 2: 100% Transparent
High melting point Good heat
insulator
Lens Telescope mirrors Laboratory
apparatusSoda-lime glass SiO 2: 75%
Na 2O:15%CaO: 9%Other:1%
Low melting point,easily molded intodesired shape andsize
Low resistant tochemical attacks
Brittle
Drinking glass, bottles
Electric bulbs Window glass
Borosilicate glass SiO 2: 78%B2O3: 12% Na 2O: 5%CaO: 3%Al 2O3:2%
Resistant chemicalattack and durable
High melting point
Good insulator toheat
Cooking utensils Laboratory
glassware such as
conical flaks and boiling tubeLead crystal glass
(flint glass)SiO 2: 70%
Pbo/PbO 2:20% Na 2O: 10%
High refractiveindex
High density Attractive
glitteringappearance
Lenses and prisms Decorative
glassware and artobject
Imation jewellery
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CERAMICS
1. Traditional silicate ceramics are made by heating aluminosilicate clay such as kaolin toa vary high temperature.
2. Ceramics have many special properties that make them one of the most useful materialsin our everyday life. That:
a. Are hard, strong but brittle b. Have high melting point and remain stable at high temperaturec. Are heat and electric instrumentd. Are resistant to corrosion and wear e. Are chemically not reactivef. Do not readily deform under stress
3. Ceramic play important role in our daily life. They are uses asa. Construction materials
i. Ceramic are strong and hard, uses to make roof tiles, bricks cement, sinks, andtoilet bowls.
ii. They are also used to make refractory bricks because high resistant to heat. b.Decorative items
i. To make pottery, china plates, and porcelain vases since they do not tarnisheasily and are durable.
ii. They are used to make bathroom fixture such as floor and wall tiles.c. Electrical insulator
i. Ceramic are used to make electrical insulator in electrical items such as toasters,fridges and electrical plug.
Materials Melting point/C
Density/ G cm -3 Elasticmodulus/ GPa
Hardness/ mohs
Oxide ceramicAlumina,AL 2O3Beryllia, BeOZirconia, ZiO
205425742710
3.973.015.68
380370210
988
Non-oxideceramicsBoroncarbide,B 4C3Silicon nitride,Si3, n 4
23502830
1900
2.503.16
3.17
280400
310
99
9MetalsAluminiumSteel
6601515
2.707.86
70205
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WHAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS
1. A composite materials (or composite) is a structure of materials that is formed by twoor more different substances such as metal, glass, ceramic and polymer.
2. Some common composite materials are:a. Reinforces concrete
b.Superconductor c. Fibre optic
d. Fibre glasse. Photochromic glass
REINFORCES CONCRETE
1. Concrete is hard, fireproof, waterproof, comparatively cheap and easy to maintain. It ismore important construction materials.
2. The reinforces is a combination of concrete and steel.
SUPERCONDUCTOR
1. Metal such as copper and aluminium are good conductor of electricity, but 20% of theelectric energy is lost in the form of heat during transmission.
2. Super conductor are materials that have no resistance to the flow of electricity at a particular temperature. Hence, 100% electricity transmission is possible.
3. One of the most dramatic properties of a superconductor is its ability to levitate amagnet. Superconductor are used to build magnetically levitate high-speed train (atabout 552 km/h).
4. Superconductor are used to make chips for smaller and faster supercomputer.Superconductor also play an important role in high speed data processing in internetcommunication.
FIBRE OPTIC
1. Fibre optic is a composite material that in used to transmit signals for light wave.2. Fibre optic is used in
a. Telecommunicate where the telephone substation are liked by fibre optic cables. b. Domestic cable television network
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c. Closed circuit television security system.3. Fibre optic also used in medical fields. It is used in a number of instrument which
enable the investigation for internal body part without having to perform surgery.
FIBRE GLASS
1. Fibre glass is glass in the form of fine threads. Molten gas is dropped onto a refractoryrating disc when the glass flies off the disc glass to form fibre.
2. Fibre glass is strong than steel, do not burnt, stretch or rot, resistant to fire and water butis brittle.
3. When fibre glass added to a plastic, a new composite material fibre glass reinforces plastic is formed.
4. Fibre glass reinforces plastic has more superior properties than glass and plastic. It isa. Extremely strong
b. Light weighc. Resistant to fire and water d. Can be molded, shaped and twisted
PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS
1. When 0.01 to 0.1% of silver chloride (a type of photochromic substances) and a smallamount of copper (II) chloride are added to molten silicon dioxide, photochromic glassis formed.
2. The photochromic glass has a special properties. It darken when exposed to strongsunlight or ultraviolet.
3. Photochromic glass is suitable for making sunglasses.
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