Manufacture of glass(composition)
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Transcript of Manufacture of glass(composition)
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MANUFACTURE OF GLASS
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SYNOPSIS
• INTRODUCTION
•TYPES
•METHODS
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THE GLASS WAS DISCOVERED IN THE REGION OF SYRIA AROUND 5000BC
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
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•The glass was first discovered in the region of
syria around 5000 BC
•It is an amorphous compound
•It is also known as super cooled liquid
•It has no melting point
•It has high viscosity which prevents from
crystallizing
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TYPES OF GLASS MATERIAL
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Variety of ophthalmic glass material
Crown glass >>>>> RI= 1.523
Barium crown glass >>>>> RI= 1.6
Borosilicate crown glass >>>>> RI= 1.53
Flint glass >>>>> RI= 1.75
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COMPOSITION OF CROWN GLASS
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70% of silica [si]
12% of calcium oxide (or) lime [cao]
15% of sodium oxide [Nao]
Small percentages of following compound acts as refining materials which improves the quality of glass
Potassium [Ka]
Borax [Na2B4O7.10H2O]
Antimony [sb]
Arsenic [As]
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CROWN GLASS
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COMPOSITION OF BARIUM
CROWN GLASS
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35% of barium oxide[Bao]
30%of silica[Si]
Small percentage of following materials
Lime[Cao]
Zinc[Zn]
Alumina[Al]
Borax[Na2B4O7.10H2O]
NOTE:the effect of barium oxide is to increase the refractive index
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BARIUM CROWN GLASS
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BOROSILICATE CROWN GLASS
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• Borosilicate crown glass is used for
windows,lenses and prisms
• Transmission ranges between 0.4µm to 1.4µm
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BOROSILICATE CROWN GLASS
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COMPOSITION OF FLINT GLASS
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60% of lead oxide
30% of silica
8% of soda and potash
Small percentage of arsenic and antimony
NOTE:the effect of lead oxide is to increase the refractive index
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FLINT GLASS
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METHODS
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There are two methods of manufacturing of glass
Individual batch method
Continuous flow method
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• Six stages are common in both method
Mixing
Melting
Fining
Stirring
Forming
Annealing
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THANK YOU
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REFERENCE:
http://www.historyofglass.com/
http://www.pfg.co.za/all-about-glass.aspx
http://www.slideshare.net/Alizeeshansuhail/spectacle-lens-materials
http://www.janostech.com/knowledge-center/optical-materials-guide/borosilicate-crown-glass-bk-7.html
The principles of ophthalmic lenses- M.jalie