Manner of Reporting of Results - Malaria

8/11/2019 Manner of Reporting of Results - Malaria

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based on the patient's symptoms and on physicalfindings at examination.

fever, chills, sweats, headaches, muscle pains,nausea and vomiting

often not specific and are also found in other

diseases

In severe malaria (caused by lasmodiumfalciparum

), clinical findings are more striking andmay increase the index of suspicion for malaria.

(confusion, coma, neurologic focal signs, severeanemia, respiratory difficulties)

should always be confirmed by a laboratory test formalaria.
http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html


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can be identified by examining underthe microscope a drop of the patient'sblood

spread out as a "blood smear" on amicroscope slide

the specimen is stained (most often

with the Giemsastain) to give theparasites a distinctive appearance


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protozoalparasiteand a human pathogen

It is less virulent

but vivax malaria can lead to severedisease and death due to splenomegaly(a

pathologically enlarged spleen) Tertian (a clinical rhythmicity reflected in periodic fevers

and chills recurring at approximately 48-hour intervals)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plasmodium_vivax_01.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plasmodium_vivax_01.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plasmodium_vivax_01.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plasmodium_vivax_01.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plasmodium_vivax_01.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_pathogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plasmodium_vivax_01.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plasmodium_vivax_01.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plasmodium_vivax_01.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plasmodium_vivax_01.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plasmodium_vivax_01.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plasmodium_vivax_01.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plasmodium_vivax_01.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plasmodium_vivax_01.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plasmodium_vivax_01.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plasmodium_vivax_01.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plasmodium_vivax_01.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_vivaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_vivaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_vivaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_vivaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenomegalyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_pathogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite


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is a protozoanparasite It is transmitted by the

female Anophelesmosquito

is the most dangerous form of malaria Within the 48-hour asexual blood stage cycle, the mature

forms change the surface properties of infected red bloodcells, causing them to stick to blood vessels (a process calledcytoadherence)

This leads to obstruction of the microcirculation and results

in dysfunction of multiple organs, typically the brainin cerebral malaria.

Tertian (a clinical rhythmicity reflected in periodic fevers andchills recurring at approximately 48-hour intervals)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquitohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_malariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_malariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquitohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa


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is a parasiticprotozoa is not nearly as dangerous as that produced

by P. falciparumor P. vivax.

It causes feversthat recur at approximately

three-day intervals (a quartan fever), longerthan the two-day (tertian) intervals of the othermalarial parasites, hence its alternatenames qu rt n feverand qu rt n m l ri .

The vector of transmission of the parasite is thefemale Anophelesmosquito

Quartan - 72-hour intervals
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite


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For areas where microscopy is not available, or wherelaboratory staff are not experienced at malaria diagnosis

Immunochromatographic tests (also called: Malaria RapidDiagnostic Tests, Antigen-Capture Assay or "Dipsticks)

these rapid diagnostic tests is in the range of 100

parasites/l of blood (commercial kits can range from about0.002% to 0.1% parasitemia) compared to 5 by thick filmmicroscopy

One disadvantage is that dipstick tests are qualitative but notquantitative they can determine if parasites are present in

the blood, but not how many.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria_antigen_detection_testshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria_antigen_detection_testshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipstickshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipstickshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria_antigen_detection_testshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria_antigen_detection_tests


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available in some clinical laboratories andrapid real-time assays

PCR (polymerase chain reaction - is a biochemical technology in molecularbiology used to amplify a single or a few copies of a piece of DNA across

several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of aparticular DNA sequence.)is more accurate thanmicroscopy.

detect the iron crystal byproduct of

hemoglobinthat is found in malaria parasitesfeasting on red blood cells
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemozoinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemozoinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemozoinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemozoin


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is a laboratory test to detect infection withmalaria or other blood parasites.

parasites can then be observedunder ultravioletlight at the interfacebetween red blood cells and buffy coat

is more sensitive than the conventional thicksmearand in > 90% of cases the species of

parasite can also be identified.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thick_smearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thick_smearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thick_smearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thick_smearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet


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Manner of Reporting of Results - Malaria

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