Manipulated Genre
Transcript of Manipulated Genre
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Harvesting Chemical EnergyChapter 9
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Kinesthetic Learning Key
Green Text: title of slide Yellow Highlighted Text: Most important piece
of information on the slide
An Underlined, Blank Space = a key term
Blue Text = The definition and/or the sentence
of the key term.
Red Text: Supplemental Information
Underlined Text: Key equation
Black Text: Answer the given question
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Objectives
Describe how______ ____ serve as an energy store
Describe the relationship between____ and_______.
Relate the caloric requirements of humans to theenergy requirements for cellular reactions
Describe the workings of each phase of cellular
respiration with emphasis on the reactants, the
products, the net production of ATP and the cellularlocations
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Introduction
Harvesting chemical energy involves
_____________
generates ATP
With adequate O2 supplies food is burnt
(aerobic respiration)
In absence of O2 food molecules are
fermented
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Overview of Cellular Respiration
Glucose is broken down yielding energy
Breakdown is__________
Synthesis or buildup is_________
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Overview of Cell Respiration
Cell respiration stores energy in ATP moleculesoverall equation:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
efficiency ~40% compared with car ~25% Energy is used for body maintenance and voluntary
activity
average human needs ~2200kcal/day
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Molecular Basics
Energy obtained by transferring electrons
(Hydrogens) from organic molecules to oxygen
movement of H
+
represents electronmovement
involves series of steps coupling_______ and_________ reactions
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Molecular Basics
Hydrogen carriers (like NAD+) shuttle electrons
paired endergonic-exergonic reactions are known as
redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions
oxidation-loss of electron, _________
reduction-gain of electron, _________
breakdown of glucose involves series of redox reactions
at each step breakdown portion oxidized and NAD+
reduced to NADH
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Molecular Basics
Energy released when electrons fall fromhydrogen carrier to oxygen
NADH releases energetic electrons, regenerating
NAD+
electrons enter_________ ________ ______
series of redox reactions, passes electrons from one
molecule to next
ultimate electron acceptor is oxygen
small amounts of energy released to make ATP
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Molecular Basics: Two mechs to makeATP
Two mechanisms for making ATP
1. _____________
involves electron transport chain and ATPsynthase
uses potential energy of H+ gradient
produced by electron transport chain togenerate ATP
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Two mechs to make ATP cont.
2. ___________ ____________ _____________
does not involve either electron transport
chain or ATP synthase
ADP phosphorylated by enzyme using PO4
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group from phosphorylated substrate
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Three Stages of Respiration
__________- in the cytoplasm
__________-in the mitochondrial matrix
______________________-in the inner
mitochondrial membrane ..
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Glycolysis
Harvests energy by oxidizing _______ to pyruvicacid in cytoplasm
ten steps involved
separate enzyme for each stepalso requires ADP, phosphate and NAD+
ATP required to form initial intermediates
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Summary of Glycolysisbroken into two phases:
steps 1-5 are endergonic = require ATP input
steps 6-10 are energy-releasing= exergonic;make ATP and NADH
net energy gain is 2 ATP and 2 NADH for each
glucose
2 Pyruvate are also made
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Pyruvate is processed to Acetyl Co A
Pyruvate is chemically processed before enteringKrebs cycle
NAD+ is reduced to to NADH
Pyruvate is stripped of a carbon, releases CO2 complexed with coenzyme A (CoA) forming
acetyl CoA
net energy gain is 2 NADH for each glucose
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Krebs Cycle
Completes oxidation of organic molecules,
releasing many NADH and FADHoccurs in mitochondrial matrix
involves eight steps which results inproduction of CO2 as waste product
requires ADP, phosphate, NAD+, FAD, and
oxaloacetate
eighth step regenerates____________
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Krebs Cycle Summary
net energy gain from Krebs is 2 ATP, 6 NADH and
2 FADH2 for each glucose that started the process
of cellular meatbolism
SO.. For each Acetyl CoA that enters the Krebs
Cycle how many ATP, FADH2 and NADH are made
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From Glycolysis FADH is made?
A. True
B. False
El t T t Ch i
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Electron Transport Chain
The Electron Transport Chain is imbedded in the
mitochondrial cristae
There are many proteins involved that transfer hydrogensto generate a hydrogen gradient
___________= the process in which energy stored in theform of a hydrogen gradient is used to power ATPsynthesis
The greatest amount of energy is produced via thismethod
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Electron Transport Chain: Gradient Is Generated
electron transport chain is series of protein
complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane
(cristae)
complexes oscillate between reduced and oxidized state
H+ transported from inside cristae to intermembrane space as
redox occurs
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Chemiosmosis: ATP is Generated
H+ gradient drives ATP synthesis in matrix as H+transported through ATP synthase
net energy gain is 34 ATP for each glucose
Oxygen is the final hydrogen( electron) acceptor
Water is the waste product
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Electron Transport Chain: Issues
Some poisons function by interrupting critical
events in respiration
__________, ___________, ___________block various parts
of electron transport chain
___________ blocks passage of H+ through ATP synthase
Uncouplers, like__________, cause cristae to leak H+,
cannot maintain H+ gradient
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Cell lar Respiration: S mmar
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Cellular Respiration: Summary
Each glucose molecule yields 38 ATP
glycolysis in cytoplasm yields 2 ATP in absence of O2,
but mostly prepares for mitochondrial steps that require
O2
Krebs cycle in mitochondrial matrix produces some 2
ATP, but mostly strips out CO2 and produces energy
shuttles
Electron transport chain produces 34 ATP but only if O2
present
ll l i i
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Cellular Respiration: Summary cont.
3 ATP produced for each NADH and 2 ATPproduced for each FADH2
Don
t try to derive each one, there is stillscientific controvery about this issue
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The transporters of the Electron Transport
Chain are antiports:
A. True
B. False
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Some things to consider ???????????
Why do you breathe oxygen?
When you diet where do those
lost
poundsgo and how do they do it?
Where does the CO2 you exhale come from?