Manifest Destiny & The American Empire
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Transcript of Manifest Destiny & The American Empire
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Manifest Destiny & The American Empire
1836-1848
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Ideology of Manifest Destiny
• John L. O’Sullivan• Control of North
American continent• Protestant Christianity– Providence
• Racism– Anti-Catholic– Inferiority of Mexicans– Native Americans
• Doc. 78
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Anglo Infiltration in Mexican California
• New England trade• Sea otter pelts (soft
gold)• 20 year period-
decimated otter population
• Californio free-trade– Hide & tallow
• Pacific Rim
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Hide & Tallow• Tallow is fat• Hides– shoes, harnesses,
saddles, drive belts
• Tallow– fat from cattle used as
industrial lubricant– candles
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Anglo American Capitalism• 300% profit• Racial stereotypes of
Mexican California• Literature circulated
back East– Promoted expansion
• Richard Henry Dana, Jr., Two Years Before the Mast
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The Texas Question• Anglo settlement
(1820s)• Anglo Colonization– Moses & Stephen Austin– 200 families– Slavery & cotton
• “Becoming Mexican”• “Illegal Aliens”• Coahuila-Texas State
Colonization Law (1825)
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Tejas & Tejanos
• Mexican Tejas• Jose Antonio Navarro• Mexico & Anti-slavery– Mexican Constitution of
1824
• Indentured Labor• King Cotton & East
Texas
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Texas Declaration of Independence (March 2, 1836)
• Justifying Independence– Criticism of General
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
– Dissolves Congress– State Catholicism
• Freedom of conscience
• Lone Star Republic (1836-1845)
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The Battle of the Alamo (April 1836)
• Santa Anna marches on Texas– Failed negotiations
• Americans defeated– Remember the Alamo!– Goliad Executions (342)
• Battle of San Jacinto (April 21, 1836)– Texas Independence
recognized
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The Lone Star Republic, 1836-45• Problem of annexation• John C. Calhoun
– East Texas • U.S. gives illegal aid to
Texas Republic– Prevent Mexico from
reclaiming Texas• 1840 census
– 35,000 (Americans)– 4,000 (Mexicans)– 12,000 (slaves)– 40,000 (Indians)
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Southwestern Expansion, 1845-185315
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Mexico: The Battle for North America (1999)
• Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna• James K. Polk• Annexation of Texas• Nueces River• Rio Grande• Mexican vs. U.S. army
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The Divided UnionFailed Compromise & The
Road to War
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The Political Crisis of North & South• Economic Policy &
Trade Protection– Northern Industry &
Southern Agriculture• Nullification Crisis
(1833)• “Tariff of
Abominations”– “Artificial intrusions”
• John C. Calhoun vs. Andrew Jackson
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John C. Calhoun, A Disquisition on Government (1845)
• Two modes of “community”
1. Numerical majority– Absolute (North)– 13,527,000
2. Concurrent majority– Constitutional (South)– 9,612,000
• Negative Liberty & the Constitution – Doc. 60
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The Wilmot Proviso, 1846-50
• “Mexico will poison us”– Ralph Waldo Emerson
• All land acquired from Mexico free-territory– Sectional conflict
• “Free-soilers”• “the cause & rights of the
free white man”– David Wilmot
• Failure
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Compromise (Armistice) of 1850
• Henry Clay1. California (1850)- free
state2. Utah & New Mexico-
popular sovereignty3. Slave trade abolished in
District of Columbia4. Stringent new fugitive
slave law
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Fugitive Slave Act (1850)• Duty to return slaves– Southern honor: duty to return property
• Federal Commissioners– Northern blacks couldn’t protest abduction– Financial interest to return slaves to master
• Felony to assist escaped slaves• Impress Northerners– Northerners as slave catchers
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Northern interpretations of Fugitive Slave Act
• Slave power conspiracy– Nationalize slavery– Rule of law
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)– Escaped slaves– Northern white middle
class women– Moral protectors of
children being sold
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Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)• Illinois Senator Stephen A.
Douglas• Repealed Missouri
Compromise Line– Railroad development– Chicago (Nature’s
Metropolis)• Opposition
– Northern Whigs become Republicans
– Free-soil, anti-slavery, & abolitionists
– Southern Whigs join Democrats
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“Bleeding Kansas”
• Open competition– Popular sovereignty
• Southern advantage– Missouri
• “Border ruffians”• Lawrence, Kansas
(spring ’56)• John Brown’s revenge
attack
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“Bleeding Sumner”
• Charles Sumner from MA– Abolitionist, anti-slavery
• Slave owners-right of sexual exploitation
• Preston Brooks (SC)• Duel?• Caning of Charles
Sumner
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