Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our...

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Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper First coined by newspaper editor, editor, John O’Sullivan John O’Sullivan in in 1845. 1845. ".... the right of our ".... the right of our manifest destiny manifest destiny to over spread and to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth." its principle and destiny of growth."

Transcript of Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our...

Page 1: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

First coined by newspaper First coined by newspaper editor, editor, John O’SullivanJohn O’Sullivan in 1845. in 1845. ".... the right of our ".... the right of our manifest destinymanifest destiny to over spread to over spread

andand to possess the whole of the continent which to possess the whole of the continent which

ProvidenceProvidence has given us for the development of the great has given us for the development of the great

experiment ofexperiment of liberty and federaltive development of self- liberty and federaltive development of self-

governmentgovernment entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree

to theto the space of air and the earth suitable for the full space of air and the earth suitable for the full

expansion ofexpansion of its principle and destiny of growth." its principle and destiny of growth."

Page 2: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

A sense of A sense of cultural and cultural and racial racial superioritysuperiority

Page 3: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.

““American Progress” by John Gast, American Progress” by John Gast, 18721872

““American Progress” by John Gast, American Progress” by John Gast, 18721872

Page 4: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.

EarlyEarly

I.I. 1789- 1792 Boston sea captains trade for 1789- 1792 Boston sea captains trade for furs in the Pacific Northwest. Robert Gray furs in the Pacific Northwest. Robert Gray names the Columbia Rivernames the Columbia River

II.II. 1803- The Louisiana Purchase1803- The Louisiana Purchase

III.III. 1804-1807 explorations of the west by 1804-1807 explorations of the west by Lewis and Clark and Zebulon PikeLewis and Clark and Zebulon Pike

IV.IV. 1808 The American Fur Trade Company 1808 The American Fur Trade Company started by John Jacob Astorstarted by John Jacob Astor

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V.V. 1822- 1840’s St. Louis – the fur trading 1822- 1840’s St. Louis – the fur trading capitalcapital

VI.VI. Jedediah Smith, Kit Carson and Jim Bridger Jedediah Smith, Kit Carson and Jim Bridger mapped the Westmapped the West

VII.VII. The Trails – Santa Fe (1820), The Trails – Santa Fe (1820), Oregon(1840), California (1842), Mormon Oregon(1840), California (1842), Mormon (1847)(1847)

VIII.VIII. Missionaries in Oregon Missionaries in Oregon

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Opening the WestOpening the West

Major Stephen H. Long in 1820 described the Major Stephen H. Long in 1820 described the West as "wholly unfit for cultivation, West as "wholly unfit for cultivation, and...uninhabitable by a people depending and...uninhabitable by a people depending upon agriculture for their subsistence.“upon agriculture for their subsistence.“

Led to the Great Plains being called the “Great Led to the Great Plains being called the “Great American Desert”American Desert”

Retarded the growthRetarded the growth

Page 7: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.

The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail

Pioneers gathered at Independence and St. Pioneers gathered at Independence and St. Joseph, Missouri, and Council Bluffs, Iowa, to Joseph, Missouri, and Council Bluffs, Iowa, to begin a 2,000 mile journey westward. begin a 2,000 mile journey westward.

Between 1841 and 1867, more than 350,000 Between 1841 and 1867, more than 350,000 trekked along the overland trails. trekked along the overland trails.

Pioneers buried at least 20,000 emigrants Pioneers buried at least 20,000 emigrants along the Oregon Trail. along the Oregon Trail.

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The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail – Albert – Albert Bierstadt, 1869Bierstadt, 1869

The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail – Albert – Albert Bierstadt, 1869Bierstadt, 1869

Page 9: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.

The Oregon Dispute: The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 54’ 40º or Fight!40º or Fight!

The Oregon Dispute: The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 54’ 40º or Fight!40º or Fight!

By the mid-1840s,“Oregon Fever” wasspurred on by thepromise of free land.

By the mid-1840s,“Oregon Fever” wasspurred on by thepromise of free land.

The joint British-U. S.occupation ended in1846.

The joint British-U. S.occupation ended in1846.

Page 10: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.

Conflict with BritainConflict with Britain

Both Britain and the United States claimed Both Britain and the United States claimed Oregon which extended to Russian Alaska.Oregon which extended to Russian Alaska.

The feud was over furs.The feud was over furs. By early 1840’s the fur market had dropped By early 1840’s the fur market had dropped

and the U.S. and Britain settled on a boundary and the U.S. and Britain settled on a boundary the 42 parallelthe 42 parallel

Page 11: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.

Boundary Dispute in MaineBoundary Dispute in Maine

Britain considered the U.S. biggest enemyBritain considered the U.S. biggest enemy Dispute over the border of Canada and MaineDispute over the border of Canada and Maine A dispute over timberA dispute over timber The lumberjacks start open warfareThe lumberjacks start open warfare Settled by the Webster- Ashburton TreatySettled by the Webster- Ashburton Treaty Settles the boundaries of Maine and MinnesotaSettles the boundaries of Maine and Minnesota

Page 12: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.

TexasTexas

American settlement in Texas began with the American settlement in Texas began with the encouragement of first the Spanish, and then encouragement of first the Spanish, and then Mexican, governments.Mexican, governments.

In the summer of l820 Moses Austin, a In the summer of l820 Moses Austin, a bankrupt 59-year old Missourian, asked bankrupt 59-year old Missourian, asked Spanish authorities for a large Texas land tract Spanish authorities for a large Texas land tract which he would promote and sell to American which he would promote and sell to American pioneers. pioneers.

Page 13: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.

TexasTexas

American settlement in Texas began with the American settlement in Texas began with the encouragement of first the Spanish, and then encouragement of first the Spanish, and then Mexican, governments.Mexican, governments.

In the summer of l820 Moses Austin asked In the summer of l820 Moses Austin asked Spanish authorities for a large Texas land tract Spanish authorities for a large Texas land tract which he would promote and sell to American which he would promote and sell to American pioneers. pioneers.

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TexasTexas

Permission to settle 300 families in Texas.Permission to settle 300 families in Texas. Spain welcomed the Americans for two Spain welcomed the Americans for two

reasons:reasons: to provide a buffer against illegal U.S. settlers, to provide a buffer against illegal U.S. settlers,

who were creating problems in east Texaswho were creating problems in east Texas to help develop the land, since only 3,500 native to help develop the land, since only 3,500 native

Mexicans had settled in Texas Mexicans had settled in Texas

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TexasTexas

18211821Mexicans rebel against Spanish rule, Mexicans rebel against Spanish rule, winning independence.winning independence.

18231823 Stephen Austin establishes the first Stephen Austin establishes the first American settlement in Tejas on land American settlement in Tejas on land originally granted to his father along the San originally granted to his father along the San Antonio River. Antonio River.

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TexasTexas

18281828The Senate ratifies a treaty setting the The Senate ratifies a treaty setting the Sabine River as the border between Mexico Sabine River as the border between Mexico and the United States. and the United States.

18291829Mexico refuses an American offer to buy Mexico refuses an American offer to buy Tejas for $5 millionTejas for $5 million

18301830Alarmed at the growing number of Alarmed at the growing number of Americans in Tejas, Mexico imposes sharp Americans in Tejas, Mexico imposes sharp limits on further immigration.limits on further immigration.

Page 17: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.

Manuel Mier y Teran

Page 18: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.

TexasTexas

18331833At the San Felipe Convention, held in San Felipe At the San Felipe Convention, held in San Felipe de Austin, American settlers led by Stephen Austin de Austin, American settlers led by Stephen Austin vote to make Tejas a Mexican state, rather than a vote to make Tejas a Mexican state, rather than a dependent territory, and draft a state constitution dependent territory, and draft a state constitution based on that of the United States. based on that of the United States.

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TexasTexas

18351835 THE TEXAS WAR FOR THE TEXAS WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE (1835-1836)INDEPENDENCE (1835-1836)Mexican President Santa Anna proclaims Mexican President Santa Anna proclaims himself dictator himself dictator

When the Americans resist at an engagement When the Americans resist at an engagement near Gonzales on the Guadalupe River, the near Gonzales on the Guadalupe River, the Texas War for Independence begins.Texas War for Independence begins.

Page 20: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.

TexasTexas

Nov 1835, Texans declare that they will not Nov 1835, Texans declare that they will not accept Santa Anna’s dictatorshipaccept Santa Anna’s dictatorship

Dec. 1835 a combined Anglo-Tejano force Dec. 1835 a combined Anglo-Tejano force defeat Mexican forces in San Antoniodefeat Mexican forces in San Antonio Parole the troops on the grounds that they Parole the troops on the grounds that they

will never take arms against Texas againwill never take arms against Texas again

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TexasTexas

Feb. 22 –March 6, 1836Feb. 22 –March 6, 1836 The siege at the The siege at the AlamoAlamo

March 2, 1836March 2, 1836 -Texas declares their -Texas declares their independenceindependence

March 28, 1836 – March 28, 1836 – The Goliad MassacreThe Goliad Massacre April 21, 1836April 21, 1836 – The Texans defeat Santa – The Texans defeat Santa

Anna at the Battle of San JacintoAnna at the Battle of San Jacinto Two Treaties of VelascoTwo Treaties of Velasco

Page 22: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.
Page 23: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.

TexasTexas

1836 1836 In the fall, Sam Houston is elected the first In the fall, Sam Houston is elected the first President of the Republic of Texas, outpolling President of the Republic of Texas, outpolling Stephen Austin 4-to-1, and Texans vote to seek Stephen Austin 4-to-1, and Texans vote to seek annexation by the United Statesannexation by the United States

1837 1837 Congress refuses to annex Texas, bowing to Congress refuses to annex Texas, bowing to abolitionist opponents who call it a "slavocracy." But abolitionist opponents who call it a "slavocracy." But President Andrew Jackson recognizes the Republic of President Andrew Jackson recognizes the Republic of Texas on his last day in office.Texas on his last day in office.

Page 24: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.

TexasTexas

1842 1842 Responding to years of harassment along Responding to years of harassment along the Texas border, Mexican troops strike San the Texas border, Mexican troops strike San Antonio, because of a Texan attack on Santa Antonio, because of a Texan attack on Santa Fe.Fe.

1845 1845 Outgoing President John Tyler signs a Outgoing President John Tyler signs a congressional joint resolution to annex Texas congressional joint resolution to annex Texas and make it part of the union. Leads to war and make it part of the union. Leads to war with Mexicowith Mexico

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The Slidell Mission: The Slidell Mission: Nov., Nov., 18451845

The Slidell Mission: The Slidell Mission: Nov., Nov., 18451845

Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border.

US would forgive American citizens’claims against the Mexican govt.

US would purchase the New Mexicoarea for $5,000,000.

US would buy California at any price.

Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border.

US would forgive American citizens’claims against the Mexican govt.

US would purchase the New Mexicoarea for $5,000,000.

US would buy California at any price.

John SlidellJohn Slidell

Page 26: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.

The U.S. - Mexican WarThe U.S. - Mexican War

War against Mexico added half a million War against Mexico added half a million square miles of territory to the United States. square miles of territory to the United States.

First American war fought almost entirely First American war fought almost entirely outside the United Statesoutside the United States

First American war to be reported, while it First American war to be reported, while it happened, by daily newspapers. happened, by daily newspapers.

Page 27: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.

The U.S. - Mexican WarThe U.S. - Mexican War

Cause of the Mexican War - movement of Cause of the Mexican War - movement of American pioneers into lands claimed by American pioneers into lands claimed by Mexico Mexico

18451845 Mexico expelled the American Mexico expelled the American ambassador and cut diplomatic relations. ambassador and cut diplomatic relations.

President offered $5 million if Mexico agreed President offered $5 million if Mexico agreed to recognize the Rio Grande River as the to recognize the Rio Grande River as the southwestern boundary of Texas. southwestern boundary of Texas.

Page 28: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.

The U.S. - Mexican WarThe U.S. - Mexican War

Also offered up to $5 million for the province Also offered up to $5 million for the province of New Mexico and $25 million for California. of New Mexico and $25 million for California. Polk was anxious to acquire CaliforniaPolk was anxious to acquire California

Polk ordered Brigadier General Zachary Polk ordered Brigadier General Zachary Taylor to march 3,000 troops southwest from Taylor to march 3,000 troops southwest from Corpus Christi, Texas, to "defend the Rio Corpus Christi, Texas, to "defend the Rio Grande" River Grande" River

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The U.S. - Mexican WarThe U.S. - Mexican War April 25, 1846April 25, 1846, a Mexican , a Mexican

cavalry force crossed the cavalry force crossed the Rio Grande and clashed Rio Grande and clashed with a small American with a small American squadronsquadron

Polk asked Congress to Polk asked Congress to acknowledge that a state of acknowledge that a state of war already existed war already existed

““Shed American blood Shed American blood upon the American soil." upon the American soil."

Page 30: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.

Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846

Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.

Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.

Congr. David Wilmot(D-PA)

Congr. David Wilmot(D-PA)

Page 31: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.

The U.S. – Mexican WarThe U.S. – Mexican War

Opponents denounced the war as an immoral Opponents denounced the war as an immoral land grab by an expansionistic power against a land grab by an expansionistic power against a weak neighbor that had been independent weak neighbor that had been independent barely two decades. barely two decades.

Critics also argued that the war was an Critics also argued that the war was an expansionist power play dictated by an expansionist power play dictated by an aggressive Southern slave owners intent on aggressive Southern slave owners intent on acquiring more slave states. acquiring more slave states.

Page 32: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.

The Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoThe Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Mexico ceded to the United States only those areas Mexico ceded to the United States only those areas that Polk had originally sought to purchase.that Polk had originally sought to purchase.

Mexico ceded California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico ceded California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, and parts of Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, and Mexico, and parts of Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, and Wyoming to the United States for $15 million and the Wyoming to the United States for $15 million and the assumption of $3.25 million in debts owed to assumption of $3.25 million in debts owed to Americans by Mexico. Americans by Mexico.

The treaty also settled the Texas border dispute in The treaty also settled the Texas border dispute in favor of the United States, placing the Texas-Mexico favor of the United States, placing the Texas-Mexico boundary at the Rio Grande River. boundary at the Rio Grande River.

Page 33: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.

Results of the Mexican Results of the Mexican War?War?

Results of the Mexican Results of the Mexican War?War?

1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease).

2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)

3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.

4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.

5. Manifest Destiny partially realized.

1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease).

2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)

3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.

4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.

5. Manifest Destiny partially realized.

Page 34: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.

The Mexican CessionThe Mexican CessionThe Mexican CessionThe Mexican Cession

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Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853

Page 36: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.

Free Soil PartyFree Soil PartyFree Soil PartyFree Soil PartyFree Soil! Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men!

Free Soil! Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men!

“Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats.

Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties.

Opposition to the extension of slavery in the newterritories!

“Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats.

Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties.

Opposition to the extension of slavery in the newterritories! WHY

?WHY

?

Page 37: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.

The 1848 Presidential The 1848 Presidential Election ResultsElection Results

The 1848 Presidential The 1848 Presidential Election ResultsElection Results

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California Gold RushCalifornia Gold Rush

January 24,1848 James Marshall, a veteran of January 24,1848 James Marshall, a veteran of the Bear Flag Revolt, discovers gold on the the Bear Flag Revolt, discovers gold on the American River while building a lumber mill American River while building a lumber mill for John Sutterfor John Sutter

18491849Forty-niners heading for California's gold Forty-niners heading for California's gold fields fields network of trails across the continent, network of trails across the continent, Forty-niners come west by ship, sailing around Forty-niners come west by ship, sailing around

Cape Horn or crossing by canoe and donkey train Cape Horn or crossing by canoe and donkey train through the jungles of Panamathrough the jungles of Panama

Page 39: Manifest Destiny First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole.

California Gold RushCalifornia Gold Rush

18491849 year's end, over 80,000 fortune-year's end, over 80,000 fortune-seekers have made their way to California seekers have made their way to California nearly tripling the territory's populationnearly tripling the territory's population

1850 1850 California enters the Union.California enters the Union. Anti immigration sentiment – Foreign Anti immigration sentiment – Foreign

miner lawsminer laws