Mangrove Restoration and Coastal Erosion Management · Mangrove Forests •Mangrove trees are...

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Mangrove Restoration and Coastal Erosion Management By Assoc. Prof. Noparat Bamroongrugsa Ph.D. Mangrove for the Future Project ( MFF ) Prince of Songkla University , Thailand

Transcript of Mangrove Restoration and Coastal Erosion Management · Mangrove Forests •Mangrove trees are...

Page 1: Mangrove Restoration and Coastal Erosion Management · Mangrove Forests •Mangrove trees are well-known for their massive root structures and enormous growth rates. •Within 18

Mangrove Restoration and Coastal Erosion

Management

By

Assoc. Prof. Noparat Bamroongrugsa Ph.D. Mangrove for the Future Project ( MFF ) Prince of Songkla University , Thailand

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หวงโซอาหารในระบบนเวศปาชายเลน Food Chain

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Mangroves need fresh water for

physiological activities

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Page 5: Mangrove Restoration and Coastal Erosion Management · Mangrove Forests •Mangrove trees are well-known for their massive root structures and enormous growth rates. •Within 18

• Such dramatic fluctuations in

salinity must result in death of

some flora and benthos and

displacement of nekton, but the

long periods of low salinity in the

wet season would allow recolonization of those species

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Salinity Test for Sapium indicum

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• Through photosynthesis, mangroves absorb

carbon from the atmosphere and store it in all their parts, just like any terrestrial (land) plants. But unlike terrestrial plants, mangroves store carbon in the sediments as well. Less carbon

means low global warming,”

• A hectare of mangrove forest can absorb around 20 tons of carbon each year

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• 6H2O + 6CO2 ----------> C6H12O6+ 6O2

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• even though intertidal mangrove forests cover only 0.1% of the earth’s surface, they contribute up to 10 per cent worldwide of the ocean’s dissolved organic carbon

• Unlike CO2 absorbed directly from the atmosphere, much of the carbon produced by mangrove trees is bound up in large molecules which are highly resistant to decomposition, and is therefore likely to be held in the ocean for decades instead of being returned to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.

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Page 11: Mangrove Restoration and Coastal Erosion Management · Mangrove Forests •Mangrove trees are well-known for their massive root structures and enormous growth rates. •Within 18

Mangrove Forests

• Mangrove trees are well-known for their massive root structures and enormous growth rates.

• Within 18 months a mangrove tree can grow up to 6 feet.

• Mangroves are selectively harvested for wood, animal fodder, and absorb up to 8 MTs of atmospheric carbon per hectare per year in their root structures.

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• Generally, mangroves grow in waterlogged

soils that are commonly anaerobic. Redox

potential of mangrove sediments vary

considerably, depending on the frequency and

duration of tidal inundation, drainage, sediment

organic matter content, and the availability of

electron acceptors such as nitrate, Fe3+ and Mn4+ (Clough, 1992)

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• According to the Washington-based

Mangrove Action Project, Burmese

researchers have found that 82.76 percent

of mangroves in the Irrawaddy delta were destroyed between 1924 until 1999. That

echoes a global trend.

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Page 16: Mangrove Restoration and Coastal Erosion Management · Mangrove Forests •Mangrove trees are well-known for their massive root structures and enormous growth rates. •Within 18

การกดเซาะชายฝงอ.ปากพนง (ถาคลนลมรนแรงนยมใชมาตราการแบบแขงปองกน)

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ปลกล าพท ทะเลสาบสงขลา( ถาคลนลมไมรนแรงนยมใชมาตรการแบบออน)

Taller seedlings of S. caseolaris planted in SK lake

Wave energy is reduced by 75 percent in the wave passage through 250 m. of mangroves.

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MFF Project at Ban Don Bay

• Ban Don Bay is situated on the coast of

the gulf of Thailand in Surat Thani

Province. It covers 145 approximately

kilometers of coastline which is divided

among seven districts . The mangrove

areas of Ban Don Bay have changed

consistently as a result of marine animal

farming, especially modern shrimp farming which began in 1995.

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• Like most areas of degraded coastal resources,

exploitative use has been the sole cause for loss

of Surat Thani’s once rich mangrove forest.

While for many years, man has used mangroves

as sources of food and materials, only recently

has the phenomenon of conversion for shrimp

aquaculture, been the cause of widespread

mangrove destruction. The project will therefore

re-establish the link between local people and

sustainable use and stewardship of mangrove areas.

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• Project..With the objectives of:

• 1) Conserving and restoring mangroves in areas around Ban Don Bay.

• 2) Developing and using financial innovation to manage and restore mangroves along with the vocational development of communities overseeing the resources.

• 3) Promoting cooperation among various sectors from the government, academic institutions, private organizations and communities in mangrove management.

• 4) Promoting knowledge and skills in the management of mangroves and awareness among the people involved at local and national levels, so they value and give importance to sustainable ecosystem conservation. The project was funded by Mangroves for the Future (MFF) and operated from May 2009-September 2011.

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• The project proceeded with the plans as follows:

• 1.) Restore degraded mangrove ecosystems

• 2.) Establishing mangrove complimentary

livelihoods

• 3.) Establishment of the Bay Coastal Resource Management Committee

• 4.) Local and national awareness raising

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Mangrove restoration in abandon shrimp pond at Tha Chang sub district

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• Mangrove communities are typically zoned, with the zonation depending on a variety of interacting factors namely; physical, chemical and biological which determine whether a species will survive in a given environment. The interplay and balance of these factors determine whether one or several species become established. Some factors that appear to determine the survival of individual species such as frequency of flooding which is dependent on the tidal pattern and on the height of the shore above mean sea level.

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• This factor will determine not only how often, but also

to what depth, mangrove species are inundated

(Macnae, 1968). According to Macnae (1996),

salinity is also one of the factor that influences the

establishment and zonation of mangroves. Variations

of salinity occur in relation to the level of the

substrate and the frequency of inundation by

seawater, as well as the patterns of inflow of

freshwater from lands. Drainage is another factor in

the survival of mangroves since some species

require well drained soils whereas others can flourish

in poorly drained, waterlogged soils. This factor is

related to properties of soil, slope of surface and presence of local creeks (Macnae, 1968).

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การกดเซาะชายฝงบรเวณ อ. หวไทร จ.นครศรธรรมราช

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(พะยอม รตนมณ และคณะ มอ,หาดใหญ)

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Types of coast in Thailand Department of Mineral Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

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In the Tong King delta, Vietnam. ในบรเวณทมปาชายเลนขนาดเลก ลดแรงปะทะคลนไดนอยแตบรเวณท มขนาดของปาชายเลนโตเตมท สามารถลดอตราของคลนตอ 100 เมตรได 20 %

In Malaysia

ประมาณ 30 % ของชายฝงถกกดเซาะ ไดใชเทคนคตางๆปลกปาชาย เลนเพอลดแรงปะทะของคลน Based on studies and scientific results, the presence of

vegetation in coastal areas improves slope stability, consolidates sediment and reduces wave energy moving onshore; therefore, it protects the shoreline from erosion.

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แสดงใหเหนความสามารถของรากไมปาชายเลนในการชวยปองกนชายฝง Mangrove roots protect coastal erosion

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• จากการศกษา และสงเกตในหลายพนทของประเทศไทย โดยปลกพนธไมปาชายเลน เพอลดอตราการกดเซาะชายฝง อาจสรปไดดงน:

• 1. ควรทราบสาเหตทแทจรงของการกดเซาะ(อาจมาจากมนษยท าเองหรอจาก

ธรรมชาต) เพราะจะจดการไดถกวธ ( cause of erosion?) • 2. บรเวณทคลนปะทะไมรนแรง เชนในอาว บรเวณปากน า รมแมน า ล าคลองทน ากรอย

การมอยหรอ การปลกปาชายเลนจะชวยลดอตราการกดเซาะได( Mamgroves help at not strong wave)

• 3. เลอกชนดพชใหเหมาะกบ พนท และสภาพทางอทกวทยา การสงเกตชนดพชทขนอยตามธรรมชาต จะชวยให มความส าเรจในการฟนฟสง((Mangrove selection to fit the place)

• 4. พนธไมแตละชนด มระบบของรากทรปรางตางกน ควรปลกแบบคละกนไป โดยค านงถงโซนของพนทเชน โกงกาง ล าพ แสม ตนจาก ชอบรมน า แตหางฝงขนไปจะมพวก ตาตม ตะบน ไมถว ไมโปรงเปนตน(Mixed species are needed)

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• 5. ปลกใหถกฤดกาล เชน ระดบน าในฤดฝนสง กลาไมอาจตายได แตหนาแลงความเคมมาก กลาไมหลายชนดในวยออน ไมทนความเคม(Time of the year)

• 6. การปลกปาชายเลน ตองอาศยเทคนค พชแตละชนดมวธการปลกไมเหมอนกน ตอง ศกษาหาความร เชน ขนาด อายกลาท เหมาะสม สวนของพชทใชปลก ความเคมของ น าและความเคมของน าในดน ณ วนปลก ความถของการทวมของน า ระยะเวลาน าทวมขง แนวปะทะ

ของคลน ความขนของน า ความเรวกระแสน า เปนตน(planting techniques) • 7. ศกษาลกษณะพนท ไดแก ความลาดชน หาดเลน หรอ หาดทราย ถาเปนหาดทราย ใชพชปลกใหแนนเปนแนว ไดแก เตยหรอล าเจยก จกทะเล สนทะเล บางพนทตาตมก ขนได ในหาดเลน

หลายพนทใชแสม หรอ ล าพเปนไมเบกน า กอนปลกส ารวจ ลกษณะ คลน ทศทางลม กระแสน า( knowledge on planting areas) • 8. การทบถมของดนเลนหรอดนทรายหลงปลก โดยเฉพาะขเลนจากนากงทบถมรากนานๆจะตาย(

sedimentation?) • 9. ปลกแลวตองบ ารงรกษา ปลกซอม เชน กลาถกท าลายโดยเรอประมงขนาดเลก เศษขยะ หรอทอนไม

ทลอยมา เพรยง ปกดล าตน และหนอน เปนตน( Care and maintenance is needed)

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รากโกงกาง

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ลกษณะรากหายใจของโกงกางและแสม ชวยลดแรงปะทะคลนไดด

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ลกษณะรากไมชนดตางๆ เชน ไมถว ไมโปรง และแสมทะเลเมอถอนขนมา

ศกษา

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• การมความร เรองโครงสรางรากของชนดไม จะท าใหสามารถคดเลอกไดเหมาะกบพนทและลกษณะน า

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ทประเทศเวยตนาม มรายงานวา ( in Vietnam) ในจดการกบชายฝงทถกกดเซาะสงแรกตองเขาใจคอ: 1 ) สาเหตของปญหา เชน การเปลยนแปลงของฤดกาล ทศทางและความแรงของลม ความแรงของคลนและทศทาง รปแบบของกระแสน าชายฝง รวมทงควรรวาปจจย

เหลานกระทบกบรปรางของชายฝงอยางไรบาง( know causes of

problems) 2) การคดเลอกพนธพชปาชายเลนใหเหมาะกบสภาพของพนท( species

selection) ในปจจบนบรเวณสามเหลยมปากแมน าโขง ปลกโกงกางเปนสวนมาก แตพบวาถา ปลกรวมกบพนธไมอนทมรปแบบของรากแตกตางกนจะยดชายฝงไดดกวา โดยเฉพาะใน

พนทดนเลนงอกใหมพบวา ไม ล าพและแสม ดกวาโกงกาง และในหลายพนทพบวา ไมล าพ ท าหนาทไดดกวาไมชนดอน

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Singapore:The first stage in the restoration process will be to fill the eroded parts below the mangrove berm with mud-

filled biodegradable sacks.Next, loosely-placed stones will be placed in front of the berm as a shoreline stablisation measure.

Around 8,000 mangrove saplings will be planted in front of the stones to help deflect the waves.The saplings will also serve to increase the biodiversity of the mangroves population.

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Http://test.esmology.com/water/images/pdf/did4.pdf

การปลกปาชายเลนปองกนชายฝงในมาเลเซย โดยสรางแนวปะทะของคลนเพอปลกปาชายเลนภายใน( Techniques in Malaysia)

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Intertidal/muddy coast (modified from ARC [2000] and French [2001]),

Gegar Prasetya1, Coastal protection in the aftermath of the Indian Ocean tsunami ,FAO 2006

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Sandy coast (modified from ARC [2000] and French [2001]) Gegar Prasetya1, Coastal

protection in the aftermath of the Indian Ocean tsunami ,FAO 2006

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หลกเขตบางขนเทยนในอดตบนดน ปจจบนอยในทะเล

Photo: Apiradee Treerutkuarkul/IRIN

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การปลกปาชายเลนปองกนชายฝงในอนโดเนเซยโดยใชกอนคอนกรตวาง

เรยงท าเปนก าแพงกนแลวปลกปาชายเลนดานหลง

(ใชโครงสรางทง 2แบบ)

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ลกษณะ รากไมปาชายเลนชนดตางๆชวยปองชายฝง เชน รากไมถว รากหงอนไกทะเลเปนพพอน(กลาง ) และรากตะบน

(ลาง) Bruguiera

Heritiera littoralis Xylocarpus

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ปลกปาชายเลน เพอปองกน การกดเซาะชายฝง หนาและในบรเวณพนทนากงราง จ.นครศรธรรมราช(Planting in

abandoned shrimp ponds, NST, Thailand)

ในมาเลเซย แนวตนแสมทหนา50 เมตรชวยลดระดบความสงคลนจาก 1 ม เหลอ 0.3 ม

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ตนจากมล าตนใตดน รวมทงราก ชวยยด พนเลนไดเหนยวแนน

(Nypa Palm can help)

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ภาพการทดลองฟนฟนากงราง ใน จ . สราษฎรธาน และ จ.นครศรธรรมราช( abandoned ponds)

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ปลกล าพบรเวณทะเลสาบสงขลา ใชกลาไมสงกวา 1 เมตร และปลกชวงน าจด ถา ความ เคมสง(มากกวา 20 ppt) กลาอาจตายหรอ ชงกการเตบโต( Songkla Lake)

Page 64: Mangrove Restoration and Coastal Erosion Management · Mangrove Forests •Mangrove trees are well-known for their massive root structures and enormous growth rates. •Within 18

การท ารวกนคลนเพอปลกปาชายเลน ในทะเลสาบสงขลา พบวามเพยงไมล าพ ทเจรญได ไมชนดอนเชนโกงกาง แสม ตายหมด เนองจากน าทวมสงเวลานาน และเพรยง กดกนล าตน(Exp. At SK lake)

Page 65: Mangrove Restoration and Coastal Erosion Management · Mangrove Forests •Mangrove trees are well-known for their massive root structures and enormous growth rates. •Within 18

รากล าพในน าจะโผลเปนกอ เรยกวาฝาก สวนบนพนดนทเปนหาดทราย ไมเตยหรอล าเจยก รวมทง จกทะเล

ขนไดด

Page 66: Mangrove Restoration and Coastal Erosion Management · Mangrove Forests •Mangrove trees are well-known for their massive root structures and enormous growth rates. •Within 18

พชชนดแรกทเปนไมเบกน าในภาคใตนยมใช ไมแสม โกงกาง หรอล าพ (ถาน าไมเคมจด)

Page 67: Mangrove Restoration and Coastal Erosion Management · Mangrove Forests •Mangrove trees are well-known for their massive root structures and enormous growth rates. •Within 18

• ปาชายเลน จะชวยรกษาชายฝง ทงบรเวณพนทเคยท านากง และชมชน หากปราศจากปาชายเลน การกดเซาะจะรนแรงและรวดเรว(Mangrove protecs)

Page 68: Mangrove Restoration and Coastal Erosion Management · Mangrove Forests •Mangrove trees are well-known for their massive root structures and enormous growth rates. •Within 18

Excoecaria agallacha Roots

รากตาตมชวยยดดนทเปนหาดทรายไดด

Page 69: Mangrove Restoration and Coastal Erosion Management · Mangrove Forests •Mangrove trees are well-known for their massive root structures and enormous growth rates. •Within 18

รากไมตาตม ในดนเลน ชวยยด และปองกนชายฝง ไดดเชนกน ถงแมสวนทเปนพนดนหายไป แตตาตมยงสามารถ เจรญเตบโตในทน าขงได Excoecaria

agallacha Roots

Page 70: Mangrove Restoration and Coastal Erosion Management · Mangrove Forests •Mangrove trees are well-known for their massive root structures and enormous growth rates. •Within 18

การคดเลอกชนดของพชปาชายเลน เพอสรางแนวปองกนชายฝง มขอควร

พจารณาเชน

๐ เรมปลกจากพชรมน า ไปสพนทสงขนโดยปลกใหเหมาะกบชนดพช ๐ เลอกพชในทองถนกอน โดยทวไปความกวางทเหมาะสมเพอปลกเปนแนว

ปองกนชายฝงในพนทหาดเลน ในระยะ 300 ถง 500 เมตร ขนอยกบความลาดชน.

๐ พนทหาดทราย เลอกพชทองถน โดยปลกใหมความหนา อยางนอย 100 เมตร..

Page 71: Mangrove Restoration and Coastal Erosion Management · Mangrove Forests •Mangrove trees are well-known for their massive root structures and enormous growth rates. •Within 18

หลงปลกระยะหนงการแพรพนธตามธรรมชาตจะเกดขนเอง

Page 72: Mangrove Restoration and Coastal Erosion Management · Mangrove Forests •Mangrove trees are well-known for their massive root structures and enormous growth rates. •Within 18

วนท 11 มนาคม พ.ศ. 2554 เวลา 15:05:51 แผนดนไหว-สนาม" ถลมญปน

Page 73: Mangrove Restoration and Coastal Erosion Management · Mangrove Forests •Mangrove trees are well-known for their massive root structures and enormous growth rates. •Within 18

ความสงคลน 23 เมตร

Page 74: Mangrove Restoration and Coastal Erosion Management · Mangrove Forests •Mangrove trees are well-known for their massive root structures and enormous growth rates. •Within 18

สนาม, ไทย 2547

Page 75: Mangrove Restoration and Coastal Erosion Management · Mangrove Forests •Mangrove trees are well-known for their massive root structures and enormous growth rates. •Within 18
Page 76: Mangrove Restoration and Coastal Erosion Management · Mangrove Forests •Mangrove trees are well-known for their massive root structures and enormous growth rates. •Within 18
Page 77: Mangrove Restoration and Coastal Erosion Management · Mangrove Forests •Mangrove trees are well-known for their massive root structures and enormous growth rates. •Within 18
Page 78: Mangrove Restoration and Coastal Erosion Management · Mangrove Forests •Mangrove trees are well-known for their massive root structures and enormous growth rates. •Within 18
Page 79: Mangrove Restoration and Coastal Erosion Management · Mangrove Forests •Mangrove trees are well-known for their massive root structures and enormous growth rates. •Within 18

Thank You

ขอบคณครบ