College of Earth and Environmental

Sciences, University of the Punjab,

Lahore.

Study tour report of three days

Submitted by:Sadam hussain khan

M.Sc. Applied Hydrology 4th semester

Submitted to:Dr. Iftikhar Ahmed

Dr. Zahid karim Khan

Mr. Waqar Ahmed

Miss Zaib-u-nisa

Tour places:Tour to Mangla Dam on Jhelum River, Khanpur Dam on Haro River and Rawal

Dam korang River in Islamabad.

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Table of contents:

1. 1st day---------------------------------------------------------------------------1

1.1. Introduction--------------------------------------------------------- 12. Study tour working schedule---------------------------------------------2

2.1. 1st day 17/04/2015-----------------------------------------------------------22.2. 2nd day 18/04/2015-----------------------------------------------------------22.3. 3rd day 19/04/2015-----------------------------------------------------------2

3. Study tour objectives-------------------------------------------------------34. Methodology------------------------------------------------------------------45. Mangla Dam-------------------------------------------------------------------5

5.1. Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------55.2. Key facts of mangla dam----------------------------------------------------55.3. THE MANGLA DAM PROJECT -----------------------------------------------5 5.3.2. Main spillway----------------------------------------------------------5 5.4. Main elements of Mangla Dam---------------------------------------------55.5. Financial Benefits------------------------------------------------------------55.6. THE MANGLA WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT--------------------5 5.7. Mangla Rising----------------------------------------------------------------55.8. THE RESSETLEMENT ISSUE---------------------------------------------------5

6. Khanpur Dam-------------------------------------------------------------------66.1 Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------66.2 Salient Features-----------------------------------------------------------66.3 Seepage Problems--------------------------------------------------------66.4 Geology setup------------------------------------------------------------6

7. Ghazi brotha reservior------------------------------------------------- 77.1. Introduction: --------------------------------------------------------------- 77.2. The Project: ---------------------------------------------------------------- 77.3. The Barrage: --------------------------------------------------------------- 77.4. The Power Channel: ------------------------------------------------------- 77.5. Mechanical and Electrical Equipment: ---------------------------------- 77.6. Project Financing: --------------------------------------------------------- 7

8. Rawal Dam----------------------------------------------------------------------88.1 Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------8

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8.2 Salient Features------------------------------------------------------------88.2.1. Spillway: -----------------------------------------------------------------88.2.2. Reservoir: ----------------------------------------------------------------88.2.3. Canals: -------------------------------------------------------------------88.2.4. Drinking water supply: --------------------------------------------------88.2.5. Command area: ----------------------------------------------------------8

9. References------------------------------------------------------------------------9List of Figures:

1.1. Hydrological map of Pakistan---------------------------------------------- 12.1. view of Mangla Reservoir------------------------------------------------ -- 2 5.1. Spillway of the dam ----------------------------------------------------------- 35.2 power house station. ------------------------------------------------------- 46.1. Khanpur Dam---------------------------------------------------------------- 57.1. Ghazi brotha reservoir------------------------------------------------------ 67.2 ghazi brotha chennel ------------------------------------------------------- 7 8.1. Rawal Dam------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

1. 1st day.

1.1 Introduction:

We have started our study tour from our college of earth and environmental

sciences (CEES) department Punjab University (PU) at 16th April morning 8:00am. In front of (CEES)

department every class GR and CR have taken attendance of their class fellows. And then started

journey toward Mirpur district of Azad Kashmir. where there is Mangla Dam. We had one university

bus and one van for the teachers in the tour. So everyone took their bags and baggage’s, and on the

way we also enjoyed a lot till we were reaching to Mangla. We have stopped on the way of qyaam-

u-thaam for refreshment. There we bought some nutrients/food. And then again we started our

journey toward Mangla Dam. So we reached to Mangla Dam at about 1:30pm. And we have waited

there for getting permission from the Mangla Dam staffs about 30 minutes. There we also made

some pictures until they were giving us permission. When they permitted us, all the students and

teachers were going by feet towards hydro power station. And they have banned taking pictures

inside. So I was going with Dr Zahid khan, sir waqar and my class fellow on the way to hydropower

station that Dr Zahid was giving us some information about external structure of the Dam. And we

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were noting that information in notebook. So when we inter to the main station they have provided

us two lecturer`s for giving us lectures about Mangla Dam. So I was surprised to see the structure of

the instruction of the machinery in the hydro power station. And there was some painting also

inside that station. That was a really big station. I was noting even the name of machinery. Most of

the machinery was made of Japan, as Hitent LTD, JOMBO, MONOBAloa, voth hydro water turbine.

So inside story of the Dam and about the hydro power station will be discussed later. After that we

were getting tired and gone to the top of the Dam and took dinner there. We have eaten chicken

beryani with cocks. And upper the prayer. And then we have started our journey toward Islamabad.

There is youth hostel, so there we stayed for night. And there were some other students also

present. They were also on tour from swat city. We have took the lunch and then upper the prayer

and slept. So teachers were on top of the floor, girls were on 2nd floor and boys were on the 1st floor

of the ground. There were PHD, M.PHILE and M.SC students with us on study tour.

Figure of the map.(1.1

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2. Study tour working schedule:

2.1. 1st day 17/04/2015

The 1 st day traveling from Lahore to Mangla dam, a Lecture by Dr.

Zahid Karim Khan on soil and river bed of Jhelum River and Mangla dam and a lecture By

Dr.Iftikhar Ahmed on Mangla dam. Visit to Mangla reservoir and a lecture delivered by

Dr.Iftikhar and one other lecturer at Mangla dam and. And then at Night in Youth Hostel

Islamabad. There we stayed.

view of Mangla Reservoir (2.1)

2.2. 2nd day 18/04/2015

A lecture was delivered by an official office MR. Asim Israr and

Dr.Iftikhar about Khanpur dam on the Embankment of the dam. The dam was visited

thoroughly, And a visit was as well paid to the Margla hills in Islamabad.

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And our 2nd visit was to Ghazi-Barotha Hydropower station at about 10 km (6.2 mi) west of

Attock in Punjab, Pakistan. Lecture was delivered by mahir-ur-hman yousafzai official

professor of ghazi brotha reservoir.

2.3. 3rd day 19/04/2015

The last day of the tour. A lecture was delivered by Dr. zahid karim

khan and Dr. Iftikhar Ahmed on rawal dam, that was situated in Islamabad and a visit to

Khewra mines as well was the part of the tour, And then travelled back to Lahore.

3. Study tour objectives:The main objective of this tour was to have an understanding of nature of dams,

their working and processes occurring within them. In other words it was aimed at

enhancing our knowledge about water Sciences in an applied way. The other objectives

included obtaining geological, geographical and general knowledge. Entertainment was

as well a part of the tour.

4. Methodology: Lectures were delivered by the teachers in field and students were evoked

to discussions. And asked questions about related subject. Officials were consulted and asked

to share their applied knowledge. Close observations to the things were made. Class lectures

were as well the part of study tour.

5. MANGLA DAM:5.1. Introduction.

The Mangla Dam is a multipurpose Dam, which is located on the Jhelum

River in the Mirpur district of Azad Kashmir. As such the primary objective of the

project was to create water storage to meet the irrigation water demand of

irrigated area commanded by these rivers. It is 9th largest Dam in the world.

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Mangla Dam was constructed at a cost of Rs. 15.587 billion (US$1.473 billion)

with the funding being provided by the World Bank and Asian development bank.

The Dam was constructed between 1961 to 1967 on the Jhelum River, about 67

miles (108 km) south-east of the capital of Pakistan (ISLAMABAD). The

components of the dam include a main embankment, a reservoir, intake

embankment, main spillway, emergency spillway, 5 tunnels and a power station.

About 280 villages and the town of Mirpur submerged in the Mangle dam.

5.2. Key FACTS of Mangla Dam:

Dam Type: Earth fill

Height: 380 ft. (above riverbed)

Length: 10,300 feet`

Lake Area: 97.7 sq. miles

Catchment Area: 12,870 Sq miles

Gross Storage Capacity: 5.88 MAF

Live Storage Capacity: 5.34 MAF

Main Spillway Capacity: 1.01 million cusecs

Year of Completion: 1967

Hydropower Generation: 1,000 MW from 10 units of 100 MW each

No. of people to be displaced

by raising of dam: 40,000

5.3. THE MANGLA DAM PROJECT:

Mangla Dam is the 9th largest dam in the world. It was constructed in 1967 Across the

River Jhelum, about 67 miles southeast of the federal capital, Islamabad. The main structures

of the dam include 4 embankment dams, 2 spillways, 5 power-cum-irrigation tunnels and a

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power station. The main dam is 10,300 feet long and 454 feet high (above core trench) with a

reservoir of 97.7 square miles. Since its first impounding in 1967, Sedimentation to the extent

of 1.13 MAF has occurred, and the present gross storage capacity has reduced to 4.75 MAF

from the actual design of 5.88 MAF. The live capacity has reduced to 4.58 MAF from 5.34

MAF. This implies a reduction of 19.22 % in the capacity of the dam. The project was designed

primarily to increase the amount of water that could be used for irrigation from the flow of

the River Jhelum and its tributaries. Its secondary function was to generate electrical power

from the irrigation releases at the artificial head of the reservoir. The project was not

designed as a flood controls structure, although some benefit in this respect also arises from

its use for irrigation and water supply.

5.3.2. Main spillway:A spillway is a section of a dam designed to pass water from the upstream side of the

dam to the downstream side. Many spillways have floodgates designed to control the flow

through the spillway. Types of spillway include a service spillway or primary spillway passes

normal flow. And an auxiliary spillway releases flow in excess of the capacity of the service

spillway.

Figure of Spillway of the dam (5.1)

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5.4. MAIN ELEMENTS OF MANGLA DAM:

The Mangla Dam components include a reservoir, main embankment, intake

embankment, main spillway, emergency spillway, intake structures, 5 tunnels and a power

station. Besides the main dam, a dyke called Sukian – 17,000 feet in length and a small dam

called Jari Dam to block the Jari Nala – about 11 miles beyond the new Mirpur town had to be

constructed. There was a total of 120 x 106 yds3 of excavation for the reservoir whereas the

total fill amounted to 142 x 106 yds3 and concrete to 1.96 x 106 yds3 respectively. The main

embankment is earth fill with clay as the core material. Gravel and A-type sandstone are

applied on the shoulders. The maximum height of embankment above the core trench is 454

feet and the length is 8,400 feet. The intake embankment is earth fill type with B-type

sandstone as the core material. Gravel is applied on the shoulders. The maximum height of

intake embankment above the core trench is 262 feet and the length is 1,900 feet. Sukian

Dam is earth fill with B-type sandstone as the core material. A-type sandstone is applied on

the shoulders. The maximum height of the intake embankment above the core trench is 144

feet and the length is 16,900 feet. J Jari Dam is also an earth fill type with silt as the core

material. Gravel is applied on the shoulders of the dam. The maximum height of Jari dam

above the core trench is 274 feet and the length is 6,800 feet. The main spillway is a

submerged orifice type with 9 radial gates, 36 x 40 feet each; it has a maximum capacity of

1.1 million cusecs. The emergency spillway is weir type with an erodible bund and a

maximum capacity of 0.23 million cusecs. The 5 tunnels are steel and concrete lined and

1,560 feet long in bedrock. The internal diameter ranges between 26-31 feet. The power

station has 10 vertical Francis type turbines, each generating 100 MW of power.

5.5. THE MANGLA POWER STATION:There are total 5 tunnel and 10 turbines of power house has been constructed at point

of intake embankment at the ground surface elevation of 866ft, SPD. Each tunnel is designed

to feed two generating units. Power house discharges water into new bong canal. And there

were two types of release (1) power generation release of water (2) without power

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generation release of water. In power station different functions were performing by

different means for example the gate of spillways and tunnels are controlled by means of

hydraulic pressure system. So that water flows in the tunnels and applied a force on the

blades of the turbine. This rotates in the magnetic field. As a result of it magnetic flux changes

which causes to induce the electric city. And there were some painting inside the constructed

station as will about hydro.

Figure of power house station. (5.2)

5.6. FINANCIAL BENEFITS:The Indus River System Authority (IRSA) indented 4.21 MAF of water releases for

irrigation purpose during 1999-2000, against 5.1 MAF during the previous year, worth Rs

3,789 million at a rate of Rs. 900 per acre-feet. In addition, the Mangla Power Station

generated 3,184.77 million kilowatt hours (MKWH) of electricity, worth Rs. 955.43 million at a

rate of Rs. 0.30 per kwh unit.

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5.7.THE MANGLA WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

PROJECT:The primary objective of this project is to prolong the life of the Mangla reservoir

through improved methods of land-use and implementation of watershed management

practices in the catchment area above Mangla dam. The project, besides reducing silt entry

into Mangla reservoir, has also improved the following: ÿ socio-economic conditions of the

people living in the area by improvement of land with consequent increase in agriculture, ÿ

forest and range-land produces, ÿ increase in sub-soil water resources and perennial stream

flows, ÿ minimizing runoff with consequent reduction in flood hazards and ÿ environmental

protection of the area The total catchment area of the River Jhelum above Mangla is 12,870

square miles. 56% of this lies in the Indian-held Kashmir territories and the remaining 44% in

Pakistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Of the total area in Pakistan, only 3,433 square miles

is covered by this project, which includes the critical sediment source areas. The watershed

management practices include reforestation of bare and denuded lands, development of

range-lands, improvement of cultivated fields by land leveling/ improvement of terraces and

structural works such as silt trap storages, spillways, check dams, retaining diversion walls

and gully control Structures.

5.8. THE RAISING OF MANGLA DAM:A joint venture of consultants comprising NESPAK, Barqaab, Binnie and Partners and

Harza has been awarded the contract to undertake the feasibility for raising Mangla Dam by

40 feet. The proposal for rising of Mangla Dam was part of the Final Completion Report

submitted by Binnie and Partners in 1971. This will raise the elevation of the dam from 1,234

feet to 1,274 feet and subsequently increase the conservation level from 1,202 feet to 1,252

feet and the minimum operating level from 5.88 MAF to 9.6 MAF.

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5.9. THE RESSETLEMENT ISSUE:During the construction of the Mangla dam, 65,100 acres of land was

submerged. This led to the resettlement of the residents of old Mirpur town and the

affected people were provided accommodation in the newly designed and developed

town of Mirpur. Most of the people were accommodated however, some grudges

remained after resettlement. An important concern on the raising of Mangla dam is

the resettlement of an estimated 40,000 people living in 7,000 houses. Some of these

may be the same people or their descendants who would force to leave their

hometown for the second time. Rs. 20 billion have been allocated for population

resettlement in the Rs 53 billion project. WAPDA is developing.

6. Khanpur Dam / Lake :

6.1. Introduction:Khanpur dam one of the most beautiful dams is constructed over River

Haro which originates from Abottabad. It is situated near the town of Khanpur

in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province around 48 km (25 miles) from the federal

capital Islamabad, on Taxila Haripur Road. Khanpur Lake is a reservoir which

supplies drinking water to Islamabad and Rawalpindi and irrigation water to

many of the agricultural and industrial areas surrounding the cities. The dam

was completed in 1983 after a 15 year construction period believed to have

cost Rs. 1,352 million. The dam was named after the former Khanpur village. A

new Khanpur town is located in downstream of the Dam. It is 167 feet (51 m)

high and stores 110,000 acre feet, 140,000,000 cubic meters of water. Known

for its picturesque beauty, Khanpur Lake (the reservoir of the dam) has become

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a popular tourist destination and a picnic spot. The beautiful and serene

environment is also a sanctuary for migratory birds during winter.

Figure khanpur dam: (6.1)

6.2. Salient feature of khanpur dam:

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6.3. Seepage problems:

Seepage problem is one of the important tasks to be resolved

associated with embankment dams. Often preconstruction arrangements are

made to reduce the seepage through dam’s abutments and valley fill deposits.

The usual treatments include grouting; cut-off wall, clay blanketing and dental

treatments which are adopted to cut down the possible seepage paths. The

amount of seepage and type of treatments are directly related to the nature of

geological formations and associated structural features. For the past twenty

five years of dam operation seepage is still one of the major problem at

Khanpur Dam Project. At maximum conservation level of 1980 feet seepage

quantity is about 50% of the base inflows of the river and its increasing trend is

a threat to the dam safety and water storage. The study of the geological

aspects indicates that the major seepage paths are associated with limestone

formations and through a number of normal faults in Chohae area. Instead of

costly treatment over a large scattered area, management measures are

suggested for conservation of reservoir and utilization of 35% of seepage water

at gravity flow.

6.4. Geological setup:

The geology of Khanpur dam site is predominantly composed of

limestone formation of Margalla Hill limestone Formation of Eocene age (Shah,

1977). Associated Consulting Engineers have classified the formation into

twelve rock units given in Table 1 (ACE, 1984). The river valley at dam site is

filled with thick alluvial deposits. Series of anticline and syncline structures are

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present in the area. The river at dam site flows through eroded anticline where

as right and left abutments are synclines as shown in the typical cross section

along the axis of the main dam (Fig. 2). The strike of all these rock units is day

lighting in the reservoir from where huge amount of water enters through

contact planes and discontinuities which seeps out downstream of the dam. An

uninvestigated source of seepage is from Chohae area where a number of

normal faults are responsible for huge amount of water loss through seepage.

7. Ghazi-Barotha reservoir Hydropower

Project:

7.1. Introduction:The shortage of electrical power at affordable cost has long been identified as

one of the main hurdles to the industrial and economic growth of Pakistan. The

demand for electricity is growing rapidly and requires a considerable increase in the

rate at which new generating capacity is introduced. Presently demand is met through

a mix of thermal and hydroelectric plants. The percentage of thermal power

generation has continued to increase in recent years, with a noticeable impact on unit

cost of generation. WAPDA has continually sought to maximize the country’s capacity

for Hydropower generation and reduce the dependence upon thermal power

generation. Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project with a generation capacity of 1450

MW and an average energy output of 6600 GWh is a large, renewable and emission

free source of energy towards WAPDA’s Vision 2025 goals.

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Figure of GHAZI BROTHA (7.1)

7.2. The Project:Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project is located on the Indus river downstream of

Tarbela Dam. The Project utilizes the hydraulic head available between the tailrace at Tarbela

Dam and the confluence of the Indus and Haro Rivers for power generation. In this reach

Indus River drops by 76 m in a distance of 63 km. This Project possesses the minimum of

environmental and social impacts.

Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project consists of three main components. Barrage, Power

Channel and the Power Complex. The Project utilizes the normal Tarbela Dam releases to

provide year round maximum power generation during the daily hours of peak demand,

including the months of May and June when reservoirs of Mangla and Tarbela Dams are

historically at their lowest. This enhances the capacity of the whole power system by

providing much needed relief in the form of cheap hydro energy.

7.3. The Barrage:

The Barrage located 7 km downstream of Tarbela Dam, provides a pond which

re-regulates the daily discharge from Tarbela by diverting the flow into the Power

Channel. The principal features include 20 No. standard bays, 8 No. under sluices and

8 No. head regulator bays in addition to rim embankments, fuse plug and dividing

island.

The Barrage can pass the design flood of 18,700 comics, equivalent to the flood of record,

through the standard bays and under sluices at the normal pond level of El. 340 m. The fuse

plug has been provided to pass the extreme flood up to the capacity of Tarbela’s spillway and

tunnels equaling 46,200 comics.

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7.4. The Power Channel:

Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project holds the record for the biggest concrete lined

channel in the world. The channel is 51.90 km long with a concrete lining and design flow of

up to 1600 comics at a water depth of 9 m. It has a bottom width of 58.4 m.

The Power Channel has a nearly contour alignment with hills on the left side and the land

naturally draining towards the Indus River on the right side. The Power Channel intercepts

fifty three nullahs (natural drains) of which twenty-seven major nullahs have been passed

over the Power Channel by providing super passages. The remaining twenty four minor

nullahs are being discharged into the Power Channel through individual inlets whilst one

nullah is passing underneath the channel through a culvert.

Figure ghazi brotha chennel (7.2)

7.5. Mechanical and Electrical Equipment:The installed power generating capacity is 1450 MW consisting of five units each of

290 MW. The units have a design flow of 400 comics at optimum gate opening and 460

comics at full gate opening for a design head of 69 m.

The principal items of power equipment are as follows:

Five Francis turbines each with a 290 MW generator which together have a combined power

generating efficiency of 94%.

Five three-phase banks of transformers, each single-phase unit being 107.5 MVA.

500 KV conventional outdoor switchgear configured in one-and-a-half breaker arrangement.

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12 cranes with lifting capacities from 6 to 450 tons.

With a project which is spread over such large area, it was considered necessary both for

safety and efficiency that it should be monitored and controlled centrally. This has been

achieved by providing two independent distributed control systems (DCS) one each at the

Barrage and Power Complex which share information through an optic fiber cable link.

7.6. Project Financing:

The PC-I of the Project was approved by Government of Pakistan in July 1994 at a total

cost of Rs. 89840 million. The total cost which has been incurred on the Project is Rs. 96957

million.

The Project has been funded by WAPDA supported by the following international lending

agencies:

World Bank

Asian Development Bank

Japanese Bank for International Cooperation

Kreditanstalt fuer Wiederaufbau (KfW)

European Investment Bank

Islamic Development Bank

This Project is an important component of Pakistan’s power system. The least cost status of

the Project remains valid for the full range of sensitivity analysis performed. The Project has

highly favorable economic parameters; it has an EIRR of 22.19% and FIRR of 13.76%. The

economic and financial returns have shown that the Project forms a part of the least cost

generation expansion plan for Pakistan.

8. Rawal Dam:

8.1. Introduction:Rawal Dam (Rawal Lake) is an artificial reservoir in Pakistan that provides the

water needs for the cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Rawal Lake / Dam is a very

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beautiful lake located in Islamabad Park Area. The lake is situated in the Margalla Hills

National Park. A dam was built on this lake across Korang River in 1962 called Rawal

Dam. It has a storage capacity of 47,500 acre feet and covers 3.5 square miles. Two

canals are derived from the dam. Left Bank Canal and the Right Bank Canal. These

canals run through the Punjab and irrigate a major area. It is an ideal place for picnic,

fishing and boating. There is a terraced garden on the lake side. The highest point in

the garden offers a great view of the lake, Margalla and Murree hills. Red Onion &

PTDC restaurants give snack bar facility.

Figure RAWAL DAM (8.1)

8.2. Salient feature of Rawal damLocation: Margalla Hills National Park

Type: reservoir

Catchment area: 106.25 sq mi (275.2 km2)

Basin countries: Pakistan

Surface area: 8.8 km

Max. depth: 102 ft (31 m)

Crest level: 1,742 ft (531 m)

Crest length: 700 ft (210 m)

Maximum height: 133.5 ft (40.7 m)

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8.2.1. Spillway:Type: Ogee gated structure

Discharge Capacity: 82000 ft³/s (2,300 m³/s)

8.2.2. Reservoir:Area: 3 square miles (7.8 km2)

Maximum depth: 102 feet (31 m)

Live storage: 43,000 acre feet (53,000,000 m3)

Dead storage: 4,500 acre feet (5,600,000 m3)

Gross capacity: 47,500 acre feet (58,600,000 m3)

8.2.3. Canals:Left bank canal: length 5 miles (8.0 km)

Capacity: 40 ft³/s (1.1 m³/s)

Right bank canal: length 1.5 miles (2.4 km)

Capacity: 70 ft³/s (2.0 m³/s)

8.2.4. Drinking water supply:Rawalpindi: 19.5 million US gallons per day (74,000 m3/d)

Islamabad: 2.5 million US gallons per day (9,500 m3/d)

8.2.5. Command area:Agriculture: 500 acres (2.0 km2)

9. References: http://pecongress.org.pk/ http://nceg.upesh.edu.pk/ www.waterinfo.net.pk www.wapda.gov.pk http://en.wikipedia.org/ SLIDESHARE.NET