1. INTRODUCTION

2. Forests andwildlife 3. FORESTS AND WILDLIFE 4. If you cut down a forest, it doesn't matter howmany sawmills you have if there are no more trees. 5. STAKEHOLDERSWhen We Consider The Conservation Of Forest,We Need To Look At The Stakeholders Who Are-The People Who Live In Or Around Forest AreDependent On Forest Produce For Various AspectsOf Their Life.The Forest Department Of The Government WhichOwns The Land And Controls The ResourcesFrom Forests.The Industrialists-from Those Who Use TenduLeaves To Make Bidis To The Ones With PaperMills-who Use Various Forest Produce, But AreNot Dependent On The Forest In Any One Area. 6. The wild life and nature enthusiasts who want toconserve nature in its pristine form. But each of these groups needs out of the forests. The local people need large quantities of firewood,small timber and thatch,Bamboo is Used to makeslates for huts,baskets for collecting and storingfood materials. Implements for agriculture ,fishing and huntingare largely made up of wood,also forest are sitesfor fishing and hunting.In addition to peoplegathering fruits,nuts and medicines from theforests,their cattle also graze in forest areas or feedon other fodder which is collected from forests. 7. Water Is One Of Nature's Most ImportantGifts To Mankind. Water Is Essential To Life. Its A BasicNeccessity For All Forms Of Life. Rainfall In India The Studies Of Rainfall Patterns HaveRevealed That Rains In India Are LargelyDependent On The Monsoons. This Means Rain Falls In Only A Few MonthsOf The Year Because Of Which WaterAvailability Doesnt Increase Much. 8. Mega-projects and their affects 9. Over 400 Years Ago, Himachal Pradesh Had Started A Local System OfCanal Irrigation Called Kulhs. Water In Streams Was Diverted To Channels By Which Villages ReceivedWater. All The Villages Managed These Kulhs By Common Agreement. These Kulhs Were Managed By 2-3 People Who Were Paid By Villagers. After The Kulhs Were Taken Over By Irrigation Department, Most OfThem Became Defunct And There Was No Longer Friendly Sharing OfWater As Before. 10. Large Dams Can Ensure TheStorage Of Adequate Water NotJust For Irrigation , But Also ForGenerating Electricity. CanalSystems Leading From These DamsCan Transfer Large Amounts OfWater Great Distances. ForExample, The Indira Gandhi CanalHas Brought Greenery ToConsiderable Areas Of Rajasthan. 11. Criticisms About Large Dams Address Three Problems InParticular :-1.) Social Problems Because They Displace Large Number OfPeasants And Tribal's Without Adequate Compensation OrRehabilitation.2.) Economic Problems Because They Swallow Up HugeAmounts Of Public Money Without The Generation OfProportionate Benefits.3.) Environmental Problems Because They ContributeEnormously To Deforestation And The Loss Of BiologicalDiversity. 12. WATER HARVESTING Rainwater Harvesting Is The Accumulating And Storing OfRainwater For Reuse Before It Reaches The Aquifer. It Has BeenUsed To Provide Drinking Water, Water For Livestock, Water ForIrrigation, As Well As Other Typical Uses. Rainwater CollectedFrom The Roofs Of Houses And Local Institutions Can Make AnImportant Contribution To The Availability Of Drinking Water. As Rainwater May Be Contaminated Due To Pollutants LikeMicroscopic Germs Etc., It Is Often Not Considered Suitable ForDrinking Without Treatment. However, There Are Many ExamplesOf Rainwater Being Used For All Purposes Including Drinking Following Suitable Treatment. 13. Coal :Coal (from the Old English term col, which has meant "mineral offossilized carbon" since the 13th century) is a combustible black orbrownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata inlayers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. Coal is the largestsource of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide, as wellas one of the largest worldwide anthropogenic sources of carbondioxide releases. Gross carbon dioxide emissions from coal usage areslightly more than those from petroleum and about double theamount from natural gas Coal is extracted from the ground bymining, either underground by shaft mining through the seams or inopen pits. 14. USES :COAL AS FUELGASIFICATIONLIQUEFACTIONREFINED COALINDUSTRIAL PROCESSESCOoKING COAL AND USE OF COKE 15. PETROLEUMPetroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring flammable liquid. Petroleum isrecovered mostly through oil drilling. This comes after the studies of structuralgeology ,sedimentary basin analysis, reservoir characterization (mainly in terms ofporosity and permeable structures). It is refined and separated, most easily byboiling point, into a large number of consumer products, from petrol (or gasoline)and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics andpharmaceuticals. Petroleum is used in manufacturing a wide variety of materials,and it is estimated that the world consumes about 88 million barrels each day. 16. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: 17. http://www.onlinetest.radicesolutions.com/Solved_Problems/Biology/ManaNatural/ManaNatural1.html 18. 1. Why are forest called biodiversity hot spot?2. Coal and petroleum are converted forms of solar energy". isthis statement correct?3. Write at least two ways by which people of ancient Indiamanaged water resources?4. What will happen if loss of biodiversity occurs?5. what you can do as an individual to reduce consumption ofvarious nature resources and help in environment conservation?6. What will be the effect of increase in the amount of CO2 in theatmosphere on the average temperature of the earth.7. What are the two major benefits of dams?8. What are kulhs?9. What are fossil fuels. Give two examples of fossil fuels.10. What is the importance of water harvesting11. What is meant by sustainable management?12. What is a dam? Write two main advantages and two ill effectsof constructing a big dam