Manganese Minerals Yearbook 2005

7/28/2019 Manganese Minerals Yearbook 2005

1/19

2005 Mirl Yrbook

Manganese

U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey

February 2007


2/19

Manganese2005 48.1

Manganese

BLia.Corthr

Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Elena M. Lita, statistical assistant, and the world production tables were

prepared by Glenn J. Wallace, international data coordinator.

Air Quality, Public Health Study.IJul,thacor

ToxicsubtcdDiRitr(aTsDR)othU.s.DprtmtoHlthdHumsricrportdthrult

othridtil-ri-wtr-citrmpliititio

coductdbthOhioDprtmtoHlth(ODH)oJu

29,2004.ThODHmpld9citror15mtl,icludi

m,prtothaTsDRititioopottil

hlthimpctromirmiioroudthormrUio

CrbidcilitcomplxrMritt,OH.Thcomplxi

currtloccupidbChro-PhillipChmiclComp,

ermtMritt,Ic.,erdBttr,dsoladcd

Polmr,LLC.ThODHoudthtthllomtl

dtctdithcitrwtrwouldotbxpctdtocu

drhlthcttothridt(acorToxic

subtcdDiRitr,20051).Stockpile.ThridaulMtrilPl(aMP)

orclr2005thtthDntiolstocpil

Ctr(DnsC)othDLoiticaciudo

Fbrur1,2005,cordthpriodromOctobr1,2004,

throuhsptmbr30,2005.UdrthiaMP,thmximum

dipoluthoritormmtrilw453,592t

ormtlluricl-rdor;90,718torthhih-crbo

rrom;36,287torchmicl-rdor;27,216t

orturlbttr-rdor;2,732torthticm

dioxid;d1,814torlctrolticmmtl(D

ntiolstocpilCtr,2005).Thmximumdipol

uthoritudraMPithmximumqutitomtril

thtmbdipodiiclruthorizdbCor;thmdirromthdipoluthoritqutiti

litditbl2.

For2005,dipol(rportdl)ommtril

oucdbthDnsCtotld248,981tortocpil-

rdmtlluricl-rdor;69,967torhih-crbo

rrom;34,542torchmicl-rdor;2,964tor

thticmdioxid;d1,083torturlbttr-

rdor.

ThnDsphiclitorommtril,iro

wiht,idictdthtllitoridcrdxcpttocpil-

rdmtlluriclor(icrdb106,694t).Thdcr

coitdo308,187torotocpil-rdmtlluriclor;

49,250torhih-crborrom;11,503torchmicl

rdor;5,532torturlbttr-rdor;d2,466t

orlctrolticmmtl(Dntiolstocpil

Ctr,upub.dt,Dcmbr2005).I2005,thtimtd

mcottomitoribihldbth

gormttrdwlowrdb10%to721,000t.O

thbiomcott,thtotlrmiiitor

w94%othcurrttiolpprtcoumptio.

1Rrcthticludctiomr()roudithItrt

RrcCitdctio.

I2005,U.s.mpprtcoumptiow

timtd766,000mtricto(t),24%dcrrom1.01milliomtricto(Mt)i2004(tbl1).Dcri

morhipmtromthgormtntiol

Dstocpil,drrom,ilicom,d

mmtlimportccoutdormotothdclii

pprtcoumptio.

Mimportdcrdb9%ocottbi

comprdwiththoo2004(tbl6).Mxport

dcrdb66%comprdwiththoo2004ocott

bi,bdothtpiclmcottothmtril

otditbl5.

I2005,thpricoorroromthto2004,whilth

rpricomrrollodclid(xcpt

mmtl).Thpricomtlluricl-rdoricrdb63%itrtioll.Pricorhih-dmdium-

crborromdilicomdclidromth

hitorichihi2004b52%,31%,d42%,rpctil.

I2005,lommtrilromthgormt

ntiolDstocpil(nDs)rducdthgormt

itoromb10%(cottbi),li

itoro94%othulpprtcoumptio.Th

lrrdipol(rportdl)wromtlluricl-rdor

dhih-crborrom.

Worldproductioomori2005rob5%o

ro-wihtbidb9%ocotid-wihtbi,

comprdwiththti2004(tbl7).Chiwthldi

producroro-wihtbi;southaricwthldiproducrocotid-wihtbi.Combidworld

productioorromdilicomrob8%

oro-wihtbicomprdwiththti2004(tbl8).

Chiwthldiproducrothmrrollo.

Mitiltoirodtlproductiob

irtuoitulur-xi,doxidizi,dlloiproprti.

stlmi,icludiitiromicompot,ccoutdor

motothdomticmdmd,currtlithr

o85%to90%othtotlcoumptio.amorito

othru,micompotocrtiwidlud

lumiumllo,diudioxidormidrcllbttri.

Legislation and Government Programs

Air Quality, Emission Limits.ThU.s.eiromtl

Protctioac(ePa)iudmddtiolmiio

tdrdorhzrdouirpollutt(HaP)oridutril,

commrcil,dititutiolboilrdprochtr.O

othmtllicHaPtchothourcim.Th

ePaudhlth-bdltrtitdrdorm

miio(U.s.eiromtlProtctioac,2005,p.

76921,76933-76935).


3/19

48.2 U.s.geOLOgICaLsURveyMIneRaLsyeaRBOOk2005

Production

Ore and Concentrate.Tholmiproductioo

mithUitdsttcoitdomllmouto

miroumtrilhiturlmcott

olth5%.Thitpomtrilwproducdisouth

Crolioruicoloribric.

Chemicals, Ferroalloys, and Metal.Productiottitic

orthmtrilwrcocldtooiddicloicomp

propritrdt.Domticproducromrrollo,mtl,dthticdioxidrlitditbl3.

globMtlluriclIc.,U.s.ilicocomp,producd

ilicomorthrttimduriJurthrouh

Mrch.IMrch,PricMirlComp,Ic.cquird

amricMirl,Ic.,mchmiclproducr,rom

ImrsaoFrc(PlldiumequitPrtrLLC,2005).

HihldralloLLCpordicllproducd

ilicomdurithr;thcomprportdlhut

dowurciapriltrrtrtiitiOctobr2004,

rumdproductioiauut2005dthwhutdow

iiOctobrdnombr(Rnot,2005b,).O

M27,Hihldrditholdicomp,globlIdutril

ProjctLLC,ldChptr11bruptc(Rnot,2005c).OJur6,2006,thU.s.bruptccourtrd

toth$20millioloHihldrtoFlmProductio,

DlwrcorportioowdbUriiPritgroup(R

not,2006).Thwowrpldtoproduchih-crbo

rromdilicom(Rnot,2006b).

IOctobr,krr-McgCorp.(diiiooadr

PtrolumCorportio)puoitchmiclbui,which

icluddlctrolticmdioxid,throuhiitil

publicori(IPO)oitwhollowdubidirTroox

Icorportd(ormrlkrr-McgChmiclLLC)(adr

PtrolumCorportio,2005).ThIPOclodonombr

28(TrooxIcorportd,2005).

Consumption, Uses, and Stocks

Dtrltitomdudcrtiothr

iormtiohidictdthtmtlluriclpplictioccout

ormotdomticmcoumptio,85%to90%owhich

hbortlmi.I2005,rportdU.s.orcoumptio

idictdthtuitcoumptioomiiromi,

whichcouldotbpublihdtooiddicloicomp

propritrdt,dclidromthto2004tormirltil

miorcompotoorllmuitlmi.

Rportdcoumptio(rowiht)oilicom,

mmtl,drromdcrdromthti

2004,b16%,12%,d9%,rpctil(tbl4).Bcuo

thicompltorportitothU.s.goloiclsur

(Usgs)olutrcoumptiour,thurithitbl

rmorrprttiorltirthrthbolutqutiti.

Dtodomticcoumptioomor,xclui

othtcoumdwithithtlidutr,rcollctdb

mothMOrdProductur.I2005,

12rmwrcdthtprocororhdprocd

orithptbuchmthodrididrotior

thtcoumorithmucturodrcllbttrid

mrrollo,mtl,dchmicl.Otho12

compi,9coumdmorithirproc.Th

collcticoumptioothrmithouhttocotitutll

thmorcoumptioithUitdstt,xclui

othtbthtlidutr.Full-rrpoorbiupo

whichtotimtthdtwrobtidromllothrm

or2005,xcludiHihldr.

Thcombitioothidictdcoumptiopttrwith

timtopprtcoumptio,oro-wihtbi,

utthtmuitcoumptioitlmiw5.4ilormprto(/t)or1.9timthtclcultdoth

biorportdcoumptioi2005.Thillw29%

lththridqutito7.6/ttimtdor2004d

wrultoiictdcripprtcoumptio

orromdilicom.Dcripprt

coumptiowrttributbltoiictdcri

importothmtril.

Rltilmllqutitiomwrudor

lloiwithorroumtl,chifithlumium

idutrm-lumiumbriquttthttpicll

cotidithr75%or85%m.Mpl

importtlloirolilumiumtoicrcorroio

ritc.Thmotimporttuolumium-mlloiithmucturootdric.Othru

icludutomobil,coowr,rditor,droo(Hrb

dothr,1998,p.80-105).

Comprtilmllmoutomwrud

domticlliimld,briccolori,drcllbttri,

rtilizr,dmchmicl.Thwrmoth

momtlluriclpplictioom(Wi,1977,

p.221-323;Hrbdothr,1998,p.80-105).Thourco

muitorthpplictiowmilm

or.

I2005,domticcoumptioomordcrd

b17%to368,000t,whilcorrpodirdtoc

icrdb112%to337,000t(tbl1).Tooiddicloicomppropritrdt,thurxcludthrltil

mllqutitiocitdwithiromidcotb

dirtditod-umt.

Prices

Manganese Ore.ThUsgstimtdthrul

cotrctpricomtlluricl-rdorcotii48%

mtob$4.39prmtrictouit(mtu).Pricwr

boorblowthilu,dpdioorqulit,timo

r,dturotrctio.Thr-rpotmrt

pricorthirdoorbdowlronorth

amrictrctiopricrportdbRnotw

$3.21prmtu.Thripotmrtprichithihi

Mrcht$4.20to$4.50prmtu,dlowirlDcmbr

t$2.30to$2.40prmtu.Thpricomtrictooor

iobtidbmultiplithmtupricbthprct

mcottothor;orxmpl,b48whth

mcotti48%.Thormrtcoitdo

umbroubmrtbcuodircbtwor

ccorditouchdurrolloproductio,blt

urciromi,dmucturomchmicl.


4/19

Manganese2005 48.3

Thpricomiori2005d2004w43.9

d28.9ctprilorm,rpctil.Thluidict

icro52%iU.s.cot,iurc,riht(c.i..)pric,

or17%lththicrirobord(.o.b.)prici

itrtiolmrtcomprdwiththoi2004.

Iclr2005(april2005toMrch2006),th

itrtiolbchmrpricormtlluricl-rdor

icrdb63%romthti2004,whpricotitio

btwBHPBillitoLtd.dmjorJpcoumrwr

cocluddiFbrur.O.o.b.biordlirdurithulcotrctr,thrdpricw$3.99prmtuor

orromthgrooteldtMiiautrli(Rnot,

2005d).Thriimorpricwttributbl

primriltoicrddmdormrrollob

thtlidutrcoupldwithtihtorupplidrii

trporttiocot.

Manganese Ferroalloys and Metal.Pricorm

rrollotdtorirpotochidmd

bthtldrrououdridutri,whilthoo

mmtlprdomitlollowchidmd

bthlumiumidutr.Mrrollopricr

loifucdbchithproductmixothworld

upplirbcuthrlrlitrchbl.yr-rimportpricormrrollor

ibPlttMtlW.Thpricrbdor

mrtpotpricpruitomurmt,.o.b.Pittburh,

Pa,orChico,IL,wrhou.yr-rimportpricwr

$638.83prrotoorhih-crborrom,59.37

ctprpoudormdium-crborrom,d34.84

ctprpoudorilicom.Thpricwr52%,

31%,d42%lowr,rpctil,ththoo2004.Thr-

rpricormmtlibdowlr

onorthamrictrctiopricpublihdbRnot

orbulhipmtommtl,.o.b.Chico,ILor

Pittburh,Pa,wrhou.Thr-rnorthamric

trctiopricormmtlw89.20ctprpoud,whichw2%icrcomprdwiththto2004.

Thr-rpricormmtlw22%lth

thltlitdU.s.pricordomticllproducdlctroltic

mmtlo$1.15prpoudtthbiio1996.

Pricorbothrdorromdilicom

dclidbdodcrddmdromthdomtictl

ctordrtrupplduri2005.Mmtl

pricroirpotoicrddmdromthdomtic

lumiumctor.

accorditoPlttMtlW,thpricrorhih-

crborromcotii78%m,prro

to,bthruchdromthdo2004t$880

to$950dddthrt$710to$750,ortdcr

o20%.Thpricrormdium-crborrom

withmcotto80%to85%domilcrbo

cotto1.5%,prpoudom,bthrt78

to82ct(boutthmthtord2004)ddd

thrt48to51ct,ortdcro38%.Thpric

rorimportdilicomwith2%crbo,prpoud

ollo,trtdthruchdromthttthdo2004

t40to43ctddd2005t36to39ct,ort

dcro10%.

accorditothnorthamrictrctiopriclitdb

Rnot,th2005rdpricobulmmtl

hipmtw70to74ctprpoud,tdcro26%

romth2004rdprico95to100ctprpoud.

Foreign Trade

Ithbcodomticmiproductiodrccli,

U.s.timportrlic,prctopprt

coumptio,w100%orm,thmithborthpt20r.Thuicomprioooritrd

dtwrmdothbiorowiht.

U.s.xportorrom,mdioxid,d

ilicomicrdduri2005,whilxporto

mmtldordcrd(tbl5).Thbitr-

to-rchixportwthtomor,which

dcrd89%comprdwiththoi2004.Chiccoutd

or47%omorxport,ollowdbFrct24%.

U.s.importomdioxiddmor

icrdduri2005comprdwiththoo2004,whil

importorrom,mmtl,potium

prmt,dilicomll(tbl6).Thmot

iictr-to-rchworimportomor;thwr45%morththoo2004.Icri

thiimportubctorwrpcillotblorthorom

gbo,withicro123,000t(34%),dromsouth

aric,withicro41,000t(153%)r-o-r.

Importopili(piirocotii20%m)

dcrdto291ti2005rom389ti2004,oro-

wihtbi,withtotlcutomluo$291,454or$1,000

prmtricto.Motothimportwrromsoutharic

(99%),withthrmiiromIdi(U.s.CuBuru,

upub.dt,Dcmbr2005).

Pending U.S.-Southern African Customs Union Free

Trade Agreement.RprttiromthOcoth

UitdsttTrdRprtti(UsTR)dmmbrtioothsouthraricCutomUio(Botw,

Lotho,nmibi,southaric,dswzild)cotiud

otitioothpdiU.s.-southraricCutom

UioFrTrdarmt(FTa).Iapril2006,thprti

rdtotblihrmwororpuruithFTaorth

lortrm(OcothUitdsttTrdRprtti,

2006).ThUsTRluchdotitioorthFTaoJu

2,2003(OcothUitdsttTrdRprtti,

2003).ThFTacouldrultithprmtlimitio

oth14%dlormdutollimportouwrouht

mmf[HrmoizdTrischdul

othUitdstt(HTs)ubhdi8111.00.47]d

othruwrouhtmrticl,uchm

powdrdm-lumiumbriqutt(HTsubhdi

8111.00.49)romsoutharic.

Silicomanganese Imports from Brazil (December 1, 2002,

through November 30, 2003).Oapril13,thItrtiol

Trdadmiitrtio(ITa)othU.s.Dprtmto

CommrcmdldtrmitiothttwooComphi

vldoRioDoc(CvRD)whollowdubidiriRio

DocMs.a.(RDM)dUrucumMircos.a.

(Urucum)didotllthubjctimporttpricblow


5/19


ormllu,drultodutwouldbimpod

(ItrtiolTrdadmiitrtio,2005).

Silicomanganese Imports from Brazil (December 1, 2003,

through November 30, 2004).Osptmbr9,thITa

prlimirildtrmidthtRDMdUrucumdidotll

thubjctimporttpricblowormllu,drult

odutwouldbimpod(ItrtiolTrdadmiitrtio,

2005b).

Potassium Permanganate Imports from China.OM

18,thU.s.ItrtiolTrdCommiio(ITC)oucdthrultoit5-r(ut)riwothtidumpidut

ordropotiumprmtromChi.ThITCoud

thtroctioothxititidumpidutordrwould

lilldtocotiutioorrcurrcomtrilijur

withithorbltimtothdomticidutr.Thror,

thxitiordrwouldrmiiplc(U.s.Itrtiol

TrdCommiio,2005).

World Industry Structure

Thbul(97%)omorwproducdi10

coutri.Ocottbi,thldiproducrcoutrio

morwr,idcriordr,southaric,Brzil,autrli,gbo,Chi,dUri(tbl7).Oro

wihtbi,thldiproducrcoutriom

rrollowr,idcriordr,Chi,Uri,south

aric,Brzil,Jp,norw,autrli,dRui(tbl8).

Frcili(2006)timtdthtworldpprt

coumptioomrrollodclidb2%to

10.7Mti2005comprdwiththto2004.Othtmout,

6.1Mtwilicom,3.6Mtwhih-crbo

rrom,d1.0Mtwrd(mdium-dlow-

crbo)rrom.Morpprtcoumptio

w10.75Mt(cottbi),boutthmthto2004.

World Review

Australia.Thautrligormtrportdm

orrourcicrdb7.6%i2004to133Mt,primril

bcuothdditiooBootuCrrourcith

northrTrritordicrirourctthWoodi

WoodiMi.(ThrourcrdcribdithM

chptroth2004Mirlyrboo,olumI,Mtld

Mirl).Morrrthtmtthautrli

JoitOrRourcCommitt(JORC)codwr95Mti

2004,llowhichwrloctdithgrooteldtdpoit

owdbgrooteldtMiiCompPt.Ltd.(geMCO)

ithnorthrTrritor(gocicautrli,2005).

BootuCrRourcPt.Ltd.(ubidirosipor

OMHoldi)cotiuddlopmto600,000-mtric-

to-pr-r(t/r)mmiithnorthrTrritor.

MioprtiowrxpctdtotrtiMrchorapril

2006(ItirrRourcItllic,2005).IDcmbr,

thcompumdcompltowrhipothprojctb

cquirigeMCOrmii25%itrt(OMHoldi

Limitd,2005).

IDcmbr,ChurchillMiiPLCpurchdBlcP

HoldiPt.Ltd.20%tithmiitmttht

icludthechddoCrpropctwithiChurchill

southWoodiWoodiMprojctr.arult,

Churchillowwhollowthtmt(ChurchillMii

PLC,2005).ThsouthWoodiWoodiMProjct

iloctd40ilomtrouthoCoolidtdMirlLtd.

WoodiWoodiMi.Thhihtpriorittrtwithith

projctrithechddoCrpropct;rocmpl

collctdduri2005rturdupto51.5%m,

with57o74mplcotiirtrth30%m.

Thcompcotiudtoxplorothrdpoitithrio(ChurchillMiiPLC,2006).

CoolidtdMirlLtd.(2006)rportd46%icr

imorproductioto888,432ttitWoodiWoodi

Miduriclr2006(Jul1,2005,toJu30,2006).

Productiocpcitloicrdto1.1milliomtrictop

r(Mt/r)o48%morrom800,000Mt/r.a

rultorctxplortioctiiti,thcompumtd

ittotlmrourcb823,900tto15.5Mt,tr

llowcordpltiobmii.Othtmout,JORC

rrwrtimtdtob9.5Mtwithrrdo

42.7%m.Thicrdrourcqutto15-r

mili.

Bahrain.BhriFrrolloB.s.C.(c)pldtotrtwrrollopltiMbrtproducim

rrollo.Iitilproductiocpcitwtt60,000t/r,

icrito90,000t/ri2006(Mtl-P,2005).

Thplt,loctdithHiddIdutrilar,ithrt

oitrtdrrolloproducrithcoutr.Thplt

cproducmixollo,whichicludrrochromium,

rroilico,hih-dmdium-crborrom,d

ilicom(BhriFrroalloB.s.C.(c),2006).

Brazil.MiiJourl(2005)rportdthtthproductio

cpcitoCvRDazulMi,loctdiCrj,stto

Pr,wouldxpdto2.5Mt/rbrd2005.Isptmbr

Crlho(2005)rportdthtCvRDwoulditR$140

millio($59.4millio)throuh2008tomodrizitRioDocMrrolloprocipltloctdisimoFilho,

sttoBhi.Othtmout,R$45millio($19.5millio)

wouldrtbptoitlli165,000-t/ritrpltto

lomrtmorormorcituimill

urc.arultothitmt,productiitw

xpctdtoicrto210,000t/rrom170,000t/ri2005.

China.Torducrrollodmtlxport,Chi

MiitroFicrodth8%xporttxrbto

rromdilicomtrtiJur1,2005,

dth13%xporttxrbtommtlcti

auut1(TeXRport,2005,Mtl-P,2004).ecti

auut22,ChiMiitroCommrcbolihdito-clld

prrtilRdBootmortollrirmt

whrbth13%lu-dddtxomorimportd

5%xporttxomrrolloxporthdbwid

(TeXRport,2005b).atollrirmt,ortolli,

dcribthitutioiwhichthowroororcoctrt

cotrctthriothmtltoothrprtor,but

thrdmtlrmiudrthoriilowrhiporl

lordipoitio(U.s.BuruoMi,1996).

ThCtrlgormtoChi,throuhthntiol

DlopmtdRormCommiio(nDRC),timtdth


6/19

Manganese2005 48.5

umbrorrolloproducrithcoutrtob1,570;totl

itlldproductiocpcitw22Mt/r(twicthto2000).

som1.16Mtorrollocpcitwudrcotructio,

withdditiol1.23Mtpld.Frrolloproductio

durithrw10.67Mt,dthmoutcoumd,

xportd,dimportdwr9.30Mt,1.74Mt,d370,000

t,rpctil.Chiccoutdor40%oloblrrollo

productiod30%choloblcoumptiodxport

(TeXRport,2006c,d).

Bcuoorcpcit,thnDRCiudbulltioJul5thttblihdtioltmorpproitt-owd

rrollocompi.Thwtmwouldlorducr

coumptiodicriromtlprotctiobth

rrolloidutr.ThnDRClotthollowilimitor

rcoumdithproductioomrrollo:

5,800ilowtthourprmtricto(Wh/t)omdium-crbo

rrom;4,200Wh/toilicom;d2,600

Wh/tohih-crborrom(TeXRport,2005c,d).

aprtothpprolproc,tt-owdrrollo

producrwrrquirdtorportthollowiiormtio:

totlcpitl,prot,umbroproductiociliti,th

moutorcoumd,diromtlprotctio

cotroltpltoprtio.Pltipctiowouldbcoductdtoricomplicwithrultioititutdi

2004dcribdithsilicochptroth2004Mirl

yrboo,olumI,MtldMirl.ThnDRC

oucdthmo33mrrolloproducr

thtmtiromtltdrdoDcmbr31(TeX

Rport,2006c,d).

ThCtrlgormtoChiloordrdlctroltic

mmtlproducrithHuhroHu

Proictocoprtioiltsptmbrbcu

oocomplicwithiromtlrultio.Th

gormtllowdocomp,DoM,to

rtrtproductiohortlthrtr.Dolctroltic

mmtlproductiocpcitwrportdtob30,000t/r(TeXRport,2005).I2005,Chiproducd569,000to

lctrolticmmtl,dhdthcpcittoproduc

1.118Mt/r.Productiowprimrilctrdithollowi

r:ChoqiCit,guxiZhuautoomouRio,

guizhouProic,dHuProic.ThumbroChi

lctrolticmmtlproducrwtimtdtob156

(TeXRport,2006).

ChiMtlMrt(2005)rportdthtcotructiob

irlpriothXimiMMiiDxi

CoutoguxiZhuautoomouRio.Thmi,

withiitilitmtoy5millio(Us$604,000),wto

trtiJu.noproductiocpcitorrrdoth

300,000-tpromrrwrportd.accordi

tothTeXRport(2006),600miproducd10.75Mto

mori2005;othtmout,55%wm

dioxidd45%wmcrbot.Chim

orproductiocpcitwtimtdtob12Mt/r.

JizhounichidFrrolloFrrolloCo.,Ltd.dld

thtrtupoitw50,000-t/rilicomplti

thLioiProicutilapril2006romauut2005.

CotructioothcilitbiJul2005(TeXRport,

2005h).

ermtsabcotructioowlctroltic

mdioxidpltorllibttriiChozuo,

guxiProic.Totlproductiocpcitipldtob

20,000t/r,trtiwith10,000t/rirl2007(ermtsa,

2006).

France.IMrch,mjortrormrilurcud

dcliiproductiotermtDurquilicom

cilit;lootlt15,000twxpctd.Thcomp

mduporomothlotoutputromitnorwi

ciliti(Rnot,2005).FromauuttoDcmbr,RioDocMeurop(CvRD)oprtditrrolloplt

iDurqut50%ocpcit(5,670mtrictoprmoth)

(ComphivlDoRioDoc,2006,b).

Gabon.CompiMiirTroiRiir(CMTR)(

ubidiroCvRD)cotiudxplorimdpoit

ithFrcilldOodjrioiHutOoou

Proic.aprtoitibilittudi,CMTRb

oprtipilotpltwithdcpcito5mtricto

prhouriFrcilltthdo2005.shouldthprojct

proibl,CvRDoucditwoulditUs$33millio

iirtructurdloiticprojctddtocommc

mii;thwouldtrtiJur2007dcocludi2009

(ComphivldoRioDoc,2006c).accorditoermtsaolimprol,

productiocpcittitModMiigbowould

icrto3.5Mt/rrom3Mt/ri2008(ermtsa,

2006c).ThModMiioprtdbthcomp

ubidirCompiMiirdlOoou(Comilo).Th

comppldtopd30millio(Us$37.8millio)oth

mixpio(Rnot,2005).groproductiotth

mirportdlw2.859Mti2005(ermtsa,2006b).

Georgia.ThChiturditrictcourtiititdbruptc

procdiitgorimorproducr

Chiturmrt.Thictiowillllowthuturloth

comptt(ItrxMtl&MiiWl,2005).

Ghana.ghMCompLimitdicrdproductiotitnutMib5.8%to1.6Mti2005(Mii

Jourl,2005b).

Kazakhstan.Thprtcompoallo2000,owro

thZhirmgOkmmicomplx(Zhirm)loctd

ithkrdRio,rorizdeurinturl

RourcCorportio(enRC)iOctobr.enRCibdi

Zurich,switzrld.arult,allo2000chditm

toenRFrrolloag(TeXRport,2005).

sittrd(2005),chirmdchixcutiocro

enRC,rportdthollowiiormtio:(1)m

orrro10.8Mt(22.8%mcott)tthTur

Mi,3.9Mt(19%mcott)tthvotochkm

Mi,d91Mt(28%mcott)tZhirm;(2)totl

mcoctrtcpciti2004w700,000t/r;(3)

cotructioow400,000-t/rorprprtio(dri)

plttvotochkmMib2006;d(4)cpitl

itmtiZhirmwrpldtUs$16millioi

2004,Us$30millioi2005,Us$17.5millioi2006,Us$11

millioi2007;Us$7.5millioi2008,dUs$2millio

i2009.ThpldxpiotZhirmwouldicr

productiocpcitto1.8Mt/rbrd2006dto2.5Mt

rb2008(TeXRport,2005).


7/19


Mexico.MirautlpldtotrtitwUs$5

millioitrplttthcompTmrrolloplt

duriththirdqurtro2005.Thpltwouldhul

productiocpcito300,000t/r(MtlP,2005b).

Norway.FromauuttoDcmbr,RioDocM

norw(owdbCvRD)curtildrrolloproductiotit

MoIRplt.Productiocpcitothplti110,000t/r

(ComphivldoRioDoc,2006,b).

Russia.I2005,Chlbielctromtlluricl

kombit(Chlbi)xpctdtoproduc275,000tohih-crborrom,d125,000tolow-crbo

rrom(TeXRport,2005i).

sittrd(2005)rportdthtilicomproductio

iRuiduri2004w113,000t,drrom

productiow87,500t.Thmjorilicomproducr

i2004wChlbit97%.OaOkoorMtlluricl

PltdstiIroWorccoutdor52%d48%o

thrromdomticmrti2004,rpctil.

South Africa.Thsoutharicgormtwrdd

wml(orrm)tocompipurut

tothmiichrtrrquirmtmdtdbthsouth

aricMirldPtrolumRourcDlopmtacto

2002;thbcmctiM1,2004.Thmiichrtr,whichwtblihd,iprt,tocourblccoomic

mpowrmt(Bee),cllor26%owrhiposoutharic

miiidutrtbhitoriclldidtdsouth

aric(HDsa)i10r,with15%HDsa-owrhip

lli5r(southaricDprtmtoMirlder

air,2002).aotdithchrtr,HDsaicludblc,

poplliiimiicommuiti,dwom.

Owrhipothwmlrollow:ai

MirlLtd(Hoko)dDirltoMirl&er

(Pt.)Ltd.(southaric)willdiidthDo,Hotzl,

kipli,Prth,Tll,dyorrm;MtmrTrdi(Pt.)

Ltd.(klhriRcourc(Pt.)Ltd.,southaric),thgm,

OliP,dUmturm;Rogroup(Rui)ditBeeprtr,ChcllorHoudPitysthbHoldi,th

Both,Middlpltt,Mooidri,Rii,Roldri,dsmrtt

rm;dXtrtPlc(switzrld)ditBeeprtr,

DitwmmuMirlRourcCoortium,thBlri,

Brhim,epom,Oliwood,sto,dTirplrm

(Rnot,2005h).

Bthdosptmbr,Hihldstldvdium

CorportioLimitd(2005b)brouhtoit

mrrollourcbcolititTrllo

plt.ThcomphdhutllthurcdowiJu

bcuolowxportpric,hihlctricit,drw

mtrilcot(HihldstldvdiumCorportio

Limitd,2005).Thpltcompritwomdium-crbo

rromdilicomurc(R

not,2005i).

Ukraine.sittrd(2005)rportdthtilicom

drromproductioiUriw900,000td

430,000t,rpctil.Thmjorilicomproducr

i2004wrniopolFrrolloPlt(nFZ)(68%)dOaO

ZporozhFrro-alloWor(32%).nFZ,krmtor

MtlluriclPlt,dZporozhccoutdor65%,18%,

d17%othrromdomticmrt,rpctil.

ThdiputbtwnFZdthUriimor

producrcotiudi2005.sic2003,nFZpordicll

purchdmcoctrtromOrdzhoiidzi

gOk,thcoutrlrtmorproducr,bcu

itthouhtthwrorpricd(ItrxMtl&Mii

Wl,2004).nFZturdtoimporttomtllitrw

mtrildiOctobr2004,hortltrthUrii

ormtrulditpplipcilmuro

morimport(Mtl-P,2005c).

IdditiotoitimpwithUriimorproducr,nFZwbtbucrtitiiowrhipduri

2005.Iltauut,thDiproptroRiolecoomic

Court(DReC)ruldthtUriiItrpipgrouppurch

o50%pluohrinFZromthsttProprtFudo

Uri(sPFU)i2003willl,dordrdthgormt

torpritiznFZ(Rnot,2005,p.2).Thsuprm

CourtuphldthDReCdciioiJur2006(sttProprt

FudoUri,2006).IFbrur2006,Rnot

(2006c)rportdthtthUriigormthddth

coutrpritiztiobordtoprprnFZorrpritiztio,

lthouhithdottrcidthdiputdItrpiphr

bihldbUrocb.ThMiitroJuticcormdo

Fbrur23,2006,thtthsPFUcouldotbcomowrothohrutilUrocbtrrrdthm(sttProprt

FudoUri,2006b).Idditiotothcourtc,th

PrlimtpdlwtoprtthnFZloFbrur

9,2006;thlwwtodbPridtvictoryuhcoo

Fbrur20,2006(PridtoUri,2006).

Current Research and Technology

amomitmithcurrtlitrturthtrportdo

rioupctomdthtopicddrdwrth

ollowi:

Battery Technology.a123stm,Wtrtow,Ma,

itroducdwlithium-iorchrblbttriwhocthodrmdoutoocl-phophtmtrildopd

withmtlio,uchm(amto,2006,p.82).Th

comprportdthtthwbttrihuptotim

thpowrditd10timthliocurrtrchrbl,

hih-powrbttri.Trtdpplictioicluddcd

mdicldic,coumrlctroic,hbridhicl,d

mobilitproduct,uchlctriccootr,powrtool,d

robotic(a123stm,2005).

Environment and Toxicology.RrchrtthMdicl

RrchCoucilItitutoreiromt(Uirito

Lictr,eld)dthItitutoOccuptiolMdici

rcommddrpirblmlimito0.1millirm

prcubicmtr(m/m3),dupplmtrrpirbl

limito0.5m/m3icwhrtroittilxpouri

iicttrihltio,orworrxpodtoioric

ormom.ahort-trmoccuptiolxpourlimit

iotrquird(ItitutoreiromtdHlth/Itituto

OccuptiolMdici,2004).

WcodMcBrid(2004)rportdothhlthct

dicriumbroworrlwuitithUitdstt

rultiromoccuptiolxpourtomrom

wldi.


8/19

Manganese2005 48.7

Manganese Ocean Nodules.ThUitdntio

Itrtiolsbdauthorit(Isa)(2005)drrd

coidrtioddoptioowrultioorith

xplortioodpbdordpoituchpolmtllic

uldoduldcoblt-richiro-mcrut.a

thitrtpiclliitrtiolwtr,thIsah

btritodlopcomplxrultiodliwithll,

bui,diromtliurrdithirmiid

drdi(MiiJourl,2005c).

Pyrometallurgy.kumbRourcLimitducculldmotrtditwallostrmtcholotoproduc

rromdirctlrommortitPrtori,

southaric,pilotplt.Thuouchorwprioul

limitdbxitimltitcholoi(kumbRourc

Limitd,2006).Thallostrmtcholorportdllowr

thcotorromproductiob30%to50%bui

chprrducttdllctricpowrthcotiol

tcholo(MtlPlc,2006).

Outlook

Thtrdodomticdlobldmdormi

xpctdtoollowclolthtotlproductio,orwhichthcombidulrowthrthbtpicllithro

1%to2%ithUitdstt.althouhrowthrtorom

omtlluriclcompotomdmd,pcill

bttri,mbhihrthortlproductio,thiitutio

willholmiorctoorllmdmd.

Dtilothoutlooorthtlidutrrdicudi

thOutlooctioothIrodstlchptroth2005

UsgsMirlyrboo,olumI,MtldMirl.

Rwtlproductiodcrdb5%ithUitdstt

whilicri6%lobllromthti2004.accordi

tothItrtiolIrodstlItitut,worldpprt

coumptiooihdtlproducticrdb4.1%to

1,013Mti2005romthti2004(ItrtiolIrodstlItitut,2006).Thiicrwprimrilttributdtotl

coumptioiai,prticulrliChi.aiccoutdor

55%otlcoumdworldwidi2005,up10.1%to554.9

Mtromthti2004.Chilocoumd315Mt,16.7%

icrromthtothpriorr.stlcoumptioi2005

wloupiaric,thCommowlthoIdpdt

stt,dthMiddlet.

aidcdi2005,mpprtcoumptio

dootlwtrctlproductioprcilbcuo

thifucoumurdchitocom

mtril,uchthooimportrdcoumr.Th

ctothimoutwihchidmdbtlmr

dmxpliwhoromrclcultdpprt

coumptiohowdpoitiortiditioromtht

whichcouldbtimtdothbiotlproductio.

Dmdormmtlcomprimrilromth

lumiumidutrollowdbthtlidutr.Thoutloo

orthlumiumidutridicudithOutlooctioo

thalumiumchptroth2005UsgsMirlyrboo,

olumI,MtldMirl.

DmdoreMDcomromthprimrdcodr

bttridutri.arouhidictoroeMDdmd,U.s.

dmdorprimrdcodrbttriiprojctdto

icr5.9%ullthrouh2009to$14.8billio.Otht

mout,codrbttrdmdw65%.scodrbttr

lwrorcttoritrththooprimrbttri,

tulrto6.5%comprdwith5.0%orprimr

bttri,owiiprttotrorowthithuohih-

driportbllctroicproduct(Frdoigroup,Ic.,Th,

2005).

References Cited

amto,I,2006,Thrtuplui:Chmicl&eirinw,.84

o.7,Fbrur13,p.79-82.

ChiMtlMrt,2005,Cotructioo300,000tmmitrtdi

guxi:ChiMtlMrt(Prciou&MiorMtl),o.62,april5,

p.15.

DntiolstocpilCtr,2005,aulmtrilplorFy2005

[rid]:FortBloir,va,DntiolstocpilCtrwrl,

Fbrur1,2p.

Hrb,Ptr,Rlih,Chrl,dHrri,Jtt,1998,Mu&

mrt:Lodo,Uitdkidom,IdutrilMirlIormtioLtd.,

110p.

ItrxMtl&MiiWl,2004,Uritoprobmor

import:ItrxMtl&MiiWl,.13,iu15,april9-15,p.21.

ItrxMtl&MiiWl,2005,Chiturmrtibruptc:

ItrxMtl&MiiWl,.14,iu3,Jur14-20,p.24.ItrtiolTrdadmiitrtio,2005,silicomromBrzilFil

rultotidumpidutdmiitrtiriw:FdrlRitr,.70,o

70,april13,p.19418-19419.

ItrtiolTrdadmiitrtio,2005b,silicomrom

BrzilPrlimirrultotidumpidutdmiitrtiriw:

FdrlRitr,.70,o.174,sptmbr9,p.53628-53631.

MiiJourl,2005,MxpiopliBrzildgbo:

MiiJourl,M20,p.5.

MiiJourl,2005b,MiiighMorthold:MiiJourl,

nombr18,p.27.

MiiJourl,2005c,Unpotpodp-miirultio:Mii

Jourl,sptmbr9,p.3.

Rnot,2005,FurthrlidiMCFMpricniopoltob

rpritizd:Rnot,.11,o.11,Mrch14,p.1.

Rnot,2005b,HihrUshih-crboFMpricHihldr

hditowrdliquidtio:Rnot,.11,o.45,nombr7,p.1.Rnot,2005c,MllourplurowHihldrclotr

liorchp.11:Rnot,.11,o.23,Ju6,p.1-2.

Rnot,2005d,MorpiorMllollr:Rnot,.11,o.

10,Mrch7,p.2-3.

Rnot,2005,Puhorilicomtniopoliupor

rb:Rnot,.11,o.36,sptmbr5,p.1-3.

Rnot,2005,slidiMllopriccotiu:Rnot,.11,o.

20,M16,p.1.

Rnot,2005,smobutoriilicom:Rnot,.

11,o.17,april25,p.2-3.

Rnot,2005h,southaricihMl:Rnot,.11,o.

30,Jul25,p.2-3.

Rnot,2005i,TrllocloBurpullout:Rnot,.11,

o.28,Jul11,p.2.

Rnot,2006,Bulpricrmrorow:Rnot,.12,o.3,

Jur16,p.1-2.Rnot,2006b,HihldrtoproducsiMdHCFMCourt

dciiooniopolt:Rnot,.12,o.4,Jur23,p.2.

Rnot,2006c,Rumorwirlroudniopol:Rnot,.12,o.4,

Jur23,p.2.

TeXRport,2005,allo2000chitmtoenRFrrollo:TeX

Rport,.37,o.8864,Octobr19,p.6.

TeXRport,2005b,Chibolihtoiurdboorom22dauut2005:

TeXRport,.37,o.8819,auut10,p.2.

TeXRport,2005c,Chiormtitroductmotiolppro

torrollotrpri:TeXRport,.37,o.8807,Jul25,p.4.

TeXRport,2005d,Chiormtiuwbulltitott-owd

rrollocompi:TeXRport,.37,o.8804,Jul20,p.2.


9/19


TeXRport,2005,Chimmtliitttotopwor:TeX

Rport,.37,o.8813,auut2,p.1.

TeXRport,2005,DoMrumtoproducM-mtiHuh

arChi:TeXRport,.37,o.8866,Octobr21,p.2.

TeXRport,2005,kzhtitdtodlopmmi:TeX

Rport,.37,o.8777,Ju10,p.2.

TeXRport,2005h,nippoDooprtrro-llopltiChirom

april2006:TeXRport,.37,o.8827,auut24,p.2.

TeXRport,2005i,stctowrdlorJptbChlbi/Rui

rmiuchd:TeXRport,.37,o.8860,Octobr13,p.2.

TeXRport,2006,Chiproducd570,000toolctrolticm

mtliCy2005:TeXRport,.38,o.9008,M29,p.1.

TeXRport,2006b,grlriwomrro-lloi2005ditoutlooorwr:TeXRport,.38,o.8919,Jur18,p.4-5.

TeXRport,2006c,Lito70compihipdiromtltdrd

toproducrro-lloiChi(1):TeXRport,.38,o.8922,Jur23,

p.6-7.

TeXRport,2006d,ntiolDlopmtdRormCommitt/Chirduc

cilitiorrro-llo(1):TeXRport,.38,o.8990,april,28,p.1.

U.s.BuruoMi,comp.dd.,1996,Dictioromii,mirl,

drltdtrm(2dd.):U.s.BuruoMispcilPublictio96-1

CD-ROM.

U.s.eiromtlProtctioac,2005,ntiolmiiotdrdor

hzrdouirpolluttoridutril,commrcil,dititutiolboilr

dprochtrRcoidrtiodlrul:FdrlRitr,.70,

o.248,Dcmbr28,p.76918-76935.

Wi,s.a.,1977,MThothru:Lodo,Uitdkidom,

MtlBulltiBoo,Ltd.,360p.

Wco,Joh,dMcBrid,Mr,2004,Mxpourromwldiamrilibilitri:eiromtlClimJourl,.16,

o.2,spri,p.117-134.

Internet References Cited

a123stm,2005(nombr2),a123stmuillithium-iobttr

tcholothtdliruprcdtdllopowr,t,dli,

ccdsptmbr15,2006,tURLhttp://www.123tm.com/html/

w/rticl/051102_pr.html.

acorToxicsubtcdDiRitr,2005(Jul18),Hlth

coulttioWrrTowhip(WhitoCout,OH)citrmpli

ititio,ccdauut31,2006,tURLhttp://www.tdr.cdc.o/

HaC/PHa/WrrTwhipCitr/WrrTowhipCitrHC.pd.

adrPtrolumCorportio,2005(Octobr6),Orii4thqurtr

[TrooxIcorportd,wholl-owdubidirokrr-McgCorportio],ccdsptmbr1,2006,tURLhttp://www.dro.com/

itor_rltio/w_rl_dtil.p?lctdcomp=1&id=764890

&compid=1.

BhriFrroalloB.s.C.(c),2006,Prol,ccdapril14,2006,tURL

http://www.b.com.bh/prol.p.

Crlho,Dil,2002(sptmbr12),CvRDbimodriztioo

muit,gztMrctil,ccdsptmbr30,2005,iURL

http://www.crd.com.br.

ChurchillMiiPLC,2005,acquiitioormii20%itrti

xplortiolice46/599,ccdJur1,2006,tURL

http://www.churchillmii.com/pd/28_12_05mdirl.pd.

ChurchillMiiPLC,2006,ThprojctsouthWoodiWoodim

projct,ccdOctobr6,2006,tURLhttp://www.churchillmii.com/

projct1.html.

ComphivldoRioDoc,2006(M25),2005ulrport,ccd

Octobr6,2006,tURLhttp://www.crd.com.br/crd_u/mdi/20F_2005_i.pd.

ComphivldoRioDoc,2006b(Mrch6),2005productiorport,

ccdOctobr6,2006,tURLhttp://www.crd.com.br/crd_u/mdi/

PRePORT4T05I.pd.

ComphivldoRioDoc,2006c(udtd),HdliCvRDiti

mirlpropctiocmpiigbo,ccdOctobr6,2006,iURL

http://www.crd.com.br/.

CoolidtdMirlLtd.,2006(sptmbr8),2006cociulrport,

ccdOctobr6,2006,tURLhttp://www.comirl.com.u/uror/

t/ur_cott/Fil/Fy2006%20aul%20Rport%20Coci.pd

ermtsa,2006(udtd),ermtulrport2005,ccdOctobr16,

2006,iURLhttp://www.rmt.r/u.

ermtsa,2006b(Fbrur2),ermtgroupTuroruprl8%ith

ull-r2005,ccdapril13,2006,tURLhttp://www.rmt.r/u/

ctioir/comm_pr.php#.

ermtsa,2006c,OurbuiMProl,ccdOctobr6,

2006,tURLhttp://www.rmt.r/u/sit/Tmplt/T1.px?seLeCTID=1

08&ID=96.

Frcili,Dmi,2006(Ju12),globlMidutroriw,ccd

auut25,2006,tURLhttp://www.m.or/dmi/t_doc/

10_Frcili_aC2006.pd.

Frdoigroup,Ic.,Th,2005(M27),Usbttrdmdtorch$14.8

billioi2009,PrRl,ccdOctobr15,2005,iURL

http://www.th-iohop.com/pr/d29495-.html.

gocicautrli,2005,autrliidtidmirlrourc2005,ccdOctobr6,2006,tURLhttp://www.utrlimitl.o.u/

io/imr/m_or.jp.

HihldstldvdiumCorportioLimitd,2005(auut1),Itrim

rportorthixmothto30Ju2005,ccdOctobr10,2006,tURL

http://www.hihldtl.co.z/cil/Fil/Itrim2005.pd.

HihldstldvdiumCorportioLimitd,2005b(nombr14),

Rportorthimothto30sptmbr2005dtrdittmt,

ccdOctobr10,2006,tURLhttp://www.hihldtl.co.z/cil/

Fil/Itrim2005sp.pd.

ItitutoreiromtdHlth/ItitutoOccuptiolMdici,2004

(Octobr),OccuptiolxpourlimitCritridocumtorm

dioricmcompoud,ccdsptmbr15,2006,tURL

http://www.ilo.crld.c.u/ih/pd/w17.pd.

ItrtiolIrodstlItitut,2006(april25),shortroutlooor

ihdtlproductcormcotiudtrorowth,ccdauut7

2006,tURLhttp://www.tlotht.com/pd/IIsI_Mdi_Rl_25-apr-06.pd.

Itrtiolsbdauthorit,2005(auut24),Itrtiolsbd

authoritcocludlthioDrctioomiditm,

thwmiicod,ccdsptmbr15,2006,iURL

http://www.i.or.jm//.

ItirrRourcItllic,2005(nombr8),OMHoldicur

a$20Mccilit,ccdnombr9,2006,iURL

http://www.itirr.com.

kumbRourcLimitd,2006(Mrch2),aulrport2005,ccd

sptmbr15,2006,tURLhttp://www.umbrourc.com/cott/

rult/kumbulrport2005/rowth.htm.

Mtl-P,2004(Dcmbr29),Chicormrbtrmol,ccd

Dcmbr29,2004,iURLhttp://www.mtl-p.com.

Mtl-P,2005(april13),BhriFrroalloMtrt,ccd

april14,2005,iURLhttp://www.mtl-p.com.

Mtl-P,2005b(Fbrur9),nwpltorMirautl,ccd

Fbrur9,2005,iURLhttp://www.mtl-p.com.

Mtl-P,2005c(Mrch30),UriiMxportur,ccdMrch30

2005,iURLhttp://www.mtl-p.com.

MtlPlc,2006(Jul6),southaricnwcot-itcholouloc

loclpottilom,ccdsptmbr15,2006,tURL

http://mtlplc.com/mtlw/?=5942.

OcothUitdsttTrdRprtti,2003,U.s.-saCU[pdi]

rtrdrmtsummr,ccdJu25,2004,tURL

http://www.utr.o/w/t/cu.htm.

OcothUitdsttTrdRprtti,2006(M),2006

ComprhirportoU.s.trdditmtpolictowrdub-

shraricdimplmttiootharicgrowthdOpportuit

act,ccdJul11,2006,iURLhttp://www.utr.o.

OMHoldiLimitd,2005(Dcmbr23),CompltioogeMCO

cquiitiodiormmtppoitmt,ccdJur5,2005,

iURLhttp://www.omholdiltd.com.

PlldiumequitPrtr,LLC,2005(Mrch23),PricMirlComp,

Ic.(Pric),oucdtodthtithcquirdthbuidt

oamricMirl,Ic.(aMI),ccdsptmbr1,2006,tURL

http://www.plldiumquit.com/pr_3-23-2005.p.

PridtoUri,2006(Fbrur20),PridttonFPlw,ccd

Octobr13,2006,tURLhttp://www.pridt.o.u//w/dt/

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10/19

Manganese2005 48.9

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TABLE 1

SALIENT MANGANESE STATISTICS1

(Thousand metric tons, gross weight, unless otherwise specified)

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

United States:

Manganese ore (35% or more Mn):

Exports 9 15 18 123 13

Imports for consumption 358 427 347 451 656

Consumption2 425 360 398 441 368

Stocks, December 31, consumers2 138 151 156 159 337

Ferromanganese:

Exports 9 9 11 9 14

Imports for consumption 251 275 238 429 255

Consumption 266 253 248 315 286

Stocks, December 31, consumers and producers 25 21 20 25 r 30

Consumption, apparent, manganese content3 692 696 643 1,010 r 766

Ore price, c.i.f.4

U.S. ports, dollars per metric ton unit 2.44 2.30 2.41 2.89 4.39

World, production of manganese ore 20,900 22,200 r 24,100 r 27,700 r 29,100e

eEstimated.

rRevised.

1Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits.

2Exclusive of iron and steel plants.

3

Based on estimates of average content for all significant components except imports, for which content is reported.4Cost, insurance, and freight.

TABLE 2

U.S. GOVERNMENT DISPOSAL AUTHORITIES AND INVENTORIES FOR MANGANESE MATERIALS

AS OF YEAREND 20051

(Metric tons, gross weight)

Physical inventorye

Uncommitted Sold,

Disposal Stockpile Nonstockpile pending GrandMaterial authority grade grade Total shipment total

Synthetic manganese dioxide -- -- -- -- 266 266

Natural battery ore -- -- -- -- 18,400 18,400

Chemical ore -- -- -- -- 27,000 27,000

Metallurgical ore 144,000 -- 144,000 144,000 265,000 409,000

High-carbon ferromanganese 612,000 612,000 -- 612,000 14,900 627,000

Electrolytic metal -- -- -- -- -- --eEstimated. -- Zero.

1Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

Source: Defense National Stockpile Center.


11/19


TABLE 3

DOMESTIC PRODUCERS OF MANGANESE PRODUCTS IN 2005

Products1

Company Plant location FeMn SiMn MnO2 Type of process

Energizer Holdings, Inc., Eveready Battery Co. Marietta, OH X Electrolytic.

Erachem Comilog Baltimore, MD X Chemical.

Do. New Johnsonville, TN X Electrolytic.

Eramet Marietta Inc. Marietta, OH X X Electric furnace.

Globe Metallurgical, Inc.2 Beverly, OH X Do.

Hi hlanders Allo s LLC3 New Haven, WV X Do.

Tronox LLC Henderson, NV X Electrolytic.1FeMn, ferromanganese; SiMn, silicomanganese; MnO2, synthetic manganese dioxide.

2Globe produced SiMn from January through March 2005.

3Product information obtained from various industry trade publications.

TABLE 4

U.S. CONSUMPTION, BY END USE, AND INDUSTRY STOCKS OF MANGANESE FERROALLOYS AND METAL IN 20051


Ferromanganese

Medium and Manganese

End use High carbon low carbon Total Silicomanganese metal

Steel:

Carbon 128,000 82,700 211,000 52,400 793

High-strength, low-alloy 16,600 7,100 23,700 3,440 11

Stainless and heat-resisting 7,700 1,140 8,850 13,600 1,220

Full alloy 17,300 5,300 22,600 19,400 25

Unspecified2 1,210 72 1,290 736 1,690

Total 171,000 96,300 267,000 89,600 3,740Cast irons 6,750 505 7,260 440 5

Superalloys W W W -- W

Alloys (excluding alloy steels and superalloys) 522 330 852 2,980 14,600

Miscellaneous and unspecified W W (3) W

Total consumption 183,000 103,000 286,000 93,000 4 18,300

Total manganese content5 143,000 82,300 225,000 61,400 18,300

Stocks, December 31, consumers and producers 10,800 19,600 30,300 8,330 2,500

W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; included with "Alloys (excluding alloy steels and superalloys)." -- Zero.1Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

2Includes electrical and tool steel.

3Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.

4Internal evaluation indicates that silicomanganese consumption is considerably understated.

5Estimated based on typical percent manganese content.


12/19

Manganese2005 48.11

TABLE 5

U.S. EXPORTS OF MANGANESE ORE, FERROALLOYS, AND METAL, BY COUNTRY1

2004 2005

Quantity, Value, Quantity, Value,

gross weight f.a.s.2 gross weight f.a.s.

2

Country (metric tons) (thousands) (metric tons) (thousands)

Ore and concentrates with 20% or more manganese:

Brazil 1,090 $137 -- --

Canada 5,130 1,450 3,000 $893

China 89,000 5,360 6,390 1,820

France 242 119 3,300 99

Germany 10,900 2,320 172 407

Italy 74 36 -- --

Netherlands 6,240 808 -- --

Norway 1,790 430 -- --

Sweden 1,660 334 94 244

United Kingdom 4,010 410 -- --

Other 2,870 1,010 511 480

Total 123,000 12,400 13,500 3,940

Ferromanganese, all grades:

Canada 6,230 6,400 10,400 12,000

Mexico 458 660 4,070 2,850

Venezuela 390 764 -- --Other 2,040 2,810 30 39

Total 9,118 10,634 14,500 14,889

Silicomanganese:

Canada 46 53 300 351

Mexico 277 314 359 409

Other 179 265 240 457

Total 502 632 899 1,220

Metal, including alloys and waste and scrap:

Belgium 318 733 1,100 1,590

Canada 824 1,980 273 805

Japan 730 1,290 564 1,170

Mexico 273 605 197 435

Sweden 186 125 124 87

Other 458 1,360 420 1,880

Total 2,790 6,090 2,670 5,960

Manganese dioxide:

Belgium 256 302 292 368

Canada 1,960 890 3,400 1,630

Israel 210 345 67 85

Mexico 400 327 635 641

United Kingdom 170 205 19 19

Other 1,000 1,610 1,490 2,290

Total 4,000 3,680 5,900 5,030

-- Zero.1Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

2Free alongside ship.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.


13/19


TABLE 6

U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF MANGANESE ORE, FERROALLOYS, METAL, AND SELECTED CHEMICALS, BY COUNTRY1

2004 2005

Quantity Value, Quantity Value,

Gross weight Mn content customs Gross weight Mn content customs

Country (metric tons) (metric tons) (thousands) (metric tons) (metric tons) (thousands)

Ore and concentrates with 20% or more manganese:

All grades:

Australia 52,400 27,700 $5,550 41,100 21,300 $5,700

Gabon 363,000 188,000 28,200 485,000 252,000 39,100

Mexico 4,400 1,640 385 8,810 4,320 1,030

South Africa 26,900 13,200 2,070 68,000 33,100 7,170

Other 4,940 2,840 1,570 52,900 23,200 5,170

Total 451,000 234,000 37,700 656,000 334,000 58,200

More than 20% but less than 47% manganese:

Gabon 1,540 706 439 4,060 2 4,950 2 1,180

Mexico 4,400 1,640 385 8,810 4,320 1,030

Other 18 8 8 31,300 11,500 3.21

Total 5,950 2,360 832 44,100 20,800 4,200

47% or more manganese:

Australia 52,400 27,700 5,550 41,100 21,300 5,700

Gabon 361,000 188,000 27,700 481,000 3 247,000 3 37,900

South Africa 26,900 13,200 2,070 68,000 33,100 7,170Other 4,920 2,830 1,560 21,700 11,700 3,180

Total 445,220 231,730 36,880 612,000 313,000 53,990

Ferromanganese:

All grades:

Australia 31,500 22,900 24,900 4,960 3,810 2,630

Brazil 12,900 9,150 7,910 19,900 15,700 3 12,200

China 71,000 53,000 61,300 26,900 22,000 34,500

France 4,010 3,170 3,850 4,100 3,200 2,830

India 11,800 9,000 13,300 -- -- --

Japan 1,200 965 1,230 3,300 2,650 3,830

Korea, Republic of 13,300 10,700 13,700 15,700 12,400 14,300

Mexico 15,800 12,500 14,900 22,400 17,800 23,500

Norway 26,600 20,700 27,900 2,170 1,680 3,090

South Africa 188,000 146,000 193,000 149,000 117,000 99,300

Other 52,300 46,300 52,100 6,330 5,420 3,380

Total 428,000 334,000 414,000 255,000 202,000 200,000

1% or less carbon:

China 8,850 7,830 12,700 14,700 12,600 24,100

Japan 1,200 965 1,230 3,300 2,650 3,830

Mexico 2,650 2,120 2,780 7,940 6,360 8,610

Norway 2,960 2,410 4,940 240 197 385

South Africa 1,890 1,750 2,860 3,250 2,730 5,340

Other 57 46 67 2,710 2,090 3,070

Total 17,600 15,100 24,600 32,200 26,600 45,300

More than 1% to 2% or less carbon:

China 17,300 13,800 20,200 3,150 2,520 4,490


Mexico 13,100 10,300 12,000 13,700 10,800 14,200

Norway 6,940 5,670 8,280 1,810 1,480 2,610

South Africa 43,100 35,000 46,800 28,700 23,300 30,800

Other 6,160 4,840 6,610 14 9 25

Total 96,700 78,000 104,000 60,300 48,500 63,400

See footnotes at end of table.


14/19

Manganese2005 48.13

TABLE 6Continued


2004 2005




FerromanganeseContinued:

More than 2% but not more than 4% carbon:

China 476 393 $649 -- -- --

Georgia 5,990 5,640 5,530 -- -- --

South Africa -- -- -- 61 48 $31

Total 6,470 6,030 6,180 61 48 31

More than 4% carbon:

Australia 31,500 22,900 24,900 4,960 3,810 2,630

Brazil 12,900 9,150 7,910 19,900 15,700 3 12,200

China 44,300 31,000 27,800 9,040 6,890 5,940

France 4,010 3,170 3,850 4,100 3,200 2,830

India 11,800 9,000 13,300 -- -- --

Norway 16,700 12,700 14,700 114 92 100

South Africa 143,000 109,000 143,000 117,000 90,900 63,100

Other 43,400 38,200 43,200 7,060 5,460 4,010

Total 308,000 235,000 279,000 162,000 126,000 90,900

Silicomanganese:Australia 29,500 19,600 24,600 35,400 23,500 20,900

Georgia 34,300 26,300 33,200 14,500 10,900 8,890


Mexico 12,300 8,070 8,160 27,300 18,100 18,600

Norway 77,500 41,000 59,900 53,400 33,700 52,000

Romania 70,300 50,300 75,200 71,100 48,100 51,500

Russia 28,900 11,400 15,500 14,500 9,960 11,400

South Africa 143,000 94,200 148,000 101,000 66,600 61,100

Spain 1,400 933 1,910 4,000 2,670 2,770

Other 8,100 5,830 6,760 1,210 916 711

Total 422,000 269,000 386,000 327,000 218,000 231,000

Metal:

Unwrought4:

China 14,200 XX 21,100 16,000 XX 24,100

Germany 796 XX 1,580 2,550 XX 4,900

South Africa 15,000 XX 21,800 11,000 XX 20,500

Other 1,480 XX 2,540 2,800 XX 6,600

Total 31,500 XX 47,000 32,300 XX 56,200

Other manganese, wrought:

China 349 XX 552 320 XX 522

Spain 208 XX 459 94 XX 204

Other 119 XX 643 37 XX 453

Total 676 XX 1,650 451 XX 1,180

Waste and scrap:

Canada 2,470 XX 1,150 639 XX 178

China 17 XX 26 -- XX --

France 20 XX 53 -- XX --

Mexico -- XX -- -- XX --

Other 21 XX 28 (5) XX 5

Total 2,530 XX 1,250 639 XX 183



15/19


TABLE 6Continued


2004 2005




Manganese dioxide:

Australia 7,970 XX $9,780 15,900 XX $21,000

China 11,300 XX 11,400 10,300 XX 10,900

Greece 2,340 XX 2,960 -- XX --

Ireland -- XX -- -- XX --

South Africa 1,020 XX 1,460 -- XX --

Other 3,780 XX 5,220 5,290 XX 7,550

Total 26,400 XX 30,800 31,500 XX 39,500

Potassium permanganate:

Czech Republic 767 XX 1,480 666 XX 1,410

India 342 XX 674 317 XX 634

Other 7 XX 64 65 XX 140

Total 1,120 XX 2,220 1,050 XX 2,190

XX Not applicable. -- Zero.1Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

2All or part of these data have been referred to the U.S. Census Bureau for verification.

3

Part of these data were revised by the U.S. Census Bureau.4Imports of unwrought metal include flake, powder, and other.

5Less than unit.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, adjusted by the U.S. Geological Survey.


16/19

Manganese2005 48.15

TABLE 7

MANGANESE ORE: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY1, 2

(Thousand metric tons)

Mn content,

Country3

percentagee, 4 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Australia:5

Gross weight 2,069 2,187 2,555 3,381 4,000

Mn content 37-53 948 983 1,247 1,327 1,450

Brazil:6

Gross weight 1,970 2,529 2,544 3,143 r 3,150

Mn content 37-51 988 1,095 1,286 1,346 r 1,592

China:e, 7, 8

Gross weight 4,300 4,500 4,600 5,500 r 5,500

Mn content 20-30 860 900 920 1,100 r 1,100

Gabon:9

Gross weight 1,791 1,856 2,000 2,460 r 2,500

Mn contente 45-53 830 810 873 1,090 1,290

Ghana:

Gross weight 1,077 1,136 1,509 1,624 1,915

Mn contente 32-34 344 363 480 525 613

India:e, 10

Gross weight 1,600 1,700 1,650 1,700 1,750Mn content 10-54 600 630 620 630 640

Kazakhstan, crude ore:

Gross weight 1,387 1,792 2,361 2,318 r 2,208

Mn contente 20-30 350 440 580 570 r 540

Mexico:11

Gross weight 277 245 r 320 r 377 r 470

Mn content 36-37r 100 88 115 r 136 180

South Africa:9

Gross weight 3,266 3,322 3,501 4,207 4,612

Mn content 30-48+ 1,479 1,504 1,585 1,905 2,100

Ukraine:

Gross weight 2,700 2,470 2,591 2,362 2,260

Mn contente 30-35 930 840 880 810 770

Other:e, 12

Gross weight 490 478 r 484 r 651 r 762

Mn content XX 142 r 143 r 137 r 191 r 239

Total:

Gross weight 20,900 22,200 24,100 27,700 r 29,100

Mn content XX 7,570 r 7,800 8,720 r 9,630 r 10,500eEstimated.

pPreliminary.

rRevised. XX Not applicable.

1World totals and estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

2Table includes data available through July 21, 2006. Data pertain to concentrates or comparable shipping product, except that in a few

instances, the best data available appear to be for crude ore, possibly after some upgrading.3In addition to the countries listed, Cuba, Panama, and Sudan may have produced manganese ore and/or manganiferous ore, but available

information is inadequate to make reliable estimates of output levels.4May be average content of each year's production rather than for content of typical products.

5Metallurgical ore.6Production of beneficiated ore as reported in the Mineral Summary for each year listed, as published by the National Department of

Mineral Production, Brasilia, Brazil.7Includes manganiferous ore.

8The International Manganese Institute estimated Chinese manganese ore production, in gross weight and Mn content, respectively, to be

as follows: 20048,500,000 metric tons (t) and 1,700,000 t; and 200512,000,000 t and 2,400,000 t.9Calculated metal content includes allowance for assumed moisture content. Includes ore and sinter.

10Much of India's production grades below 35% Mn; content averaged 38.3% Mn for fiscal years 2001-02 through 2005-06.

11Mostly oxide nodules; may include smaller quantities of direct-shipping carbonate and oxide ores for metallurgical and battery operations.

12Category represents the combined totals of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Chile, Colombia, Egypt, Georgia,


17/19


TABLE 8

FERROMANGANESE AND SILICOMANGANESE: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY1, 2


Countr3 2001 2002 2003 2004

e2005

e

Argentina, electric furnace, silicomanganesee 5,150 4 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000

Australia, electric furnace:e

Ferromanganese 115,000 115,000 115,000 115,000 120,000

Silicomanganese 135,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 140,000

Total 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 260,000

Brazil, electric furnace:

Ferromanganese 276,000 r 339,000 r 438,000 r 508,000 r 510,000 p

Silicomanganese 180,235 182,731 180,200 180,000 108,200 p

Total 456,235 r 521,731 r 618,200 r 688,000 r 618,200 p

Chile, electric furnace, ferromanganese 2,213 -- -- -- --

China:e

Blast furnace, ferromanganese 500,000 500,000 550,000 590,000 r 600,000

Electric furnace:

Ferromanganese 670,000 490,000 700,000 1,120,000 r 1,100,000

Silicomanganese 1,170,000 1,580,000 1,800,000 2,600,000 3,800,000

Total 2,340,000 2,570,000 3,050,000 4,310,000 r 5,500,000

Egypt, electric furnace, ferromanganesee 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000

France:e

Blast furnace, ferromanganese 300,000 300,000 180,000 -- --

Electric furnace:

Ferromanganese 130,000 130,000 120,000 106,000 110,000

Silicomanganese5 50,000 50,000 107,000 64,000 65,000

Total 480,000 480,000 407,000 170,000 175,000

Georgia, electric furnace:e

Ferromanganese 100 4 -- 4 -- -- --


Total 25,100 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000

India, electric furnace:e

Ferromanganese 165,000 165,000 165,000 170,000 170,000


Total 315,000 315,000 325,000 330,000 340,000

Indonesia, electric furnace:e

Ferromanganese 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000


Total 19,000 19,000 19,000 19,000 16,000

Italy, electric furnace:e

Ferromanganese 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000


Total 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000

Japan, electric furnace:

Ferromanganese 368,293 356,717 371,831 437,389 r, 4 448,616 4

Silicomanganese 62,238 70,965 58,043 73,041 r, 4 94,725 4

Total 430,531 427,682 429,874 510,430 r, 4 543,341 4

Kazakhstan, electric furnace:

Ferromanganese 5,349 2,278 1,931 2,000 2,100

Silicomanganese 141,200 164,000 178,920 155,324 r, 4 170,214 4

Total 146,549 166,278 180,851 157,324 r, 4 172,314 4

Korea, North, electric furnace, ferromanganesee 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000

Korea, Republic of, electric furnace:

Ferromanganese 143,525 137,000 e 141,000 165,525 r, 4 165,000

Silicomanganese 101,877 94,000 e 90,942 r 82,917 r, 4 83,000

Total 245,402 231,000 e 231,942 r 248,442 r, 4 248,000



18/19

Manganese2005 48.17

TABLE 8Continued



Countr3 2001 2002 2003 2004

e2005

e

Mexico, electric furnace:6

Ferromanganese 60,014 38,532 55,903 72,471 4 89,641 4

Silicomanganese 74,290 73,263 81,223 103,206 4 104,780 4

Total 134,304 111,795 137,126 175,677 4 194,421 4

Norwa , electric furnace:e

Ferromanganese 240,000 240,000 245,000 245,000 250,000


Total 470,000 470,000 475,000 475,000 480,000

Poland:e

Blast furnace, ferromanganese 500 600 1,000 r 1,000 r 1,000

Electric furnace, silicomanganese 20,000 4 7,500 -- r -- r --

Total 20,500 4 8,100 1,000 r 1,000 r 1,000

Romania, electric furnace:

Ferromanganese 384 -- -- -- --

Silicomanganese 71,921 84,720 r 141,899 r 194,945 r, 4 200,000

Total 72,305 84,720 r 141,899 r 194,945 r, 4 200,000

Russia:e

Blast furnace, ferromanganese 55,000 105,000 101,000 108,000 108,000Electric furnace, silicomanganese 124,000 127,000 83,000 143,000 145,000

Total 179,000 232,000 184,000 251,000 253,000

Slovakia, electric furnace:e

Ferromanganese 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000


Total 55,000 55,000 55,000 55,000 55,000

South Africa, electric furnace:

Ferromanganese 524,000 r 618,954 607,362 612,000 r, 4 510,000


Total 777,000 r 934,756 920,514 952,000 r 790,000

Spain, electric furnace:e

Ferromanganese 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000


Total 110,000 110,000 110,000 110,000 110,000

Ukraine:

Blast furnace, ferromanganesee 85,000 85,000 85,000 79,000 r 30,000

Electric furnace:

Ferromanganese 231,000 250,617 250,000 e 375,990 4 330,000

Silicomanganese 702,389 732,592 740,000 e 1,060,000 4 1,000,000

Total 1,018,389 1,068,209 1,080,000 e 1,510,000 r 1,360,000

United States, electric furnace, ferromanganese7 W W W W W

Venezuela, electric furnace:

Ferromanganesee 12,715 4 12,000 12,000 15,000 15,000


Total 69,355 48,974 42,632 50,000 50,000

Grand total 7,790,000 r 8,300,000 r 8,850,000 r 10,700,000 r 11,600,000

Of which:

Blast furnace, ferromanganese 941,000 991,000 917,000 778,000 r 739,000

Electric furnace, excluding United States:

Ferromanganese8 3,060,000 r 3,010,000 r 3,340,000 r 4,060,000 r 3,940,000

Silicomanganese9 3,780,000 4,300,000 4,590,000 r 5,820,000 r 6,880,000



19/19

TABLE 8Continued


eEstimated.

pPreliminary.

rRevised. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; not included in "Grand total." -- Zero.

1World totals, U.S. data, and estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

2Table includes data available through August 2, 2006.

3In addition to the countries listed, Iran is believed to have produced ferromanganese and silicomanganese, but production information is

inadequate for the formulation of estimates of output levels.4Reported figure.

5Includes silicospiegeleisen, if any.

6Salable products from Ca Minera Autln S.A. de C.V.7U.S. output of ferromanganese includes silicomanganese.

8Ferromanganese includes silicomanganese, if any, for North Korea.

9Includes silicospiegeleisen, if any, for France.

Manganese Minerals Yearbook 2005

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