Managing Your Hard Disk and Operating System
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Managing Your Managing Your Hard Disk and Hard Disk and
Operating SystemOperating System
23,26 March 2004
2:30pm - 4:00pm
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Knowing yourHard Disk and Partition
Management
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Multiple Operating System
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Physical Geometry About Your Disk
Side(Head) Cylinder (Tracks per Side) Track Sectors/Track Cluster
1 Sector = 512 Bytes Capacity = Cylinder x Head x Sector x 512 Bytes e.g. A hard disk with 1023 Cylinders, 6 Heads and 63 Sectors/Track (CHS=1023/6/63)
– Capacity = 1023 x 6 x 63 x 512 Bytes = 386694 sectors = 197987328 B = 188.8 MB
Side/Head
Track
Sector
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Limitations of Your System
Hard disk BIOS/ Partition Table
Min. Val.*
Max. Sectors 255 63 63
Max. Heads 16 255 16
Max. Cylinders
65536 1024 1024
Max. Cap. 136 GB 8.4 GB 504 MB
* The disk capacity limited by the min. values.
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To Overcome the Limitations
Address Translation– Controller board on hard disk translates the the CHS
values such that the no. will not exceed the max. no. allowed in BIOS and partition table.
– Convert the physical values to logical values, e.g. 2000/16/631000/32/63
Modify BIOS’s design– For addressing still using traditional CHS values
Logical Block Addressing (LBA)– LINEAR addressing instead of using CHS values
Newer OS/file system e.g. FAT32, NTFS
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Logical Block Addressing (LBA)
Suppose a Hard disk with CHS=2040/16/63 To access a sector on Cyl:2000, Head:10, Sect:60
(CHS=2000/10/60) LBA value = 2000 x 16 x 63 + 10 x 63 + 60
= 2016690Sect 1 Sect 63
Head 0 Head 1
Sect 126
Head 15
Sect 1008
Cyl. 0
Sect 2016690
C=2000H=10S=60
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Limitation of Logical Block Addressing (LBA)
Hard disk BIOS/P.T. LBA mode
Max. Sectors 255 63 63
Max. Heads 16 255 255
Max. Cylinders
65536 1024 65536
Max. Cap. 136 GB 8.4 GB 502GB
* Most hard disk use 28-bit LBA addressing. Max. Capacity of 28-bit LBA = 228Sectors = 128GB
* Newest hard disk use 48-bit ~ 1 Million times bigger!
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File Systems
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Popular file systems for PCs
File Allocation Table (FAT)– FAT12, FAT16, FAT32– DOS, Win9x/Me/NT/2000/XP
High Performance File Sys.(HPFS)– IBM’s OS/2
New Technology File Sys.(NTFS)– Win NT/2000/XP
EXT 2,3– Linux
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Type of FAT system
FAT12– 12bits cluster addressing # of cluster = 212 = 4K– 1 cluster = 1 sector = 512 Bytes– Max. capacity = 2 MB– Mainly for floppy disk
FAT16– 16bits cluster addressing # of cluster = 216 = 64K– 1 cluster = 4~64 sectors = 2KB~32KB– capacity = 128 MB ~ 2 GB– Mainly for DOS
FAT32– 32bits cluster addressing # of cluster = 232 = 4G– 1 cluster = 8~64 sectors = 4KB~32KB– capacity = 512 MB ~ 2 TB– Mainly for Win 9X
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File Allocation Table (FAT) file system
Boot Sector
FAT (store usage of clusters)
Root Directory
User data area (addressable by cluster #)
Disk Space
Clusters #
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Partitions
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Why Partition?
Organize and protect important data– e.g. OS in C:, Data in D:
Run several operating system with one HD Gain access to large disk (for FAT16 or older
file systems) Minimize wasted disk space
– Larger disk Larger Cluster size
more wastage of space– smaller partition smaller Cluster size less wastage
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Partition Table
located in Master Boot Record (MBR) Storing information of partitions Max. 4 partitions in a table Can be Extended
Disk Space addressable by Sector#
MBR/Partition Table Partitions
Win Xp Win 98 Data
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Primary and Extended partitions
MBR
Extended
Win XP
Win 98
MSDOS
Partition Table
F:
Extended
E:
D:
ExtendedPartition Table
Primary Partitions
Extended Partitions
Logical drives
Linux swap
Linux
ExtendedPartition Table
Boot Code
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A Typical Partition Table
System
Type Boot
Start End Relative
Sect.
No. of
Sect.Side Cyl. Sect. Side Cyl. Sect.
6 80 1 0 1 254 63 63 63 1028097
7 00 0 64 1 254 324 63 1028160 4192965
5 00 0 325 1 254 970 63 5221125 10377990
b 00 0 971 1 254 1023 63 15599115 4192965
Some Typical System Type:5 Extended Partition6 DOS FAT-167 HPFS/NTFSb FAT-32c FAT-32X(Cyl > 1024)
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Screenshot of DISKEDIT
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Screenshot of SPFDISK
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Partition Management
Create Delete Re-size Move File system conversion Hide/Unhide
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Tools for partition management
FDISK (MSDOS, Win 9X, Linux) Partition Magic System Commander Norton GHOST Many of freeware/shareware from Internet
e.g. SPFDISK, EFDISK
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Why not just use FDISK?
Can create only one primary partition– multiple primary partition needed for multiple OS
Destroy data in partition after creation or deletion
Cannot change system ID (type) which is helpful in preparing multiple boot system
Cannot hide partition
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Comparison among Some Tools
FDISK
Partition Magic
System Commander
SPFDISK
Create / Delete
Resize / Move
×
Change Sys. Type
×/ × ×
Hide / Unhide
×
Edit Partition Table
×/ × ×
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Installing Multiple Operating System
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Why use multiple OS?
Better utilization of large hard disk Allows OS with
– different capability» e.g. WinXP for working, Linux for testing …
– different user» e.g. One for me, one for brother,…
– different purpose» e.g. One for software download, one for internet-ban
king
* Be sure you are properly LICENSED!
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Ways to run Multiple OS
Hard Disk Partitioning Running Virtual Machine in Host OS
– VMware (for Win NT/2000/XP)– Virtual PC (for MAC)
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Create Multi-boot System by Partitioning
Perform system check to make sure no disk error
Re-size your current partition to free up space for other OS
Create and format another primary partition Install a Boot Manager Install another Operating System Be careful if the OS will destroy the MBR
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How Is Your Computer Boot Up
Single OS System
Power on
BIOSPOST
Floppy
CD-ROM
HD 0
HD 1
Load MBR On HD 1st Pri. Partition
Boot sequence
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How Boot Manager Works
Multiple OS System
Power on
BIOSPOST
Floppy
CD-ROM
HD 0
HD 1
Load MBR On HD
Boot Manager Win XP
Win 98
Linux
Boot sequence
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Some Boot Managers
System Commander Reborn Card Boot Manager Plus (BMP) Smart Boot Manager (SMB) SPFDISK Build in OS
– e.g. Win NT/2000/XP, Linux, OS/2 Many many from Internet
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Something to Consider
File system type ?– FAT16, FAT32 or NTFS ?
Partition location– Some OS cannot boot beyond 2GB
boundary(Cyl.>1023)– e.g. Win NT/2000, Linux (older ver.)
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Try it yourself!
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Try the following steps:
Delete partition using FDISK Use SPFDISK to create partitions Use GHOST to restore partitions Install a Boot-manager Configure the Boot Manager Done!
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The End
Thank You!