Managing The Hazmat Patient - NYSVARA · 2015-10-06 · • ECG findings – prolonged QT interval...

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9/29/2015 1 Me You Let’s Talk Hazmat Clues to Hazmat Location and Occupancy Container Shapes and Sizes Placards and Labels Markings and Colors Shipping Papers Senses CDC NIOSH Guide

Transcript of Managing The Hazmat Patient - NYSVARA · 2015-10-06 · • ECG findings – prolonged QT interval...

Page 1: Managing The Hazmat Patient - NYSVARA · 2015-10-06 · • ECG findings – prolonged QT interval – elevated ST segments – inverted Twaves • Sinus tachycardia is the most common

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Me

You

Let’s Talk Hazmat

Clues to Hazmat

• Location and Occupancy 

• Container Shapes and Sizes

• Placards and Labels

• Markings and Colors

• Shipping Papers

• Senses

CDC NIOSH Guide

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The purpose of chemical protective clothing and equipment is to shield or isolate individuals from the chemical, physical, and biological hazards that may be encountered during hazardous materials operations.Source: OSHA

During chemical operations, it is not always apparent when exposure occurs. 

Many chemicals pose invisible hazards and offer no warning properties.

Source: OSHA

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Scenario

You are dispatched to a male not feeling well at a local financial institution’s headquarters.

Enroute, the dispatcher advises you that they have received three additional calls for patients with similar complaints.

NH3 = ammonia   HCl = hydrochloric acidNaOCl = sodium hypochlorite (bleach)Cl = chlorineCl2 = chlorine gasNH2Cl = chloramineN2H4 = hydrazine

Operating Zones

• Control Zones

–Hot: Incident.  Essential personnel

–Warm (limited access): Necessary personnel

–Cold (Support): Command, Staging, EMS

• Public/Media have no access to any zone

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Toxidromes

• a syndrome caused by a dangerous level of toxins in the body

• Irritant Gas

• Asphyxiant

• Cholinergic

• Corrosive

• Hydrocarbon & Halogenated Hydrocarbon

Irritant Gas

• Highly Water Soluble

– Ammonia, Formaldehyde, Hydrogen Chloride

– Corrosive solution affects upper airway

• Moderately Water Soluble

– Chlorine

– Corrosive solution affects upper & lower airway

• Slightly Water Soluble

– Phosgene, Nitrogen Dioxide

– Corrosive solution causes delayed pulmonary edema

Irritant Gas

• Ammonia causes liquefactive necrosis

• Hydrogen Chloride in water forms hydrochloric acid.  Result is coagulativenecrosis

Irritant Gas

• Phosgene mixed with water produces hydrochloric acid

• Conjunctivitis• Rhinitis• Pharyngitis• Stridor• Dysphonia• Laryngospasm• Aphonia• Atelectasis

Irritant Gas

• Tachypnea, dyspnea

• Hypoxemia: cardiac ischemia, AMI

• Hypoxemia: anxiety, confusion, seizure, coma

• Diaphoresis, cyanosis, rhinorrhea, lacrimation

• Reflex nausea & vomiting

Inhalation Symptoms

• Bluish color to lips and fingernails• Chest tightness• Choking• Coughing• Coughing up blood• Dizziness• Low blood pressure• Rapid pulse• Shortness of breath• Weakness

Asphyxiant ‐ Simple

• Carbon Dioxide

• Methane

• Propane

• Displace oxygen from atmosphere

Asphyxiant ‐ Systemic

• Isobutyl Nitrite

• Carbon Monoxide

• Hydrogen Cyanide

• Hydrogen Sulfide

• Hydrogen Azide

• Interfere with oxygen transport & utilization

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Asphyxiants

• Interfere with aerobic metabolism

• Systemic asphyxiants interfere with oxygen transportation at cellular level

• Inhalation

• Absorption

• Ingestion

Asphyxiants

• Carbon Dioxide– Fix the hypoxemia

• Carbon Monoxide– Binds to oxygen, causing remaining oxygen to bind more tightly.  Not released to tissues.

– Oxygen.  Hyperbaric Chamber.

*New onset a‐fib or a‐flutter

Asphyxiants

• Cyanides– Toxic twins

• Sulfides– Sewer gas

– Irritant gas

– Inhibits aerobic metabolism

• Azides– Inhibit aerobic metabolism

– vasodilator

Cholinergic

• Organophosphate Pesticides

• Carbamate Insecticides

• Organophosphate nerve agents

• Inhalation & Absorption

Cholinergic Toxidrome

• Bind to acetylcholinesterase causing accumulation of acetylcholine

• Affects muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

• Muscarinic: SLUDGEM

• Nicotinic: MTWHF

SLUDGEM vs MTWHF

Muscarinic

• Salivation

• Lacrimation

• Urination

• Defecation

• Gastroenteritis

• Emesis

• Muscle Tremors/Miosis

Nicotinic

• Mydriasis

• Tachycardia

• Weakness

• Hypertension

• Fasiculations

CNS

• Anxiety • Crying/Laughing• Restlessness • Confusion • Ataxia • Tremors • Seizures • Coma 

For the Paramedics

• ECG findings 

– prolonged QT interval

– elevated ST segments

– inverted T waves

• Sinus tachycardia is the most common finding

– Sinus bradycardia & PR prolongation with increasing toxicity (excessive parasympathetic activation)

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Treatment

• Remove all clothing

• Decontaminate

• Airway management

• Pulse oximeter

• Capnography

• Medicate

• DuoDote

– Pralidoxime Chloride 600mg

– Atropine Sulfate 2.1mg

• Diazepam

Corrosives

• Acids

– Hydrochloric acid

– Nitric acid

– Sulfuric acid

• Bases

– Ammonium hydroxide

– Sodium hydroxide

– Potassium hydroxide

Corrosives

• Any chemical that produces chemical burns

• Acid: Litmus red, sour taste

• Base: Litmus blue, bitter taste

Corrosives

• Acids cause coagulative necrosis

– Tissue death.  Limited depth.

• Base’s cause liquefactive necrosis

– Liquefies and destroys tissue.

Corrosives ‐ Treatment

• Secure Airway– Laryngospasm, bronchospasm, edema

• Treat hypovolemia– Third spacing

• Hydrogen Flouride (HF) & White Phosphorous (WP)• IV Calcium for cardiac dysrhythmias

• Morphine for pain

Hydrocarbons & Halogenated Hydrocarbons

• Propane

• Gasoline

• Toluene

• Chloroform

• Respiratory compromise

• “Huffing”

What is in welding fume?

• Metals– Aluminum, Antimony, Arsenic, Beryllium, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Iron, Lead, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silver, Tin, Titanium, Vanadium, Zinc.

• Gases – Shielding

• Argon, Helium, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide. 

– Process• Nitric Oxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Ozone, Phosgene, Hydrogen Fluoride, Carbon Dioxide

Heavy Metal ‐ Arsenic

• Used medicinally to treat certain types of luekemias

• Often seen in homeopathic remedies and Chinese medicines

• All forms toxic by ingestion

• Absorbed through skin

• Toxic by inhalation

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Arsenic

• Severe vomiting, Abdominal pain, diarrhea within 3 to 30 minutes if ingested

• Vasodilation, hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias

Antidotes ‐ Oxygen

• Hypoxemia

• Tissue Hypoxia

• Asphyxiant Poisoning

– Methemoglobinemia

– CO poison

– Cyanide poison

– Azide & Hydrozoic acid poison

– Hydrogen sulfide & Sulfide poisoning

Antidotes – Hyperbaric Oxygen

• CO > 25% non‐pregnant, > 15% pregnant

• Cyanide poisoning

Antidotes ‐ Atropine

• Organophosphate pesticide poisoning

• Carbamate pesticide poisoning

• Nerve Agent poisoning

• Poison mushrooms

• 1‐2 mg q/5 minutes

amanita muscaria

Antidotes ‐ Pralidoxime

• 2 pam

• Organophosphate pesticide poisoning

• Nerve Agent poisoning

– Tabun, GA 

– Sarin, GB 

– Soman, GD 

– GF 

– VX

Antidotes – Calcium Gluconate

• Hydroflouric acid burns

• Hydrogen Flouride toxicity

– Hypocalcemia

– Hypomagnesemia

– Hyperkalemia

• Adult 10‐30ml IV

• Ped 0.2‐0.3ml/kg IV

Antidotes – Calcium Chloride

• Hydrogen Flouridetoxicity– Hypocalcemia

– Hypomagnesemia

– Hyperkalemia

• Calcium Channel Blocker Overdose

• Calcium Gluconate– 4.6 mEq per 10ml

• Calcium Chloride– 13.6 mEq per 10ml

• IV only

• Adult  0.5gm – 1gm (5‐10ml)

• Ped 0.1 – 0.2 ml

Antidotes – Amyl Nitrite

• Cyanide poisoning (replaced with Cyanokit)

• Sulfide poisoning (questionable)

Antidotes – Sodium Nitrite

• Cyanide poisoning (replaced with Cyanokit)

• Sulfide poisoning (questionable)

– Instead use IV fluids and vasopressors to treat hypovolemia

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Antidotes – Sodium Thiosulfate

• Cyanide poisoning

• Changes cyanide into thiocyanate.

– Thiocyanate excreted in urine

Antidotes ‐ Pyridoxine

• Hydrazine Poisoning

– Seizures not responding to benzodiazepines

– 25mg/kg over 5 minutes

• Enables brain to regenerate gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)

End Note……