R 12013(ssc-411)-soil moisture constants,soil-water movement & infiltration
Managing soil to improve infiltration and water holding ...€¦ · Managing soil to improve...
Transcript of Managing soil to improve infiltration and water holding ...€¦ · Managing soil to improve...
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Don Reicosky, (Soil Scientist, Emeritus )
by
Managing soil to improve infiltration and water holding
capacity: Carbon management.
MORRIS "SOILS LAB" *
USDA-ARS-MWA
North Central Soil Conservation Research Laboratory Morris, MN
USA
Agricultural Research Service
Growing MI Agriculture Conference Lansing, MI 24 Jan., 2013
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The Global Crises
Financial
Food security
Health Equity
Terrorism
Climate Change
Energy Supply
Environmental Degradation
Our good earth The future rests on the thin layer of soil beneath our feet
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There is pressure on our earth resources and food security!
1,440,000,000 ha cropland (3.56 billion acres)
9,000,000,000 people by 2050
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Very thin, fragile atmosphere.
}
Very thin, fragile soil.
We are “sandwiched” in a very fragile system!
Carbon is Critical!
7,018,456,957 people
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OUR HUNGRY WORLD OUR THREATENED PLANET OUR CHILDREN’S FUTURE OUR ONE CHANCE! Conservation Agriculture All rest on “OUR LIVING SOIL” that depends on soil carbon!
CThe “key” component is:
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Photo Source: NASA
“Curiosity” is looking for carbon on Mars!
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3 Keys to Conservation Agriculture!
1 Minimal soil disturbance
2 Continuous residue cover
3 Diverse rotations and/or cover crops
Soil Organic Carbon
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C
Photosynthesis
Energy Capture
The Carbon Cycle
Respiration
Energy Release
+
+
The devil is in the details! Beckism #101
Plants are the main source of our food/energy generation.
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C
C
C C
C
C
C C C
C
C
C
CCC CCC
C
CC
C C CCC
CCCC
CC
C CC CC
CCCC
CC
CC C
CC
C
CC
CC
C
C
CC
CCCCCCCCCC
C C
CCCCCCCCC
CC
CCCCCCCCC
CC
CC
CCCCCCCCC
C
C C CC
C
Plant Power Carbon capture
Carbon storage
Energy storage
Food source
Energy source
Soil carbon input
Environmental benefits
Quality of Life
View the plant as carbon! (~ 45% C)
Conservation depends on plant management!
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Carbon is the “C” that starts “C”onservation!
C
Conservation is our first step toward food security!
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Soil organic matter acts like a “sponge” for water retention and release to plants.
Soil high in carbon is rich in “spongy organic matter” that releases nutrients to crops and holds more than its own weight in water.
SOM “sponge” sponge
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Available water capacity (AWC) is analogous to a bucket. The larger the “bucket”, the more water stored available to the plants.
Source: Dept. of Agriculture Bulletin 462, 1960
AWC = textural water + SOM “sponge”
water Sand, silt, clay
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Organic Matter (OM) % by weight
Ava
ilabl
e W
ater
hold
ing
Cap
acity
(A
WC
) (%
by
Volu
me)
SandSilt loamSilty clay loam
Source: Berman Hudson, 1994. JSWC 49:189-194
Sand, AWC = 3.8 + 2.2(OM), r2 = 0.79
SOM increases available water holding capacity!
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Sand soil Available Water holding Capacity (AWC)
(cm H2O/ 25 cm soil) (in. H2O/ ft. soil)
SOM = 0% 1% 2% 3%
1.0 cm 0.48 in.
1.5 cm 0.72 in.
2.0 cm 0.96 in.
2.6 cm 1.25 in.
Source: Berman Hudson, 1994. JSWC 49:189-194.
soil matrix water
Soil organic matter “sponge” water +
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Silt loam soil Available Water holding Capacity (AWC)
(cm H2O/ 25 cm soil) (in. H2O/ ft. soil)
SOM = 0% 1% 2% 3%
2.3 cm 1.10 in.
3.2 cm 1.54 in.
4.2 cm 2.02 in.
5.1 cm 2.45 in.
Source: Berman Hudson, 1994. JSWC 49:189-194.
soil matrix water
Soil organic matter “sponge” water +
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Carbon is the center of the “Soil Magic Triangle”.
Biological
Physical Chemical
C
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Food
Feed
Fuel
Fiber C
Sun
Soil
Air Water
Our
Res
ourc
es
Ecosystem Services
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Soil degradation: 1. Inversion tillage 2. Crop residue removal
Soil restoration: 1. No tillage systems 2. Crop residue retention + cover crops
Source: Jerry Hatfield
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Tillage-induced Carbon Dioxide Loss
CO2CO2
No. 1 Environmental Enemy in Production Agriculture
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M = Mobile R. = Research G = Gas E = Exchange M = Machine
MR. GEM
Invisible effects of invisible forces!
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y = 0.0792x + 9.7647R2 = 0.9698
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000
Cross Sectional Area Loosened Soil (cm2)
CER
(g C
O2 m
-2)
MP
SS
RMMK
NT L128
Strip Tillage #1 3 June 1997 Swan Lake Cumulative Carbon Dioxide Loss after 24 hours
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What do large “no till” seeders due to CO2 emissions?
Previous work showed tillage-induced CO2 emissions were proportional to soil volume disturbed.
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Low disturbance drill High disturbance drill
Comparison of No Till Drills
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Low disturbance drill Non disturbed High disturbance drill
Disc Harrow Moldboard Plow
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CO2 & H2O loss from Low vs High Disturbance Drills
0.38 0.35
3.01
0
1
2
3
4
5
None Low HighDisturbance Type
CO
2 lo
ss (g
CO
2/m
2/h)
CO2 loss
Evaporation
00
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Evap
orat
ion
(mm
/h)
0.70
0.17
0.35
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There’s a jungle full of life living in your belly button!
There’s a jungle full of life living in your soil!
Your belly button is crawling with billions of bacteria, in all shapes, sizes and appetites. It’s warm, dark and moist, a perfect home for bacteria. The tiny bacteria in the “jungle of microbial diversity” are generally harmless. Everybody’s bellybutton carries a different cast of characters. Minneapolis Star Tribune, 12/7/2012. Jiri Huler, Lead scientist, NCSU
Your soil is crawling with billions of critters (bacteria, fungi, arthropods, nematodes, worms, and animals) in all shapes, sizes and appetites. The temperature is variable, it’s dark and moist, a perfect home for soil biology. The tiny critters in the “jungle of microbial diversity” are generally harmless. Everybody’s soil carries a different cast of characters.
What’s in your belly button?
What’s in your soil?
The bellybutton project is out to “educate the public about the role of bacteria play in our world. Bacteria are always present on our skin and in our bodies.”
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** Soil Biology Team ** The “living soil”
Earthworms, insects and rodents are the most visible components of the “living soil” team. They work in tandem either soil microorganisms and fungi to contribute to aeration and nutrient cycling as part of a “soil factory” team effort.
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Intensive Tillage destroys the biological and ecological integrity of the soil system.
Before Primary Tillage
After Primary Tillage
After Secondary Tillage
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Intensive soil tillage opens the “all you can eat buffet” for the birds and microbes.
Earthworms are allergic to cold steel! Mike Bell
Tillage creates twin problems:
-- Accelerated soil degradation
-- Accelerated soil erosion
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“Turmoil of Tillage” The soil is a natural living system that contains a lot of life and when tilled intensively is dramatically changed. It can be considered analogous to human reaction to a combination of:
earthquake
forest fire
tsunami
tornado hurricane
all rolled into one perturbation event!
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Dead crop residue = “passive protective blanket”
“Carbon” coverings for the soil!
Live crop biomass = “active protective blanket”
Both are food sources for the soil biology!
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vs
Which is better for the soil biology? “Pushing”
carbon! “Pulling”
iron?
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Natural Fertility Crop biomass ~ 46 %C
Soil organic matter = 58 %C Difference = 12 %C
Microbial and fungal
decomposition Biological activity = Nutrient release
KP Ca Mg
Bo
Cu
S Cl Zn
Mn
Mo Fe Na
C, H, O, N
CO2 CO2
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No Till Conservation Management
Terminology Transition away from Tillage
Emphasize conservation De-emphasize tillage
Emphasize crop residue management De-emphasize soil disturbance
Carbon Management
We need to change our vocabulary!
Conservation without compromise!
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Conservation tillage is a term used to define “any” tillage system with primary objective of “reducing soil and water loss.”
broad
Conservation tillage, however, has “loose limits” on the definition of soil disturbance and residue management.
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“Conservation Tillage” dilemma “Conservation Tillage” terminology leads to confusion due to the diversity of machinery that leads to the wide range of soil disturbance and crop residue burial. We need more attention to quantitative details in understanding the most critical factors for soil degradation related to soil tillage and crop residue removal/burial.
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Volu
me
soil
dist
urbe
d
0
+
Mol
dboa
rd p
low
Dis
c pl
ow
Chi
sel p
low
Rot
ary
tilla
ge
Fiel
d cu
ltiva
tor
Dee
p R
ippe
r
Subs
oil-H
D
Subs
oil-L
D
HD = High Disturbance LD = Low Disturbance
Stub
ble
mul
ch
Vert
ical
tilla
ge
Slot
tilla
ge
Strip
tilla
ge
Red
uced
tilla
ge
Mul
ch ti
llage
No
till-
HD
No
till-
LD
Rid
ge ti
ll
Tillage Soil/Residue Disturbance Continuum
“Conservation Tillage”
Conventional Tillage
No Tillage
Tillage/Plant Type
Decreasing intensity and frequency of soil disturbance
Increasing crop residues covering soil
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Conservation: “Touch the earth lightly, use the earth gently, Nourish the life of all the world in our care.”
Source: Shirley Erina Murray, 1992
Conservation is a word to be respected, revered and used to describe agriculture. However, conservation does not belong in the same sentence with tillage.
The action of conserving something, in particular. Preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife.
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What is Conservation Tillage? The phrase “conservation tillage” is an oxymoron. An oxymoron is a figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side. Any form of intensive tillage is not a form of conservation for the way intensive tillage degrades and fractures the natural soil structure. Tillage destroys or disturbs the ecosystems of soil fauna so important for nutrient cycling. Tillage moves the soil down slope via tillage erosion. Intensive tillage loosens the soil and buries the crop residue, allowing the soil to dry, setting up the system for severe erosion with the next high-intensity rainfall event.
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Conventional Tillage
“Conservation Tillage”
Direct Seeding
Zero Conservation Much tillage
Some Conservation Some tillage
Much Conservation Zero tillage
Tillage Soil Disturbance Continuum
“Conservation Tillage”
Conventional Tillage
Least disturbance
Most disturbance
No Tillage
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Nature’s way No till
Conservation tillage
Conventional tillage
Inversion tillage to 30 cm
Non-inversion tillage to 46
cm
Minimum disturbance
to 5 cm
Biological tillage
Conventional tillage = inversion tillage Conservation tillage = non-inversion tillage
Direct seeding is close to natures way!
After Hartwig Callsen
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“Connect the dots around Conservation Agriculture”
CA
Time savings Reduced labor requirements
Reduced machinery wear
Energysavings
Higher soil H2O
Reduced air pollution
Decreased compaction
Increased SOM
Improved infiltration
Improved water quality
Reduced soil erosion
More wildlife
Improved soil biology
Continuous crop residue
cover
Diverse rotations/ cover crops
Minimum soil disturbance
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Soil Carbon Sequestration Environmental benefits are spokes that emanate from the Carbon hub.
- increased water holding capacity and use efficiency - increased cation exchange capacity
- reduced soil erosion
- improved water quality
- improved infiltration, less runoff
- decreased soil compaction
- improved soil tilth and structure
- reduced air pollution
- reduced fertilizer inputs - increased soil buffer capacity - increased biological activity - increased nutrient cycling and storage - increased diversity of microflora - increased adsorption of pesticides - gives soil aesthetic appeal - increased capacity to handle manure and other wastes - more wildlife
Agriculture’s Wheel of Fortune!
C Carbon
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Save a little time Save a little money Save little carbon Save a little planet
C Conservation as in Conservation
Agriculture is our only option.
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Stop Erosion. Save Carbon. Park the Plow!
Credit: Ken Scott, Clear Lake, IA
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Keep your carbon footprint small and manage carbon for ecosystem services!
CO2 CO2
CO2 CO2
Best done with Conservation Agriculture!
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