Managing Reproduction in a Modern Dairy Herd
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Transcript of Managing Reproduction in a Modern Dairy Herd
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Managing Reproduction in a
Modern Dairy HerdGregory M. Goodell, DVMThe Dairy Authority, LLC
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Components of Establishing Pregnancy
Transitioning a cow properly through the post partum period
Heat Detection/Timed AIPregnancy DiagnosisMonitoring the reproductive process
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Transition through post partum period
Extremely importantLarge impactMultifactorial
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Michael W. Overton, DVM, MPVMUniversity of Georgia-College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA
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Heat Detection: How do I find cows that are ready to breed?
Heat Detection◦Observe for signs of estrous◦Advantages:
Less expensive and easier to implement◦Disadvantages
Time consuming, more skill required
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Heat Detection Aides
Marking Crayons/ChalkPressure-sensitive padsPedometersRumen boluses
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Pressure Sensitive Pads
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HeatWatch Pressure Pad
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Pedometers
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Implementing Heat Detection on a Dairy
Train personnel on signs of estrousCannot cut corners here!Excellent tools for vets from stud services
and breeding companiesReview numbers often as a program starts
to evaluate heat detection numbers.
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Timed Artificial Insemination (TAI)
Many different programsSuccess depends on management/style of
the dairyLabor intensiveCompliance a must
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TAI Programs
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CIDRSync Programs with CIDRs
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Which TAI Program is Best?
Veterinarian should couple the management ability of the dairy with the TAI program
A producer will almost always go for the program with the best published rates but demand the most convenient program
In general the more intense the program the better the rates
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Compliance to TAI Programs
Same time every day of week and time (including Christmas day and July 4th!)
All cows MUST be found.◦Missed injections primary cause of compliance
failure.
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Example of Compliance
Preg rate = Heat detection X Conception rateTAI programs force 100% heat detectionIf a TAI program requires 6 visits to the cow and
we miss 5% of the cows at all visits then we’ve reduced effective heat detection rate from 100 to 70%. If conception rate is 40% then we’ve reduce preg rate by 12%
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Preg Rates and Costs
TAI Program Cow Visits Preg Rate Cost per Cow
CoSync 72 3 28-33% $7.22OvSync 48 4 28-33% $7.38OvSync 56 4 30-35 % $7.38PreSync 12/OvSync 56 6 32-38% $11.90PreSync 14/OvSync 56 6 32-38% $11.90G6G 6 40-50% $11.80Double OvSync 7 40-50% $13.96
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Preg Rates and Costs
TAI Program Cow Visits Preg Rate Cost per Cow
CoSync 72 3 28-33% $7.22OvSync 48* 4 28-33% $7.38OvSync 56* 4 30-35 % $7.38PreSync 12/OvSync 56* 6 32-38% $11.90PreSync 14/OvSync 56* 6 32-38% $11.90G6G 6 40-50% $11.80Double OvSync 7 40-50% $13.96
* If CIDR used add another $9.00
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Pregnancy Diagnosis
Rectal PalpationUltrasoundBlood TestMilk Test
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Rectal Palpation
Most common form of pregnancy diagnosis for cattle
Conducted between 30-50 days after breeding
Sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 96% when conducted between 35 and 45 d post AI
Chronic Trauma to shoulder
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Ultrasonography
Usually performed between 28-35 daysSensitivity of 97.7% and specificity of
87.7% when conducted between 26 and 33 d post AI (Pieterse et al., 1990)
Skills vary among ultrasonographersRechecks still must be doneReduced shoulder trauma if extension arm
used.
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Ultrasonography
Current controversy regarding stage to preg check
Research shows no difference in economics when preg check between 32 and 39 days (Silva, et al 2009 )
At 39 days U/S not required and neither is early P2
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Blood Tests for Pregnancy
Detection of early pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs)
Pregnancy-Specific Protein B (PSPB)Proteins only produced by the placenta of
the growing fetus
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Advantages of Blood Testing
Sensitivity reported to be between 96-99%Specificity reported to be between 97-99%Lay personnel can pull the sampleOften combined with other modalities of
pregnancy diagnosis allowing for coverage of more animals or larger herds
Decrease physical wear and tear of shoulder
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Disadvantages of Blood Testing
Requires minimum of 24 hours to achieve result
Does not provide any fetal stagingHalf life of some PAGs may be as long as
90 day postpartum
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Commercially Available Tests
bioTrackingIdexxConception
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bioTracking
Test name is BioPrynLocated in Moscow, IdahoCharacteristics
◦Se/Sp is 100/87.8 at 30-36 days post breeding◦Used as early as 28 days post breeding◦Must wait until 90 days postpartum
Cost is $2.50-$3.50 per sample
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Idexx
Idexx Bovine Pregnancy Test Serum or milk Located in Westbrook, Maine Characteristics
◦ Se/Sp is 99.3%/95.1% at 30 days post breeding◦ Used as early as 28 days post breeding◦ Must wait 60 days post partum before using
Cost between $2.50 and $3.00 per sample
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Conception
Test name is DG29Located in Québec, CanadaCharacteristics
◦Se/Sp is 99.4/100 at 29 days post breeding◦Used as early as 29 days post breeding◦Must wait 90 days post partum before using
Cost between $3.20 and $4.00 per sample
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Reproduction Analysis
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Basic Concepts
Case Definitions!!Pregnant Cows/Exposed CowsPregnancy Rate, DIM, DOPN, etc.
◦Include cows in EWP?◦Include Dead/Sold Cows?◦Include Dry Cows?◦Frequency of preg checks
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High Production Herd Characteristics
40-45% of milking herd pregnant180-200 Average DIMCull rate less than 35% (???)
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% of the Milking Herd Pregnant
# milking cows pregnant/total # of cows milking.
30-50% is the goal (moves with DIM)Dry cows not includedIn DC305…
◦Sum by rc for rc=1-5 Lact>0\B
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Herd Averages
Days in milk at first breeding (DIMFB)Days Open (DOPN)Days in milk (DIM)
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Herd Averages
Days in milk at first breeding (DIMFB)Days Open (DOPN)Days in milk (DIM) Count AvDIMFB Av DOPN Av DIM
------ ------- ------- -------
2851 62 119 180
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Herd Averages
Days in milk at first breeding (DIMFB)Days Open (DOPN)Days in milk (DIM) Count AvDIMFB Av DOPN Av DIM
------ ------- ------- -------
2851 62 119 180
4412 63 146 200
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Using DC305 for Repro Analysis
Need to be certain of where CLEANUP parameters are set
Commands like COUNT, SUM and PCT do NOT look at sold/died cows unless told to
Switches in DC305◦\B, \D, \L
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% Milking Herd Preg and >150 DIM
# milking cows preg and >150 DIM / #cows milking and greater than 150 DIM
In DC305…◦Sum by RC for DIM>150 RC=1-5 Lact>0
Goal 50-70% (moves with DIM)Dry cows not included
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Specific Areas of Monitoring
Calendar MonthTimes BredTechBreeding CodeInterval AnalysisDay of the Week
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By Calendar Month for past 12 months
Month 95% CI %Conc #Preg #Open Other Abort Total %Tot SPC==================== ====== ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== ==== ====2012 January 35-45 40 142 214 72 41 428 4 2.52012 February 35-44 40 179 271 79 46 529 5 2.52012 March 35-43 39 204 319 108 47 631 6 2.62012 April 37-45 41 251 358 134 62 743 8 2.42012 May 36-44 40 220 336 110 47 666 7 2.52012 June 28-35 31 178 392 74 46 644 7 3.22012 July 13-19 16 100 531 117 20 748 8 6.32012 August 8-12 10 83 742 134 8 959 10 9.92012 September 14-18 16 158 837 203 11 1198 12 6.32012 October 27-32 29 314 754 310 19 1378 14 3.42012 November 37-44 41 333 487 166 6 986 10 2.52012 December 30-38 34 192 373 * 144 2 709 7 2.92013 January - 0 0 93 * 141 0 234 2 TOTALS 28-30 29 2354 5707 1792 355 9853 100 3.41002 non-AI breedings were omitted
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By Times BredBred Number 95% CI %Conc #Preg #Open Other Abort Total %Tot SPC==================== ====== ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== ==== ==== 1 27-40 33 62 124 4 0 190 32 3.0 2 30-46 37 51 86 0 1 137 23 2.7 3 22-42 31 25 55 4 1 84 14 3.2 4 18-40 27 17 45 2 1 64 11 3.6 5 18-47 31 11 25 1 0 37 6 3.3 6 22-56 37 10 17 1 0 28 5 2.7 7 12-55 29 4 10 2 0 16 3 3.5 8 15-58 33 5 10 1 0 16 3 3.0 OTHERS 6-38 16 3 16 3 0 22 4 6.3 TOTALS 29-37 33 188 388 18 3 594 100 3.1
35 non-AI breedings were omitted
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By TechnicianTechnician 95% CI %Conc #Preg #Open Other Abort Total %Tot SPC==================== ====== ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== ==== ====Efrain 19-31 25 50 153 5 1 208 35 4.1Luis 17-35 25 21 64 4 0 89 15 4.0Alfonso 35-46 41 117 171 11 2 299 50 2.5TOTALS 29-37 33 188 388 20 3 596 100 3.135 non-AI breedings were omitted
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By Breeding CodeBreeding Code 95% CI %Conc #Preg #Open Other Abort Total %Tot SPC==================== ====== ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== ==== ====CIDR 12-49 26 5 14 0 1 19 3 3.8Thur PM 40-63 52 33 31 3 1 67 11 1.9Normal 31-44 37 85 142 8 1 235 39 2.7TAI 20-30 25 65 199 9 0 273 46 4.1OTHERS 0-66 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 TOTALS 29-37 33 188 388 20 3 596 100 3.135 non-AI breedings were omitted
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By Day of the WeekWeek Day 95% CI %Conc #Preg #Open Other Abort Total %Tot SPC==================== ====== ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== ==== ====Monday 24-55 38 13 21 0 0 34 6 2.6Tuesday 36-70 54 15 13 0 1 28 5 1.9Wednesday 25-51 37 17 29 5 0 51 9 2.7Thursday 33-52 42 45 62 3 1 110 18 2.4Friday 22-32 26 81 225 11 1 317 53 3.8Saturday 14-44 27 8 22 0 0 30 5 3.8Sunday 20-55 36 9 16 1 0 26 4 2.8TOTALS 29-37 33 188 388 20 3 596 100 3.135 non-AI breedings were omitted
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DIM for 25, 50 and 75% Preg. Rate
Survival Analysis on DOPNDC305 command…
◦Graph DOPN for Lact>0 RC=1-5\S◦Survival Curve
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GRAPH DOPN\S
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GRAPH DOPN FOR TID=3 WITH TID<>3\S
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DOPN Cohort Analysis
Caveats◦Interpret results with other repro parameters◦There is a lag in reproduction data equal to
days till preg check post breeding◦Should also apply monitoring techniques to
parity groups
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Conclusion
Know the case definitionRecord the data oftenLook at the data oftenCheck data against other criteria
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QUESTIONS?