Managing Reliability and the Markets with PI
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Transcript of Managing Reliability and the Markets with PI
California Independent System Operator
Managing Reliability and the Markets with PI
PI System Users Conference
OSI Software, Inc.
April 2-5, 2000
Jim DetmersDirector, Engineering and Maintenance
California Independent System Operator
California Independent System Operator
Some Facts About the California ISO
• Consists of PG&E, SCE, and SDG&E Service Territories.
• Covers 124,000 square miles.
• 21,000 Circuit Miles of Transmission
• Approximately 600+ Generators
• 45,000 Megawatt Summer Peak Load
• 164 Billion KWh of Energy Delivered
to 27 Million Californians.
• Consumers Use Over $23 Billion of Energy Annually.
California Independent System Operator
Cal ifornia IndependentSy stem Operator
Before After
POWERGENERATORS
UTILITY
CUSTOMERS
PO WER GENERATORS PO WER MARKE TERS
SCHEDULING COORDINATORS
CALIFORNIA IS O
CUSTOMERSUTILITY
ES Ps
De-Regulating the Electric Industry in California
California Independent System Operator
AB 1890 signed
AB 1890 goes into
effect
ISO Restructuring
Trust established
$191 million credit facility
for ISO start-up and
development costs
Sept. ‘96 Dec. ‘96 Jan. ‘97 May ‘97 July.-Oct. ‘97 Oct.‘97-Mar.’98 Mar. ‘98
First Staff is Hired
ISO staff & Executives
hired
Operational Dry
Run
Staff Training
Initial Applications & infrastructure
delivered
Mar.‘97
Vendor Contracts
Signed
How the California ISO was Formed
California Independent System Operator
• Assure that the Transmission Grid is Reliable.
• Access to the Transmission Grid is Open and Non-discriminatory.
• Electricity Markets Function Efficiently and Effectively.
The ISO’s Basic Functions
California Independent System Operator
Maintain National and Regional Reliability Standards.
– Operating Reserve - Automatic Generation Control
– Frequency Response and Bias - Time Control
– Control Performance - Inadvertent Interchange
– Control Surveys - Control and Monitoring Equipment
– Backup Power Supply
Maintain Operating Transfer Capability (OTC) between other Control Areas
Maintain Operating Limits in the Local Area Transmission System.
The ISO Reliability Requirements
California Independent System Operator
Real-Time Markets
Ancillary Services MarketsRegulation - Spinning - Non-Spinning - Replacement
Out-of-Market Calls (OOM)
Emergency Measures
Forward Energy MarketsDay Ahead Hour Ahead
“Reliability through Markets”
California Independent System Operator
Day AheadMarket
Hour AheadMarket
RealTime
Time
Suppliers Bid - Energy & Ancillary Services
Load Estimated
Transmission Capacity Analyzed Inter-Zonal Congestion Management
Suppliers Re-Submit Bids
Schedules Balanced
RegulationDispatched
Suppliers Bid - Energy & Ancillary Services
Load Estimated
Transmission Capacity Analyzed Inter-Zonal Congestion Management
Suppliers Re-Submit Bids
Schedules Balanced
Suppliers Bid Energy
Manage Loads
Manage Frequency &Transmission
System Balanced
From Schedule to Reality
California Independent System Operator
?????
Load
Regulation (AGC)
10 Minute MarketBalancing Energy
Uninstructed DeviationReliability Must Run
Hour Ahead Energy Market
Day Ahead Energy Market
Balancing Energy Ties
One Hour Time
One Hour in the Market
California Independent System Operator
• INITIAL ISO COMPUTER SYSTEMS:
• Scheduling Infrastructure (SI)
• Scheduling Applications (SA)
• Energy Management System (EMS)
• Meter Data Acquisition System (MDAS)
• Balance of Business System (BBS)
________________________________
The Tools That Make It Work
•ADDITIONAL COMPUTER SYSTEMS:
•Plant Information System (PI)
•Generator Communications Project (GCP)
California Independent System Operator
Why Use PI?
Historical Operational Data.
Reliability and System Security
Compliance with Market Bids
Market Analysis
California Independent System Operator
Real-time
• Regulation Response.
• Trend System Loads.
• Monitor Critical Transmission System Components.
After the Fact
• Retrieve Operational Data.
• Analyze Transmission System Disturbances.
• Reliability Management System (RMS) reporting.
Examples of Using PI
California Independent System Operator
The Dynamics of Regulation
• Provides Real-Time Difference Between Load and Generation
• Maintains Frequency and Interchange Schedules.
• Unique Ancillary Services Market.
• A Regulation Set-Point Signal is Calculated Every 4 Seconds.
• Regulation Market Bids are Dispatched Directly from the ISO.
“Real-Time” Example: ISO Regulation
Load Generation
60Hz
California Independent System Operator
The Problem with Regulation
• New Market Environment Greatly Increased Regulation Requirements.
• Regulation Costs California Consumers up to $1,000,000 Each Day.
• Regulation is Complex and Difficult to Analyze.– Multiple Generation Suppliers Bid to Provide Service
– Market Determines Which Units Will Provide Regulation Each Hour
– Dynamic Load Determines Regulation Need
“Real-Time” Example: ISO Regulation
California Independent System Operator
Regulation is Bid in Market
California Independent System Operator
Using PI to Find the Regulation Problem
• Process Book Trends of Each Generator on Regulation
• Hourly Deviations Between Set-Points and Actual MW Output
• List of Generators Based on their Ability to Deliver Regulation
• Real-Time Updates of Generators Selected by the Market
• Net Regulation Trend Display.
“Real-Time” Example: ISO Regulation
California Independent System Operator
Good Regulation Response
0
50
100
150
200
250
0:1
5
0:1
7
0:1
9
0:2
1
0:2
3
0:2
5
0:2
7
0:2
9
0:3
1
0:3
3
0:3
5
0:3
7
0:3
9
0:4
1
0:4
3
0:4
5
0:4
7
0:4
9
0:5
1
0:5
3
0:5
5
0:5
7
0:5
9
Set-Point Signal
Actual Output
“Real-Time” Example: ISO Regulation
California Independent System Operator
PI Trend - Good Regulation Response
California Independent System Operator
Delay in Response Time
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
16
:20
16
:21
16
:22
16
:23
16
:24
16
:25
16
:26
16
:27
16
:28
16
:29
16
:30
16
:31
16
:32
16
:33
16
:34
16
:35
16
:36
16
:37
16
:38
16
:39
16
:40
Set-Point Signal
Actual Output
“Real-Time” Example: ISO Regulation
California Independent System Operator
Generator Not Following the Set-Point
200
250
300
350
11
:30
11
:34
11
:38
11
:42
11
:46
11
:50
11
:54
11
:58
12
:02
12
:06
12
:10
12
:14
12
:18
12
:22
12
:26
12
:30
12
:34
12
:38
12
:42
12
:46
12
:50
12
:54
12
:58
13
:02
13
:06
13
:10
13
:14
13
:18
13
:22
13
:26
13
:30
Actual Output
Set-Point
“Real-Time” Example: ISO Regulation
California Independent System Operator
Improper Regulation Response
California Independent System Operator
Uninstructed Deviation of a Non-regulating Unit
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
0:0
0
1:0
0
2:0
0
3:0
0
4:0
0
5:0
0
6:0
0
7:0
0
8:0
0
9:0
0
10
:00
11
:00
12
:00
13
:00
14
:00
15
:00
16
:00
17
:00
18
:00
19
:00
20
:00
21
:00
22
:00
23
:00
0:0
0
Market Schedule
Actual Output
$39
$35
$132
$45
$150
$50
$42
$55
$42
$35
$150
$35
$35Uninstructed DeviationUnit Not in Market but,
Chasing Price
Uninstructed DeviationUnit in Market and
Chasing Price
Uninstructed Deviation
Unit Not in Market, but at Minimum Load Until Called
“Real-Time” Example: ISO Regulation
California Independent System Operator
Solving the Regulation Problem
The Regulation Problem was Caused by Generators Not Responding
to Control Signals. To Solve This Problem, the ISO is:
• Establishing Direct Communications with the Generators
• Correcting Improper Conversions for the AGC Set-Point Signal.
• Penalizing Units Deviating from Schedules because of Spot Prices.
“Real-Time” Example: ISO Regulation
California Independent System Operator
Results of Solving the Regulation Problem
• Correcting Regulation Problems Improves System Reliability.
• Reducing Regulation Requirements Enhances Market Competition.
• Reduced Requirements Result in Savings up to $300,000 a Day.
• The PI System Easily Paid for Itself After a Few Weeks of Operation.
“Real-Time” Example: ISO Regulation
California Independent System Operator
On September 30, 1999, under-frequency was experienced in the
Western United States for about two hours.
It appeared that the California transmission system was the cause of
the event because:
• Higher than Expected Loads.
• Overloads on a Major Intertie Between Oregon and California.
• Shortage of Operating Reserves.
• Interruptible Load Shedding in California was Implemented.
“After the Fact” Example: Disturbance Analysis
California Independent System Operator
Using PI to Analyze the Disturbance
Develop Trends For:
• Load
• Frequency
• Area Control Error (ACE)
• Flows on the Overloaded Transmission Lines
• Regulation Reserves.
“After the Fact” Example: Disturbance Analysis
California Independent System Operator
ISO Load
September 30, 1999 Incident
37000
37500
38000
38500
39000
39500
40000
40500
14:45 15:14 15:43 16:12 16:40 17:09 17:38
Time
MW
“After the Fact” Example: Disturbance Analysis
California Independent System Operator
PI Trend of Frequency and Load
“After the Fact” Example: Disturbance Analysis
California Independent System Operator
“After the Fact” Example: Disturbance Analysis
ISO ACE and FrequencySeptember 30, 1999 14:45-17:00 PAST Incident
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
14:45 15:00 15:15 15:30 15:45 16:00 16:15 16:30 16:45 17:00
Time
AC
E (
MW
)
59.9
59.92
59.94
59.96
59.98
60
60.02
60.04
60.06
Fre
qu
en
cy
(H
z)
ACE
FrequencyTimestamp: 1
Timestamp Summary
1 - Frequency bottoms out at 59.912 Hz.2 - CISO declares Stage 2 emergency.3 - Interruptible load shedding begins.
2 3
California Independent System Operator
PI Trend of Frequency and ACE
“After the Fact” Example: Disturbance Analysis
California Independent System Operator
Results of the Analysis
PI is a Valuable Tool for Determining the Causes of System
Disturbances and Teaching Us How to Prevent Them from
Occurring Again.
• Losses of Generation Outside of the California System Initiated the Event.
“After the Fact” Example: Disturbance Analysis
California Independent System Operator
• PI can Be Used to Improve the Efficiency of the Markets and Reduce Costs to Consumers.
• PI can Be Used to Determine the Cause of Problems and Help to Improve System Reliability.
• PI has helped the ISO Realize its Mission Statement of “Reliability Through Markets” and to Meet ISO Corporate Goals.
Conclusions