Managing aquifer recharge a sustainable way for drinking ... · Managing Aquifer Recharge Prof. Dr....
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Managing aquifer recharge – a sustainable way for drinking water supply
Prof. Dr. U. Tröger
TU Berlin
Dean of Water Engineering Campus El Gouna - Egypt
Chair of Hydrogeology - Berlin
Rainwater harvesting (Gaza strip) a failed EU project
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Flooding during long extended rainfall
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
32 million cubicmeter are lost in a small catchment during March 8th 2014 in El Gouna – Red Sea
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Infiltration wells
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Collection-, sedimentationtank and recharge wells
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Flood controll
A combination of surface and subsurface dams
small and big obstacles
clay traps
etc.
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Why rainwater harvesting?
• Rainwater has a good quality
• Rainwater is low mineralized
• Infiltrated or injected rainwater can dilute the reused higher mineralized treated sewage
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Managing Aquifer Recharge
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
• MAR has to follow a target (economy!)
• MAR can be executed for different purposes
1. To have groundwater available during dry periods
2. To store water during wet years for years with less precipitation
3. To manage quality (dilution and sea water intrusion)
4. To manage sea water intrusion
5. Intelligent reuse of treated sewage
Recharge and pumping (recovery) MAR
Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR)
ASR involves injection of water into a well for storage, and recovery from the same well. The aquifer may be confined or unconfined. Examples are found mainly in Australia as in Salisbury, and the suburbs of Adelaide (treated sewage).
Aquifer storage, transport, and recovery (ASTR)
ASTR involves injection of water into a well for storage, and recovery from a different well, generaly to provide addional water treatment. An exaple is at the Erftverband, North Rhine Westfalia, West Germany.
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Artificial recharge and recovery
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Zoning around the recharge area
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Pollution risk
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Primary, secondary, tertiary treated
First field tests
• Treated sewage is tested on an artificial trench
• Horizontal drains enable the option of sampling the percolating water in different depth
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Sewage water quality
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Pollution of groundwater with sewage
The range of potential groundwater pollutants in wastewater includes pathogenic microorganisms, excess of nutrients and dissolved organic carbons, an where significant industrial effluent is present , toxic heavy metals and organic compounds.
• the pollution vulnerability of the aquifer
• the pollution of natural groundwater and thus its potential use
• the origin of sewage effluent and thus likelihood of persistent contaminants
• the quality of wastewater, and its level of treament and dilution
• the scale of wastewater infiltrion compared to that of the aquifer throughflow
• the mode of wastewater handling and land application.
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Irrigation
Surface Systems
Surface systems have an efficiency rate of 45 to 60 percent, although well-planned surface methods may perform at a 70 to 85 percent efficiency rate, according to the Washington State University Extension.
Subirrigation Subirrigation systems, also known as zero-runoff systems, water the root zone from below and are commonly used in container planting. Instead of seeping into the soil and down into the root zone, the water is absorbed upwards from beneath the plant root zone.
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Organic compounds in sewage effluent
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Underground infiltration
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Infiltration methods
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Trench infiltration
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Infiltration in trenches
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Infiltration in trenches
The drainage hose is used for a better distribution of infiltration
Dug well infiltration
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Treated sewage water used for MAR in Australia
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Artificial groundwater recharge to control salinity
High chloride content can be be diluted with artificial recharge.
Even treated sewage may be used if the mineralization is very high
Cl- g/ L
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
MAR for controlling contaminant flow
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Defense of seawater intrusion
• Treated sewage is injected in a well far enough to be free of bacteria when reaching the fresh water well.
• The gradient in direction to the sea defense the sea water intrusion
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Seawater
Treated sewage Q
Cultivated area partly with sewage
• From 1923 (Gabal el Aswar) and 1932 (Abu Rawash) flood irrigation was used
• Abu Rawash this was changed to furrow irrigation
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Construction of sewage farms
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Treatment plant, constructed wetland, and waste deposit
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Jet irrigation in Braunschweig
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Braunschweig treated effluent
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
COD
BOD
Problems
Treated water in – drinkinking water out?
Clogging effects
Change in chemistry due to:
ion exchange
adsorbtion and advection
new minerals
clay expansion
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh
Thank you for your attention
Prof. Dr. Tröger Regional Swim Conference Managing aquifer recharge Sharm El Sheikh