management---> management---> whatwhat do we do? do we do?(aims, means, strategy, actions, results…)(aims, means, strategy, actions, results…)

governance ---> governance ---> whowho decides what we do? decides what we do?

((authority,authority, responsibility & accountability…)responsibility & accountability…)

all types are legitimate and important for conservation!all types are legitimate and important for conservation!

““……whowho holds PA management holds PA management authorityauthority and and responsibilityresponsibility and and is held is held accountableaccountable for decisions about a given protected area?” for decisions about a given protected area?”

4 main “governance4 main “governance typestypes” identified in preparation for ” identified in preparation for Durban WPCDurban WPC::

A. the A. the governmentgovernment (and its agencies)(and its agencies)

B.B. various partiesvarious parties (together)(together)

C. the C. the ownersowners of the of the concerned land and concerned land and natural resourcesnatural resources

D. the concerned D. the concerned indigenous peoplesindigenous peoples andand local local communitiescommunities

Governance type

Category(management objective)

A. Government A. Government Managed Protected Managed Protected AreasAreas

B. Co-managed Protected B. Co-managed Protected Areas (shared governance)Areas (shared governance)

C. Private Protected C. Private Protected AreasAreas

D. Community D. Community Conserved Conserved AreasAreas

Federal or Federal or national national ministry or ministry or agency in agency in chargecharge

Local/ Local/ municipal municipal ministry or ministry or agency in agency in changechange

GovernmeGovernment-nt-delegated delegated managememanagement (e.g. to nt (e.g. to an NGO)an NGO)

Trans-Trans-boundary boundary managemenmanagement t

CollaboratiCollaborative ve managememanagement nt (various (various forms of forms of pluralist pluralist influence)influence)

Joint Joint management management (pluralist (pluralist management management board)board)

Declared Declared and run by and run by individual individual land-land-owner owner

……by non-by non-profit profit organisatiorganisations (e.g. ons (e.g. NGOs, NGOs, universitieuniversities, etc.)s, etc.)

……by for by for profit profit organisatorganisations (e.g. ions (e.g. corporatcorporate land-e land-owners )owners )

Declared Declared and run by and run by Indigenous Indigenous PeoplesPeoples

Declared and Declared and run by Local run by Local CommunitiesCommunities

I - Strict Nature I - Strict Nature Reserve/ Wilderness Reserve/ Wilderness AreaArea

II – National Park II – National Park (ecosystem (ecosystem protection; protection; protection of cultural protection of cultural values)values)

III – Natural III – Natural MonumentMonument

IV – Habitat/ Species IV – Habitat/ Species Management Management

V – Protected V – Protected Landscape/ SeascapeLandscape/ Seascape

VI – Managed VI – Managed Resource Resource

classification of protected areasclassification of protected areas by by IUCN categoryIUCN category and and governance typegovernance type

Our group was very broad (about 15 Our group was very broad (about 15 nationalities…). It examined the nationalities…). It examined the merits and merits and problemsproblems of “the matrix” and outlined a way of “the matrix” and outlined a way forwards towards the 4° WCC in Barcelona…forwards towards the 4° WCC in Barcelona…

Highlights the role of governance Highlights the role of governance versus managementversus management

Gets rid of some stereoptypes (PAs Gets rid of some stereoptypes (PAs concern only govs. & scientists)... concern only govs. & scientists)... New New culture of conservationculture of conservation

Allows to “see” and recognize the Allows to “see” and recognize the conservation contribution of conservation contribution of landowners and communitieslandowners and communities

Allows to see beyond the “island PA” Allows to see beyond the “island PA” Can combine with categories to Can combine with categories to

describe describe mosaicsmosaics of protection in the of protection in the landscape/ seascape...landscape/ seascape...

Most useful for developing Most useful for developing PA systemsPA systems The recognition by the IUCN can The recognition by the IUCN can

promote action at national levelpromote action at national level...... & governments & governments legitimise different legitimise different

conservation actorsconservation actors in PA system in PA system planning....planning....

Can be used as a descriptive, Can be used as a descriptive, communication, strategic or even communication, strategic or even compelling tool...compelling tool...

meritsmerits

problems/ problems/ questionsquestions

Possible confusion between ownership and statutory powers, de jure and de facto situations, mixed/ partial protection…

Using the categories is already messy, governance adds another layer of complexity

Not all governance types may be “equally” good for a given IUCN category or situation

Needs to be incorporated in Needs to be incorporated in national legal schemes... national legal schemes... delicate moment of delicate moment of “recognition”“recognition” of existing governance types (new rules to be applied)… risk of getting governments “off the hooks”?

How to inlcude requirement of “permanence”?

How to accommodate for zones of different gov. type?

The tool can be further discussed, The tool can be further discussed, clarified and refined with the clarified and refined with the participation of a participation of a large variety of large variety of actorsactors– in particular – in particular governmentalgovernmental actorsactors (“prevalence of authority”; (“prevalence of authority”; public/ private ownership; public/ private ownership; effectiveness of different gov. effectiveness of different gov. types for a given category...)types for a given category...)

Further cases to be examined in Further cases to be examined in depth (military bases, etc.)depth (military bases, etc.)

For each box in the matrix, For each box in the matrix, examples and guidanceexamples and guidance can be can be provided (e.g. model agreements, provided (e.g. model agreements, legal frameworks e.g. easements legal frameworks e.g. easements for PPAs ...)for PPAs ...)

way forwardway forward

Several groupsSeveral groups will work and draw lessons will work and draw lessons (TILCEPA; TGER; Task Force on PA Law and Policy; (TILCEPA; TGER; Task Force on PA Law and Policy; TF Private PAs... under the umbrella of the TF on TF Private PAs... under the umbrella of the TF on Categories) and contribute to the Categories) and contribute to the new Categories new Categories GuidelinesGuidelines for the WCC in Barcelona for the WCC in Barcelona