management of psychosomatic disorders through ayurvedic drugs
Transcript of management of psychosomatic disorders through ayurvedic drugs
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Om Prakash et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
MANAGEMENT OF PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDERS THROUGH
AYURVEDIC DRUGS- A CRITICAL REVIEW
Om Prakash Rout1a, Rabinarayana Acharya2, Rakshapal Gupta1b, Shrikanta R
Inchulkar3, Kamleshwar S Karbhal4, Rashmibala Sahoo5
1 Lecturera, Readerb, Dept. of Dravyaguna, Govt. Ayurveda College, Raipur (C.G).
2Associate Professor, Dept. of Dravyaguna, I.P.G.T. & R.A. Gujarat Ayurved University,
Jamnagar, Gujarat. 3Reader, Dept. of Agada Tantra & Vidhi Ayurved , Govt. Ayurveda College, Raipur (C.G).
4Lecturer, Dept. of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Govt. Ayurveda College, Raipur
(C.G). 5Scientific officer (Botany), State Drug Testing Laboratory (ISM), Govt. Ayurveda Hospital
Campus, BJB Nagar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
ABSTRACT
The Psychosomatic disease (disorder of stress) to the problem of health
and disease has attained the central theme of the current trends of
modern medicine. Psychotherapeutics does not meet properly for
therapeutic possibilities of majority of patients with psychosomatic
problems. Ayurvedic remedies are immerging as ultimate therapeutic
hope for such disorders. These disorders may be prevented by the use
of psychotropic drugs, highlighted as medhya dravyas and medhya
rasayanas either as a single drug or in the form of compound
formulations, in classical texts of Ayurveda. Global search is on, for
the development of an effective antistress drug from natural source
which could effectively tone up the disturbed physiological functioning
of the subjects affected by such stress problems. A number of such
drugs mostly in the form of their extracts (holistic approach) or in
some, as active principles isolated from them, have been evaluated for
their antistress activity by a number of tests which include open field behavior etc. This
review covers a broad spectrum of Ayurvedic drugs and formulations used in specific
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Article Received on 23 September 2013, Revised on 26 October 2013, Accepted on 30 November 2013
*Correspondence for
Author: *Dr. Om Prakash Rout
M.D (Ayu.), Ph.D
Lecturer, Dept. of Dravyaguna
Govt. Ayurvedic College
G.E Road, Raipur
Chhattisgarh., India.
om
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psychosomatic disorders, their active constituent and specific part of the plant being used. It
is observed that traditionally nearly 28 single drugs are being used either as a single or in
combination for the management of Apasmara, Bhrama, Unmada, Sanyasa and Murccha.
Nearly 78 single Indian medicinal plants and 50 classical Ayurvedic formulations are
generally in use for psychosomatic disorders. Active constituents extracted from specific
parts of 14 medicinal plants are used for the purpose of to benificial the mental health
problems and nearly 46 medicinal plants are reported to have pharmacologically potent as
having anxiolytic effect, adaptogenic and anti-stress activity.
Keywords- Ayurveda, medhya, psychosomatic disorder, stress, medicinal plants, anti-
anxiety, adaptogenic effect.
INTRODUCTION
Ayurveda, an ancient system of medicine, primarily concerned with the preventive and
promotive aspects of health for the well being through the concepts of positive physical and
mental health. Management of mental disorders or psychological medicine was an area of
specialization even during Acharya Caraka’s time (500 B.C.). The meaning of the word
“Ayurveda” is self explanatory (Ayu = Life, Veda = Science). Life has been described as the
complex combination of Body (Sarira), Senses (Indriyas), Mind (Sattva) and Soul (Atma)1.
In recent years, the incidence of psychosomatic diseases has shown a tremendous increase
throughout the world, especially in western affluent society, where most of the infectious and
nutritional causes of ill health have been completely eradicated, but the psychosomatic
disorders are emerging as a greater and growing challenge before the medical profession2.
Man being a psychosomatic organism is naturally prone to psychosomatic disorders. Though
in general every disease is psychosomatic in nature but in limited terms a psychosomatic
disease is one whose main cause is in the psyche and the manifestations are predominantly
visible in the body. This can be elucidated by the definition of health, the causes of disease,
the approach to the examination of the patient, the application of psychosomatic constituent,
the regimen of mental and physical hygiene and the several other facts extensively dealt in
Indian Medicine including the use of psychotropic drugs i.e. medhya dravyas and medhya
rasayanas3. Since curative therapy is expensive and largely palliative, Ayurvedic medicines
appear to be a natural choice to reduce chronic diseases.
All illness comes within the perview of psychosomatic medicine; indeed, one of its tenets is
that there is no real distinction between mental and physical illness. In Harold Wolff's words,
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“there is no basis for assuming that illness may be divided into psychosomatic and other
illness, except in the most superficial sense . . . the majority of symptomatic illness, medical,
surgical and psychiatric, arise in, or may be remarkably influenced by environmental
circumstances perceived by the individual concerned as threatening."4
A psychosomatic disorder, by definition, is a stress disorder whose principal cause is
psychological in origin but its manifestations are predominantly observed in the body5-7.
Stress is a non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it8-9. Such a response
consists of a series of neurohumoral, endocrine and metabolic changes with related
physiological alterations involving entire body parts and systems albeit to varying degrees10-
12. Normally these stress-induced physiological changes are adaptive, compensatory, and self-
limiting but when stressful conditions are frequent, intense and override certain limits, these
physiological changes become rather irreversible and pathological in nature13. Adrenal
cortex, an integral part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis plays a very
important role in the stress physiology. Cortisol, a principal glucocorticoid in man, is secreted
by the adrenal cortex, has profound effects in health and disease14.
While this psychosomatic approach to medicine is relevant to all illness, there are a particular
group of disorders, the psychosomatic disorders, in which the relationship between
psychosocial disturbance and the occurrence of illness is particularly clear. In these
conditions genetic factors are important, and disturbances of the neuro-endocrine and
neurovegetative system are believed to play an important part in the disease manifestation.
Bronchial asthma, migraine, peptic ulcer, forms of colitis, mucous or ulcerative, certain types
of hypertension and of musculoskeletal disorder, rheumatoid arthritis, eczema and dermatitis,
dental conditions such as Vincent's angina and periodontitis, disturbances of menstrual and
sexual function, and endocrine disorders such as thyrotoxicosis, and perhaps some cases of
diabetes, all come into this group4.
The management of psychosomatic disorder (if the expression is to be preserved) may
therefore be dealt with in two ways: firstly, in general terms which are significant for all
illness, and, secondly, more specifically in terms relating to particular types of illness4.
Texts of Ayurveda systematically recorded the part use, pharmacological properties, actions,
indications of the plant drug highlighted for psychosomatic disorders like apasmara, bhram,
undmada, apasmara, sanyasa etc. with medhaya etc. properties. Their use as a single drug as
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well as an ingredient of compound formulations was recorded in samhitas (treatise) as well as
samgraha granthas (compendia of Ayurveda). Various available samhitas (classical texts),
nighantus (lexicons) samgraha granthas (compendia) and research articles pertaining to
pharmacological screening of herbal drugs for their anti-anxiety and adaptogenic (anti-stress),
were referred; the vernacular names, properties, actions and various single drugs and
formulations (with their prime indications) were compiled and arranged in a systematic
manner.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
On perusal of the different tables of this review it is noted that most of the indigenous drugs
have depicted their anti-anxiety and adaptogenic (anti-stress) effects and thus they could be
potential source for the managing the different pychosomatic disorders. Traditional methods
employed in the treatment of various psychosomatic disorders are being tabulated in Table no
115-16. It can be observed that 28 single drugs and 19 combinations have been used in the
management of Apasmara, Bhrama, Unmada, and Sanyasa & Murccha. In Apasamara, 16
combinations are used internally and 6 externally. In Bhrama 9 combinations are used as
internal medication. In Unmada 11 combinations are used internally whereas only 1 as
externally. In Sanyasa & Murccha 9 combinations are used internally whereas only 1
externally.
Apart from these traditional methods, various Ayurvedic drugs mentioned in classics are also
enlisted in Table no 21, 17-23, 84,85, 87-94. It depicts that nearly 78 drugs are used in the
management of psychosomatic disorders. Among them 17 and 12 drugs are enlisted as
medhya and medhya rasayana respectively. Observation shows that highest numbers of drugs
are enlisted in the management of apasmara (28) followed by bhrama (21) unmada (20),
murccha (14), manasa roga (8), anidra (7), madyataya (6), Smrti daurabalya (2), Moha (1)
and Atinidra (1). The main objective of these tables is to support the enthusiastic physicians
and researchers to utilize these traditional methods as well as Ayurvedic drugs for the
effective treatment of different psychological disorders.
Memory is the ability of an individual to record sensory stimuli, events, information, etc. and
retain them over short or long periods of time and recall the same at a later date when needed.
Dementia is a mental disorder characterized by loss of intellectual ability (judgment or
abstract thinking) which invariably involves impairment of memory. The most common
cause of dementia is Alzheimers disease (AD), which is a progressive neurodegenerative
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disorder associated with loss of neurons in distinct brain areas and cord24. Poor memory,
lower retention and slow recall are common problems in today’s stressful and competitive
world. Age, stress and emotions are conditions that may lead to memory loss, amnesia,
anxiety, high blood pressure, dementia, to more ominous threat like schizophrenia and
Alzheimer’s disease25.
Psychotherapeutics does not meet properly for therapeutic possibilities for majority of
patients with mental health problems but herbal remedies are ultimate therapeutic hope for
such patients. Many synthetic drugs because of many unwanted but unavoidable side effects
have poor patient compliance. Therefore herbal treatment is being preferred over
conventional treatments. Much attention and so scope is drawn towards herbal remedy of
many brain disorders. There is also discusses the source of active constituent and specific part
of the plant being used (Table no. 3)26-33.
Information on plant species that have been explored for their anxiolytic effect, Adaptogenic
activity and anti-stress profile using pharmacologically validated animal models has been
complied (Table no 4)34-82. There are nearly 46 medicinal plants which posseses anxiolytic
effect, adaptogenic (anti-stress) activity. Thus plant based formulations may be effectively
used for the treatment of psychosomatic disorders.
In Ayurveda, compound formulations are generally used in the therapy as the combination of
many drugs provides a synergistic therapeutic effect and also includes ingredients which help
to minimize the adverse effects of few other major drugs. These formulations are reported to
work on multiple biochemical pathways and are capable of influencing several organ systems
simultaneously. The benefits of Ayurvedic formulations are that it can nourish the body as a
whole by supporting various organ systems. Many of the formulations mentioned below have
traditionally used for the treatment of psychosomatic disorders (Table no5)83,86,95-96. Total 50
classical Ayurvedic formulations are used in the the management of psychosomatic disorders.
Among them only 2 formulations are stated as medhya. Highest numbers of formulations are
enlisted in the management of apasmara (31), followed by unmada (22), smriti kshaya (8),
murccha (7), buddhi dourbalya (6), manasa dosa (4), bhrama (3), anidra (2), manodourbalya
(2), mada (2) and pralapa (1).
Because large population use Ayurvedic medicine both in single and compound form
worldwide, there is an urgent need for additional, carefully conducted, high-quality intensive
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research to evaluate its efficacy and to develop this discipline to meet ever-new challenges of
modern medicine in the field of psychosomatic disorders. Attention should be given not only
to the evaluation of safety and examination of effectiveness in treatment strategy, but also to
the consideration of community practice settings, patient expectations, compliance and cost
effectiveness. Standardization and quality production of herbal products may allow us to
develop low cost therapies with reduced risk over pharmaceuticals.
Table 1: Classical treatment protocols for Psychosomatic disorders in Ayurveda15,16
Psychosomatic
disorders
Classical treatment procedures
Apasmara At the time attack:
5 to drops of juice of bulb of Palandu (Allium cepa Linn.), to be instilled in the
nose as nasya.
5 to 10 drops of juice of root of Nirgundi (Vitex negundo Linn.), to be instilled in
the nose as nasya.
Give a Nasya prepared from extra fine powder of seed of Marica (Ppiper nigrum
Linn.), Sigru (Moringa oleifera Lam.) and Damanaka (Artemisia vulgaris Linn.)
twice a day.
Give Dhumra of root of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) and fruit of Marica
(Ppiper nigrum Linn.), to nose.
Prepare an Anjana from the equal parts of the powder of roots of Madhuyasti
(Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.) and Vaca (Acorus calamus Linn.), rhizome of Tagara
(Valeriana wallichii DC.), bark of Sirisa (Albizzia lebbeck Benth.) and bulb of
Rasona (Allium sativum Linn.). It may be used as Anjana and Nasya.
Boil Sarsapa taila (oil of Brassica campestris Linn. Var. sarson Prain) in 4 times
goat’s urine and prepare taila by taila Paka method. Whole body of the patient is
to be massaged with it.
Between the attacks
Svarasa of whole plant of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Pernnell) is to be
taken in 14 to 28 ml. doses with 4 to 6 g. honey twice a day.
Powdered root of Satavari (Asparagus racemosus Willd.)is to be taken in 12 g.
dose with 100 to 250 ml. milk twice a day.
Powdered rhizome of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) is to be taken in 1 g. dose
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with 4 to 6 g. honey twice a day.
Bulb of Rasona (Allium sativum Linn.)is to be taken in 1 g. dose with 5 ml. tila
taila twice a day.
Powdered root of Madhuyasti (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.) is to be taken in 3 to 6
g. dose with 7 to 14 ml. svarasa of fruits of Kusmanda (Benincasa hispida
(Thunb.) Cogn.), twice a day for three days.
Take the powder of Hingu (Ferula foetida Regel), fruit of Amlavetasa (Garcinia
pedunculata Roxb.), Sunthi (Zingiber officinale Roxb.), Sovarcala Lavan and seed
of Dadima (Punica granatum Linn.)in equal parts. Its 3 to 6 g. is to be taken with
14 to 28 ml. decoction of Yava (Hordeum vulgare Linn.)twice a day.
Prepare a Siddha ghrita with Sovarcala lavana, fruit rind of Haritaki (Terminalia
chebula Retz.) and Trikatu (combination of Zingiber officinale Roxb.+ Piper
longum Linn.+Piper nigrum Linn.). Its 12 to 24 g. is to be taken twice daily.
The prepared kalka/swarasa of Agastya (Sesbania grandiflora Pers.), Maricha
(Piper nigrum Linn.)and gomutra (cow urine)are given nasya in nostril in
Apasmara.
The prepared kashaya of Kustha (Saussurea lappa C.B. Clarke) or Vacha (Acorus
calamus Linn.) with Madhu is administered internally in Apasmara.
The prepared ghrita of Kusmanda (Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.) is
administered internally in Apasmara which purifies the Bhuddhi and Vakh.
The prepared swarsa of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Pennell) is administered
internally with Ksheera in Apasmara.
The prepared kalka of Yastimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.) and Kushmanda
(Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.) is administered internally in Apasmara.
The prepared Kalka of Lasuna (Allium sativum Linn.) is administered internally
with Taila in Apasmara.
The prepared microfined power of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) is administered
internally with Madhu in Apasmara.
The prepared microfined power of Satavari (Asparagus racemosus Willd)is
administered internally with Ksheera in Apasmara.
The prepared gutika/vataka of Sarshapa (Brassica campestris Linn. Var. Sarson
Prain), Kanchanara (Bauhina variegate Linn.), Ajamutra is applied anjana to eye
lids in Apasmara.
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Bhrama Powdered root of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) 1 g. or root of Asvagandha
(Withania somnifera Linn.)1g. to be taken with 250 ml. of milk thrice a aday.
Powdered whole plant of Sankhapuspi (Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois.)1 to 2 g. to
be taken with 100 to 250 ml. milk thrice a day.
If attack is preceded with headache take powdered of Sarpagandha (Rauwolfia
serpentine Benth ex Kurz.) in 1 to 2 g. dose two times a day with 3 g. powder of
Triphala.
If attack sets in after feeling of vacant ness in the head, weakness and depression
then kalka of bulb of Rasona (Allium sativum Linn.), Adraka (Zingiber officinale
Roxb.) in the dose of 5 to 10 g. or Duralabha (Fagonia cretica Linn.) in the dose
of 3 to 6 may be taken three times a day.
Decoction prepared from Brihat Panca Mula to be taken in 14 to 28 ml. dose with
5 to 10 g. honey thrice a day.
Decoction prepared from Dasamula to be taken in 14 to 28 ml. doses with 5 to 10
g. honey thrice a day.
Decoction prepared from the whole plant of Durlabha (Fagonia cretica Linn.) to
be taken in 14 to 28 ml. dose with milk and 5 to 10 g. Sarkara at night.
The prepared kashaya of the Duralaba (Fagonia cretica Linn.) is administered
internally with Gritha in Bhrama.
The prepared swarasa of Jambira (Citrus limon (Linn.) Burm.f.)is administered
with Sarkara in Bhrama
Unmada Powder of root of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) 1 to 2 g. to be taken twice daily
with cow’s milk.
Svarasa obtained from the leaf of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Pennell)14 to
28 ml. to be taken with 100 to 250 ml. of cow’s milk twice a day.
Kalka prepared from the root of Sarpagandha (Rauwolfia serpentine Benth ex
Kurz.) 3 to 6 g. to be taken with 100 to 250 ml. of cow’s milk twice a day.
Powdered whole plant of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Pennell)1 to 3 g. to be
taken with 4 to 6 g. honey or 100 to 250 ml. of cow’s milk twice a day.
Powdered root of Kustha (Saussurea lappa C.B. Clarke) 2 g. to be taken with 4 to
6 g. honey twice a day.
Fluid obtains from the fruit of Narikela (Cocos nucifera Linn.)100 ml. to be taken
with 5 to 10 g. Sarkara twice a day.
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Kalka prepared from the whole plant of Sankhapuspi (Convolvulus pluricaulis
Chois.) 12 to 24 g. to be taken with 100 to 250 ml. of cow’s milk twice a day.
Powdered root of Jatamamsi (Nardostachys jatamansi DC.)1 to 3 g. to be taken
twice a day with cow’s milk.
The prepared swarasa of Taala (Borassus flabellifer Linn.) is administered with
madhu followed by nasya and abhyanga with Sarsapa taila in Unmada.
The prepared ksheera paka of Bala (Sida cordifolia Linn.), Apamarga
(Achyranthus aspera Linn.), and Ksheera administered internally in Unmada.
The prepared kalka/swarasa of Vishnukranta (Clitoria ternatea
Linn.), Tandulodaka is given nasya in nostril in Bhuto Unmada.
The prepared swarasa of Shankhapuspi (Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois.), Kusta
(Saussurea lappa C.B. Clarke), Madhu is administered internally in Unmada.
Murccha &
Sanyasa
At the time of Attack
Give nasya of powdered bark of Katphala (Myrica nagi Thumb.).
Rasa sindura 60-250 mg or Kasturi 7.5 to 15 mg. to be given sublingually.
The prepared ghrita of Amalaki (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.), Ghrita is
administered internally in Murccha.
The prepared kalka of Aardraka (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) mixed with Puruna
guda is administered internally for 7 days in Murccha and Mada.
Between the attacks
Decoction of whole plant of Yavasa (Alhagi camelorum Fisch.)14 to 28 ml. to be
taken with Ghrita 10 g. twice a day.
Triphal churna 1 to 3 g. to be taken with equal quantity of Guda and Ardraka
(Zingiber officinale Rosc.) thrice a day.
Kalka of root and stem of Kamala (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.), fruit of Pippali
(Piper longum Linn.), fruit rind of Haritaki (Terminalia chebula Retz.) prepared in
water to be taken in 12 to 24 g. dose with honey thrice a day.
Ksirapaka prepared from the powder of equal part of roots of Satavari (Asparagus
racemosus Willd.) and Bala (Sida cordifolia Linn.) and Draksha (Vitis vinifera
Linn.)100 to 200 ml. to be taken with Sarkara thrice a day.
Powder of equal part of Badara Majja, Marica (Piper nigrum Linn.), root of
Ushira (Vetiveria zizanioidis (Linn.) Nash.), Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea Linn.) 3
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to 6 g. to be taken with cold water thrice a day.
Panaka of leaf of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Penn.), wood of Chandana
(Santalum album Linn.), root of Ushira (Vetiveria zizanioidis (Linn.) Nash.),
Karpura (Cinnamomum camphora Nees & Eberm) and Kesara (Crocus sativus
Linn.)to be taken twice a day.
Table 2: List of Ayurvedic plants commonly used in psychosomatic disorders1,17-23,84,85,87-
94
Sl.No. Plant Name Common name Useful part Actions/uses
1. Acorus calamus Linn.
(Araceae)
Vacha Dried
rhizome
Medhya,
Apasmara,
Unmada, Smrti
daurabalya,
Medhya rasayana
2. Adiantum capellus-veneris
Linn.
(Polypodiaceae)
Hamsapadi
bheda
Dried whole
plant
Apasmara, bhrama
3. Ailanthus excelsa Roxb.
(Simaroubaceae)
Aralu Dried stem
bark
Bhrama
4. Albizia procera Benth.
(Mimosaceae)
Sweta Shirisa Manasa Roga
5. Allium sativum Linn.
(Alliaceae; Liliaceae)
Lasuna bulb Apasmara,
Unmada
6. Alstonia venenata R.Br.
(Apocynaceae)
Analivegam - Unmada,
Apasmara
7. Angelica archangelica
Linn.
(Umbellifra; Apiaceae)
Choraka
Pratinidhi
Canda
Dried root Apasmara
8. Angelica glauca Edgew.
(Umbellifra;Apiaceae)
Choraka Dried mature
root & root
stock
Unmada,
Apasmara
9. Anthemis nobilis Linn.
(Compositae, Asteraceae)
Babuna bheda - Medhya
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10. Argyreia nervosa (Burm.f.)
Boj. (Convolvulaceae)
Vridhadaru
Bastantri
Dried root Medhya, Rasayana,
Unmada,
Apasmara
11. Artemisia absinthium Linn.
(Compositae; Asteraceae)
Dipantara
Damanaka
Dried whole
plant
Apasmara
12. Asparagus racemosus
Willd. (Liliaceae)
Satavari Root Medhya, Rasayana,
Unmada,
Apasmara
13. Bacopa monnieri (Linn.)
Penn.(Scrophulariaceae)
Brahmi Whole plant Medhya,
Apasmara,
Unmada,
Manasavikara
Medhya rasayana
14. Benincasa hispida (Thunb.)
Cogn. (Cucurbitaceae)
Kusmanda Dried pieces
of fruit
Medhya, Unmada,
Manasa Vikara
Medhya rasayana
15. Boswellia carterii Birdw.
& other sp. (Burseraceae)
Kunduru Bheda - Unmade,
Apasmara
16. Brunella vulgaris Linn.
(Labiatae, Lamiaceae)
Ustukhuddus - Medhya, Apasmara
17. Callicarpa macrophylla
Vahl. (Verbenaceae)
Priyangu Dried fruit Bhrama
18. Cannabis sativa Linn.
(Cannabinaceae)
Vijaya Dried leaves Anidra
19. Celastrus paniculatus
Willd. (Celastraceae)
Jyotismati Ripe seed Smrtidaurbalya,
Smritivardhaka
Medhya rasayana
20. Centella asiatica (Linn.)
Urban.
(Umbelliferae, Apiaceae)
Mandukaparni Whole plant Medhya rasayana
21. Citrus medica Linn.
(Rutaceae)
Bijapura Fresh fruit Madatyaya
22. Clitoria ternatea Aparajita Dried leaf Medhya, Unmada,
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Linn.(Fabaceae ) Bhrama
23. Colebrookea oppositifolia
Sm.
(Labiatae, Lamiaceae)
Binda - Apasmara
24. Commiphora myrrha
(Nees.) Engl. (Burseraceae)
Bola - Medhya
25. Convolvulus arvensis Linn.
(Convolvulaceae)
Sankhine - Medhya
26. Convolvulus pluricaulis
Choisy
(Convolvulaceae)
Sankhapuspi Whole plant Medhya, Unmada,
Anidra, Bhrama,
Manasaroga,
Apasmara
Medhya rasayana
27. Cucumis sativus Linn.
(Cucurbitaceae)
Trapusam Dried seed Anidra
28. Cuscuta epithymum Linn.
(Convolvulaceae)
Aphatemun - Unmada
29. Cymbopogon martini
(Roxb.) Wats. (Poaceae)
Rohisatruna Dried leaf,
stem & root
Apasmara
30. Cynodon dactylon (Linn.)
Pers. (Poaceae)
Durva Dried fibrous
root
Dried whole
plant
Murccha
Bhrama
31. Datura metel Linn.
(Solanaceae)
Dhattura Dried whole
plant
Unmada
32. Desmodium polycarpum
DC. (Fabaceae)
Shalaparni
Bheda
- Apasmara
33. Desmodium triflorum
(Linn.) DC. (Fabaceae)
Tripadi - Apasmara
34. Dicentra canadensis Walp.
(Papaveraceae)
Squirrel Corn. - Medhya
35. Elaeocarpus sphaericus
(Gaertn.) K. Schum.
Rudraksa Seed manasa roga,
Anidra, Apasmara
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(Elaeocarpaceae)
36. Emblica officinalis Gaertn.
(Euphorbiaceae)
Amalaki fruit Medhya rasayana
37. Ferula foetida Regel.
(Umbelliferae, Apiaceae)
Hingu - Apasmara
38. Ferula jaeschkeana Vatke
(Apiaceae)
Hingupatri Dried leaf Unmada,
Apasmara
39. Ficus glomerata Roxb.
(Moraceae)
Udumbara Dried fruit Murccha
40. Ficus lacor Buch.-Ham
(Moraceae)
Plaksa Dried fruit
Dried stem
bark
Murccha, Bhrama
Murccha
41. Fumaria parviflora Lam.
(Fumaraceae)
Parpata Dried whole
plant
Mada, Bhrama
42. Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.
(Fabaceae)
Yastimadhu root Medhya rasayana
43. Gmelina arborea Roxb.
(Verbenaceae)
Gambhari Dried stem Bhrama
44. Gossypium herbaceum
Linn.
(Malvaceae)
Karpasa Seeds
(devoid of
lint)
Murccha
45. Habenaria intermedia
D.Don.
(Orchidaceae)
Ruiddhi Dried tuber Murccha
46. Hyoscyamus niger Linn.
(Solanaceae)
Parasikayavani seed Anidra, Unmada
47. Indigofera tinctoria Linn.
(Fabaceae)
Nili Dried whole
plant
Moha, Bhrama
48. Lawsonia inermis Linn.
(Lythraceae)
Madayantika Dried leaves Bhrama
49. Melia azedarach Linn.
(Meliaceae)
Mahanimba Dried stem
bark
Bhrama
50. Moringa oleifera Lam. Sigru Dried seed Atinidra
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(Moringaceae)
51. Mucuna prurita Hook.
(Fabaceae)
Atmagupta Seed Medhya Rasayana
52. Nardostachys jatamansi
DC. (Valerianaceae)
Jatamamsi Dried
rhizome
Manasaroga,
Anidra, Apasmara
Medhya rasayana
53. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.
(Nymphacaceae)
Kamala Dried
rhizome
Murccha, Bhrama
54. Nymphaea stellata Willd.
(Nymphaceae)
Utpala Dried flower Murccha
55. Pandanus tectorius Soland.
ex Parkison (Pandanaceae)
Ketaki - Medhya
56. Phoenix dactylifera Linn.
(Araceae)
Kharjura Dried fruit,
with seed
removed
Murccha,
madatyaya
57. Phyla nodiflora (L.) E.
Greene (Verbenaceae)
Jalapippali Dried whole
plant
Bhrama, Murccha
58. Pinus europaeum L.
(Coniferae)
Nikocaka Dried
rhizomes
Apasmara
59. Pinus roxburghii Sarg.
(Pinaceae)
Sarala Dried heart
wood
Exudate
Murccha
60. Piper wallichii Hand.-
Mazz. (Piperacaea)
Renuka bija - Medhya
61. Prunus cerasoides D.Don.
(Rosaceae)
Padmaka Heart wood Bhrama
62. Rauvolfia serpentine
Benth. Ex Kurz
(Apocynaceae)
Sarpagandha Dried root Anidra, Unmada,
Apasmara,
Bhrama,
manasaroga
63. Saccharum bengalense
Retz. (Poaceae)
Sara Dried root Murccha, Bhrama
64. Santalum album Linn. Sveta Chandana Dried heart Bhrama
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(Santalaceae) wood
65. Selinum candollei DC.
(Apiaceae)
Mura Dried root Bhrama, Murccha
66. Selinum tenuifolium Wall.
ex DC. (Apiaceae)
Mura - Medhya
67. Selinum vaginatum C.B.
Clarke (Apiaceae)
Bhutakesi Dried fruit
Rhizome
Apasmara, bhrama
Apasmara,
Unmada
68. Smilax china Linn.
(Liliaceae)
Madhusnuhi Tuberous
root
Unmada,
Apasmara
69. Sphaeranthus indicus Linn.
(Asteraceae)
Munditika Dried leaf Medhya, Apasmara
70. Strychnos potatorum Linn.
f. (Loganiaceae)
Kataka Dried seed Apasmara
71. Tamarindus indica Linn.
(Caesalpiniaceae)
Cincha Fruit pulp
without seed
Klama
72. Terminalia bellirica Roxb.
(Combretaceae)
Bibhitaki Fruit rind Medhya
73. Tinospora cordifolia
(Willd.) Miers ex Hook. F.
& Thoms
Guduchi Stem Medhya rasayana
74. Uraria picta Desv.
(Fabaceae)
Prisnaparni Dried whole
plant
Unmada
Kaphaja
madatyayaja
75. Valerina wallichi DC.
(Valerianaceae)
Tagara Dried
rhizome,
stolon &
small portion
of root
Apasmara,
Unmada
76. Vateria indica Linn.
(Dipterocarpaceae)
Sarja Resinous
exudates
Manasa roga
77. Vitis vinifera Linn.
(Vitaceae)
Draksa Dried mature
fruits
Madatyaya
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78. Withania somnifera Dunal
(Solanaceae)
Aswagandha Root Medhya rasayana
Table 3: List of herbs commonly used in mental health problems26-33
Sl.
No
Plant name Family Common
name
Mode
of use
Chemical
constituents
Mental
health
problems
1. Asparagus
racemosus
Willd.
Liliaceae Water
roof,wild
carrot,
satavari
Fresh
tuber
Asperagin,
shatavarin
Depression
2. Azadirachta
indica A.
Juss.
Maliaceae Neem,ma
rgosa
Fresh
leaf
Meliacin-
nimbolide,
quercetin,
kaempferol
Parkinson’
s disease
3. Breynia
retusa
(Dennst.)
Alston
Euphorbiac
eae
Kanumu
chettu
Dried
bark
Triacontane,
peonidin,
lanosterol
Depression
4. Canscora
diffusa
(Vahl) R.Br.
Gentianace
ae
Janjada Fresh
whole
plant
Beta amyrin,
xanthones
Schizophre
nia
5. Catharanth
us
rosea
Apocynace
ae
Red
periwinkl
e
Dried
Root
Indole and indoline
alkaloidsajmalicine
,
lochnerine,
dimeric;
indole base of
monoterpenevinbla
stine,
vincristine.
Schizophre
nia
Alzheimer
’s disease
6. Celtis
philippensis
Ulmaceae White
Indian
Fresh/
dried
Betulin, di- methyl
elagic acid, gallic
Depression
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nettle whole
plant
acid,
leucocyanide
glycoside
7. Centella
asiatica
(Linn)
Urban
Apiaceae Indian
penni
wort
fresh
root
Aciaticosides(sapo
nins)
Alzheimer
’s disease
8. Datura
metel Linn.
Solanaceae Dhatura Dried
whole
plant
Tropane alkaloids-
hyoscyamine,
scopolamine,
flavonoids
Schizophre
nia
9. Emblica
officinalis
Gaertn.
Euphorbiac
eae
Amla,Ind
ian goose
berry
Fruit Tannins,
Phyllembelin,
Pectins, Vitamin C
Parkinson’
s disease
10. Ginkgo
biloba Linn
Ginkgonac
eae
Maiden
hair tree
Dried
leaf
Ginkgolides
(A,B,C,J,M)
Alzheimer
’s disease
11. Melissa
officinalis
Linn.
Labiatae Lemon
balm
Fresh
leaf
Lutiolin(flavonal
glycoside)
Alzheimer
’s disease
12. Plantago
ovata Forsk.
Plantaginac
eae
Aswagol
a
Husk
fibre
Mucilage, cyano
genetic
glycocydes-
Linamarin,
lotaustralin
Parkinson’
s disease
13. Rauvolfia
Serpentine
Benth. Ex.
Kurz.
Apocynace
ae
Sarpagan
da
Dried
Root
Indole alkaloids-
reserpine,
ajmaline,
serpentine
Schizophre
nia
14. Salvia
officinalis
Linn.
Labiatae ;
Lamiaceae
Sage leaf Fresh
leaf
Α,β-thujone
together with
cineole
Alzheimer
’s disease
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Table 4: List of drugs used in anxiolytic effect, Adaptogenic and anti-stress activity34-82
Sl. No Botanical
Name,family Extract/part used Activity References
1. Abies pindrow Royle
(Pinaceae)
Ethanolic extract
of leaves
Anxiolytic effect 34
2. Acanthopanax
senticosus (Rupr. Et
Maxim) Harms.
(Araliaceae)
Plant Adaptogenic activity 69
3. Achilea millefolium
Linn. (Asteraceae)
Aqueous extract of
its flowers
Reduced conflict
behavior in female
Wistar rats.
35
4. Albizia julibrissin
Durazz. (fabaceae)
Aqueous extract Anxiolytic effects 38
5. Albizia lebbeck benth.
(Mimosaceae)
Butanolic fraction
of dried leaves
extract
Anxiolytic effects 37
6. Allium sativum Linn.
(Liliaceae)
Bulb Adaptogenic activity 57
7. Aloysia polystachya
(Griseb.) Moldenke
(Verbenaceae).
Hydroalcoholic
extract prepared
from its leaves
Anxiolytic effects 36
8. Asparagus racemosus
Willd.
(Liliaceae)
Root Adaptogenic activity 76
9. Azadirachta indica A.
Juss.
(Meliaceae)
Aqueous extract of
leaves
Anxiolytic effects 39-40
10. Bacopa monnieri
(Linn.) Penn.
(Scrophulariaceae)
Leaf
Whole plant
Adaptogenic activity
Anxiolytic effects
80
41-42
11. Boerhauvia diffusa
Linn.
Roots
Antistress 82
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(Nyctaginaceae)
12. Butea frondosa
Koenig ex Roxb.
(Fabaceae)
Leaf
Adaptogenic activity 74, 78
13. Centella asiatica
(Linn) Urban
(Apiaceae)
Methanol and
ethyl acetate
extract
Whole plant
Anxiolytic effects
antistress
43
82
14. Citrus sinensis
(Linn.) Osbeck
(Rutaceae)
Essential oil from
peel
Anxiolytic effects 44
15. Clitoria ternatea
Linn. (Fabaceae)
Plant Adaptogenic activity 60
16. Coccinia indica W. &
A. Cucurbitaceae)
fruits & flowers
Antistress 82
17. Curculigo orchioides
Gaertn.
(Hypoxidaceae)
Rhizome Adaptogenic activity 59
18. Curcuma longa Linn.
(Zingiberaceae)
Rhizome Adaptogenic activity 68
19. Cuminum cyminum
Linn.(Apiaceae)
dried ripe fruits
antistress 82
20. Eclipta alba (Linn.)
Hassk. (Asteraceae)
plant Adaptogenic activity 70
21. Eleutherococcus
senticosus (Rupr. &
Maxim.) Maxim
(Araliaceae)
Plant Adaptogenic activity 77
22. Eugenia caryophyllus
(Spreng.)
(Myrtaceae)
Bud
Dried flower buds
Adaptogenic activity
Antistress
63
82
23. Euphoebia hirta Linn.
(Euphorbiaceae)
Aqueous extract Anxiolytic effects 45
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24. Euphoebia neriifolia
Linn.
(Euphorbiaceae)
Hydroalcoholic
extract of leaves
Anxiolytic effects 46
25. Evolvulus alsinoides
Linn.
(Convolvulaceae)
Leaf Adaptogenic activity 73
26. Glycyrrhiza glabra
Linn.
(Fabaceae)
Peeled & unpeeled
roots and stolans
Antistress 82
27. Momordica charantia
Linn.
(Cucurbitaceae)
plant Adaptogenic activity 65
28. Ocimum sanctum
Linn. (Lamiaceae)
Leaves
Fresh & dried
leaves
Adaptogenic activity
Antistress
71
82
29. Piper longum Linn.
(Piperaceae)
Plant Adaptogenic activity 62
30. Psidium guajava
Linn. (Myrtaceae)
Leaf Adaptogenic activity 66
31. Sesbania grandiflora
Pers. (fabaceae)
Extract Anxiolytic effects 47
32. Sida cordifolia Linn.
(Malvaceae)
Root Adaptogenic activity 64
33. Sphaeranthus indicus
Linn. (Asteraceae)
Petroleum ether
extract
Anxiolytic effects 48
34. Stachys lavandulifolia
Vahl.
(Lamiaceae)
Extract Anxiolytic effects 49
35. Terminalia chebula
Retz. (Combretaceae)
Plant Adaptogenic activity 61
36. Tinospora cardifolia
(Willd.) Miers ex
Hook.f. & Thoms
Dried leaves and
stem pieces
plant
Antistress
Adaptogenic activity
82
67
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(Menispermaceae)
37. Tragia involucrate
Linn.
(Euphorbiaceae)
Methanolic
fraction of the root
Anxiolytic effects 50
38. Tribulus terristris
Linn.
(Zygophyllaceae)
Plant Adaptogenic activity 62
39. Trichopus zeylanicus
Gaerten
Trichopodaceae
Leaf Adaptogenic activity 72
40. Tridax procumbens
Linn. (Compositae)
Flower Adaptogenic activity 58
41. Turnera aphrodisiaca
Ward.
(Turneraceae)
Methanolic extract Anxiolytic effects 51
42. Uncaria
rhynchophylla (Miq.)
jacks (Rubiaceae)
Aqueous extract Anxiolytic effects 52
43. Valeriana edulis ssp.
Procera Mey.
(valerianaceae)
Hydroalcoholic
extract of roots
Anxiolytic effects 53
44. Withania somnifera
(Linn.) Dunal
( Solanaceae)
Root
Dried roots &
stems
Root
glycowithanolides
Adaptogenic activity
Antistress
Anxiolytic effects
81
82
54
45. Zingiber officinale
Rosc.(Zingiberaceae)
Butanolic fraction
rhizome
Anxiolytic effects
Adaptogenic activity
55
75
46. Ziziphus jujuba Mill.
(Rhamnaceae)
Ethanolic extract Anxiolytic effects 56
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Table 5: Various Ayurvedic formulations used in Psychosomatic disorders83,86,95-96
1. Aswagandharista AFI, Part I, 1:6 Murccha, Apasmara,
Unmada
2. Kumaryasava (A) AFI, Part I, 1:12 Apasmara, Smrtiksaya
3. Kumaryasava (A) AFI, Part I, 1:13 Apasmara
4. Saraswatarista AFI, Part I, 1:36 Apasmara, Manasa dosa,
Smritiksina
5. Jatamamsyarka AFI, Part I, 2:3 Unmada, Apasmara
6. Cyavanprasa AFI, Part I, 3:11 Medhya, Smritipada
7. Brahma rasayana AFI, Part I, 3:20 Manodaurabalya,
Smrtibhrama
8. Siva Gutika AFI, Part I, 3:28 Apasmara, Unmada
9. Trayantyadi Kvatha
Curna
AFI, Part I, 4:8 Moha, Mada, Murccha
10. Draksadi Kvatha Curna AFI, Part I, 4:13 Bhrama, Murccha
11. Maha Yogaraja
Guggulu
AFI, Part I, 4:8 Apasmara
12. Saptavimsatika
Guggulu
AFI, Part I, 5:11 Apasmara, Unmada
13. Amritabhallata Ghrita AFI, Part I, 6:3 Smritiksaya
14. Kalyanaka Ghrita AFI, Part I, 6:7 Apasmara, Bhutonmada
15. Dadhika Ghrita AFI, Part I, 6:20 Apasmara, Unmada
16. Dhatryadi Ghrita AFI, Part I, 6:21 Mada, Murccha, Unmada
17. Dhanvantara Ghrita AFI, Part I, 6:22 Unmada, Apasmara
18. Nirgundi Ghrita AFI, Part I, 6:24 Apasmara, Unmada
19. Brahmi Ghrita AFI, Part I, 6:32 Apasmara, Unmada,
Smritiksaya, Buddhi
daurbalya
20. Maha kalyanaka ghrita AFI, Part I, 6:33 Buddhi daurabalya,
smritiksaya, apasmara,
bhutonmada
21. Maha panchagavya AFI, Part I, 6:36 Apasmara
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Ghrita
22. Sarasvata Ghrita AFI, Part I, 6:43 Improves Medha, Smriti
23. Candanadi Taila AFI, Part I, 8:14 Apasmara, Unmada
24. Tungadrumadi Taila AFI, Part I, 8:19 Unmada, anidra
25. Bala Taila AFI, Part I, 8:33 Murccha, apasmara
26. Balaasvagandhalaksadi
Taila
AFI, Part I, 8:36 Unmada
27. Maha Narayana taila AFI, Part I, 8:45 Unmada
28. Sahacaradi Taila AFI, Part I, 8:59 Unmada
29. Kaccuradi Curna AFI, Part I, 11:2 Buddhi bhrama
30. Goracanadi vati AFI, Part I, 12:9 Smrtinasa
31. Plihari Vati AFI, Part I, 12:7 Bhrama
32. Manasamitra Vataka AFI, Part I, 12:21 Manodosa, unmade,
apasmara,
manadabudhitva, murccha
33. Mritasanjivani Gutika AFI, Part I, 12:23 Apasmara, Manovibhrama
34. Saubhagya vati AFI, Part I, 12:33 Murccha, Manoglani
35. Kayasthadya varti AFI, Part I, 13:2 Apasmara, Unmada
36. Mukta Bhasma AFI, Part I, 18:10 Manovikara
37. Rajata Bhasma AFI, Part I, 18:13 Apasmara
38. Vanga Bhasma AFI, Part I, 18:15 Buddhimandata
39. Svarna Bhasma AFI, Part I, 18:20 Budhiksaya, Apasmara
40. Svarnamaksika Bhasma AFI, Part I, 18:21 Anidra, Apasmara
41. Haritala Bhasma AFI, Part I, 18:22 Apasmara
42. Caturbhuja Rasa AFI, Part I, 20:13 Apasmara, Unmada
43. Caturmukha Rasa AFI, Part I, 20:14 Apasmara, Unmada
44. Cintamanicaturmukha
Rasa
AFI, Part I, 20:17 Apasmara, Unmada
45. Navaratna
rajamriganka Rasa
AFI, Part I, 20:21 Apasmara
46. Brihata vatacintamani
Rasa
AFI, Part I, 20:26 Bhrama, pralapa
47. Yogendra Rasa AFI, Part I, 20:31 Apasmara, Unmada
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48. Vasantakusumakar
Rasa
AFI, Part I, 20:42 Smritibhramsa
49. Vatakulantaka Rasa AFI, Part I, 20:43 Apasmara
50. Svasakuthara Rasa AFI, Part I, 20:49 Apasmara
CONCLUSIONS
Ayurveda has considered the mental and physical diseases as two separate specialized
subjects. However, no clear line of demarcation has been drawn between the mental and
physical illness and a flexible psychosomatic approach has been worked out. The
Management of illness is based on knowledge of its specific and non-specific aspects. The
influence of psychosocial and environmental factors on the appearance of the illness must be
recognized and dealt with. Ayurvedic medicinal plant products and formulations are most
convenient and have greater acceptance amongst the users due to their easy availability, easy
biodegradability, easy to handling, economic cost, mankind and environment friendly nature
and minimum side effects. The information available in this review could be helpful to
scientist, drug designers, forensic experts, and other scientific bodies related to Ayurvedic
research. More research is needed in on these medicinal plants to establish their claimed
therapeutic potential.
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