Management of Hazardous Chemicals

Exposure and risk analysis, applicability of microzoning

Masanori Negishi

Taisei Corporation

Environmental Protection has several meanings

Preservat ion of resources Preservat ion of ecosystem

Protect ion of human lif e (Prot ect ion of human health)

Preservat ion of liv ing environment

Minimum requirement

Natural disaster

Disease outbreak(Airborne, Waterborne)

Public pollution

Exposure of hazardouschemicals

Direct and emerging effectSilent threat Risk based management

Threats for human health in environmental problems

EarthquakeFlood

Physical damage

Desease outbreak

Exposure of hazardous chemicals

Damages on water system

Damages on industrial sites

Adverse health efect

Spills of contamoinants

Direct response

Multi-stageresponse

Exposure of chemicals after natural disaster

Exposure of chemicals could be future threat.How to manage them?

Todays Topics

1) History of environmental problems in Japan2) Exposure of chemicals and risk evaluation3) Risk evaluation of asbestos exposure4) Risk of Geo-environmental contamination problems in Japan5) Examples of hazardous map for environmental protection

History of environmental problems in Japan

History of environmental problems in Japan

1870s Ashio copper mining poisoning

1950s ~ Public pollution problems

1970 Various lows against public pollution enforced

Water quality control actAir quality control act etc.

1980s Soil and groundwater contamination problemsDioxin threat

19891989 Infiltration Control of Hazardous waste waterInfiltration Control of Hazardous waste water

19911991 Establishment of Soil environmental StandardEstablishment of Soil environmental Standard

20002000 Special action law of Dioxin countermeasureSpecial action law of Dioxin countermeasure

20022002 Enactment of Soil contamination controlEnactment of Soil contamination control

Modern industrialization started in middle of 1800s

Pacific War (WW?) ended in 1945, and reconstruction of industry

Major public pollution problems in Japan

Except Ashios case, all of the problems raised in middle of 1900s

Ashio Copper mining poisoning

"Itai-itai" disease (Cadmium poisoning)

Minamata Disease (Nercury poisoning)

Kawasaki asthma problem (Sodiumu dioxide emission)

Yokkaiti asthma problem (Sodiumu dioxide emission)

Second minamata sisease (mercury poisoning)

(1870's)

Yokkaichi asthma problem

SO2 emission from petroleum industry sites

In 1960s

Present

Combustion of crude oil (contains significant amount of sulfur)

SO2 oxidized to form H2SO4 fog

Adverse effect on respiratory tract

The same situation had observed in Kawasaki area

Photos from environmental div. City of Yokkaichi

Chemicals with high solubility:NH3, HCl, HCHO, etc.

Chemicals with average solubility:SO2, Cl2, etc.

Chemicals with low solubility:NO2, CO,O2, etc.

Nose, mouse,tracheaPM: over 2.5 m

Bronchi (lung)PM: 1.0~ 2.5 m

Alveloi PM: under 1.0 m

Deposition of chemicals and particle matter in human respiratory tract

Anthropogenic particle matter (e.g. motor vehicle exhaustion, soot from coal combustion) has under 2.5m diameter. ? Deposit on deep into the lung

Minamata Disease (World famous mercury poisoning)

Acetylene Acetaldehyde

Merculy catalyst

Metylmercury

Waste Water

[by-product]

Water

SedimentBacteria Small fish Large fish

Bio-accumulation

Human Intake

Partitioning

Acetaldehyde production utilizes mercury catalyst and produces methyl mercury as by-product

50? 70 tons of mercury had discharged into Minamata Bay

Coastal fishermen and their family suffered mercury poisoning by eating fish

* Acetaldehyde is a raw material for vinyl chloride

Minamata Disease (World famous mercury poisoning)

Certificated patients over 12,000. Patients still suffered and most alive patients Patients still suffered and most alive patients

are suffered in their motherare suffered in their mothers womb.s womb. Compensation had reached over U.S.$ 2,000

million. for patients - over U.S.$ 1,000 million

for dredging sediments - U.S.$ 500 millionetc.

Health effect of methyl mercury

Damages on center nerve system? Sense organ disorder

Impediment in moving Numbness

Present status

Photos from Kumamoto Nichinichi Shimbun

Itai-itai disease (Cadmium poisoning)

Zinc ore contains 20% of cadmium Zinc mining release cadmium to Jintsu river and rice field along it

Health effect

Damages on kidney

Inhibits calcium and phosphorus metabolism

Weakens bone

Soil remediation of rice field costs over U.S.$ 300 million and still on going.

Slug dumped area

Mining had stopped

QuickTime

Cadmium concentration

% of disease

Not contaminatedBoundary areaLow levelMedium levelHigh level Over 20%

10~19%5~9%Below 5%

Itai-itai disease (Cadmium poisoning)

Epidemiological study reveals the relationship between cadmium concentration and the disease

Department of public health, Kanazawa medical university

Exposure of chemicals and risk evaluation

Hazardous chemicals

1. Nitrates2. Pesticides3. Volatile Organic

Compounds4. Metals5. Brine6. Synthetic Organic

Chemicals7. Coliform Bacteria8. Radioactive Material9. Other agricultural material10. Arsenic11. Fluorides12. Other inorganics

? Heavy metal (Cr,Hg,Pb,As,Cd etc.)

? Volatile organic chlorinated compounds (TCE, PCE

etc.)? Hydro-carbon (BTX etc.)? Nitrates? Bacillus and Colon bacillus? The other organic compounds

Hazardous chemicals regulated in Japan

Hazardous chemicals and major application

Heavy metals

Volatile Organic Compounds(TCE, PCE, 1,1,1-DCA etc.)

Hydrocarbons

Nitrate

PCBsPolychlorinated Biphenyl

semiconductor industrydry cleaningdegreasing solventoil industrymechanical sitesgas station

chemical fertilizerinsulator for various use

heating medium for synthetic fiber

Cadmium

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Chromium

semiconductor, pesticides, agricultural use

alloy, battery, pigment plating, tanning of leather, catalyst, oxidizer

battery, pigment, anti-rust paintamalgam, electrode, lump, medical use

Contaminant Source

Parti tining to Environment

Exposure

Dose

Health Effect

(Air, Water, Soil)

Source Emissiton Control

Development of Remediation techniques

Study on fate and transport of contaminants

Dose-response Analysis

Epidemiological Study

Exposure route and areas of the study

Development of safety techniques

Enforcement by legislation

Definition of Dose[mg]

Concentration in environmental medium

[mg/m3]

Contact boundary[m2]

Contact time[hr]

Mass transfer rate[m/hr]

Standard Exposure factors

Lifespan [yrs]Body weight [g]Surface area [m2]Food intake [g/day]Water intake [mL/day]Air intake [L/day]

70 7875,000 60,00019,400 16,900

1,500 1,5002,500 2,500

20,000 20,000

Human

Male Female 2 2

30 25Not Available

5 55 5

40 40

Mouse

Male Female

Threshold of exposure for chemicals

Dose

Hea

lth e

ffec

t (ris

k)

No threshold model(e.g. carcinogenic chemicals)

TDI: Tolerable daily intake

Chemicals with threshold

Experiment

Extrapolating

Log-log scale diagram

Regulation standards are based on one per 105 persons risk level

Definition of risk level

Risk per Dose Target level of doseRisk level =

Cancer risks in everyday living

1 Transcontinental flight Per year 1 Cosmic radiationMedical x-ray Each 20 x-radiationDrink 1 pint of milk daily Per year 2 Radioactive strontiumSmoke 1 cigarette Each 1 PAHShare a smokers room Per year 20 PAHDink 1 diet cola daily Per year 10 Artificial sweetenerDrink 1ppb of TCE in water Per year

Uncertainties in risk evaluation

Most of data are based on experiments with animals

Extrapolating data obtained by experiments with high dosage to predict response for quite low dosage

Difference in sensitivity for chemicals among individuals

? Is there threshold of not?

Human activity pattern is vary among generation, sex,

residence area, etc.

Risk evaluation of asbestos exposure

(Potential earthquake victims)

What are Asbestos?

Asbestos is generic term for a variety of hydrated silicate minerals, which have fibrous habit and strong persistency against acid and heat.

Fiber Length [m] 0.2-200 0.2-17 0.4-40Fiber Diameter [m] 0.03-0.08 0.06-1.2 0.15-1.5Surface Area