Management of acute cervicofacial infections

Management of acute cervicofacial infections

King’s College Hospital

Wednesday, February 29th 2012

Management of acute infections

Fungal Least common

Most common

Types of infection

Fungal

Viral

Least common

Most common


Types of infection

Fungal

Viral

Bacterial

Least common

Most common


Types of infection

Fungal

1) Aspergillosis

• A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. flavus

• Granulomatous inflammation of the sinuses which may involve the orbit and intracranial extensions.

Ref. : Maiorano E. Favia G. Capodiferro S. Montagna MT. Lo Muzio L. Combined mucormycosis and aspergillosis of the oro-sinonasal region in a patient affected by Castleman disease. Virchows Archiv. 446(1):28-33, 2005 Jan


2) Mucormycosis

•Rhino-orbital-cerebral & pulmonary infections are the most common form.

•Survival rate : 36-50%

Ref. : Maiorano E. et al. Combined mucormycosis and aspergillosis of the oro-sinonasal region in a patient affected by Castleman disease. Virchows Archiv. 446(1):28-33, 2005 Jan

Chandu A. et al. A case of mucormycosis limited to the parotid gland. Head Neck. 2005 Dec;27(12):1108-11.


Fungal

Ref. : Maiorano E. et al. Combined mucormycosis and aspergillosis of the oro-sinonasal region in a patient affected by Castleman disease. Virchows Archiv. 446(1):28-33, 2005 Jan

Chandu A. et al. A case of mucormycosis limited to the parotid gland. Head Neck. 2005 Dec;27(12):1108-11.


Fungal


Viral

• HSV, EBV, VZV, CMV, Paramyxovirus, Coxsackie virus, Picorna virus

• Mostly symptomatic management, with the exception of Herpes zoster (Shingles)


Viral

• 15-35% of HZ patients has postherpetic neuralgia (PHN)

• Early antiviral therapy has been found to reduce the risk and duration of PHN in elderly patients.#

# Lilie HM, Wassilew S, The role of antivirals in the management of neuropathic pain in the older patient with herpes zoster. Drugs Aging 20 (8) : 561-70 2003


Bacterial

• Dental infection is the most common cause of deep neck abscess.*

• Common acute bacterial infection :

1) Cellulitis – Ludwig’s angina

* Parhiscar A., Har-El G. Deep neck abscess: a retrospective review of 210 cases. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 110(11):1051-4, 2001 Nov.


Bacterial




2) Abscess - Parapharyngeal/tonsillar, dental



Bacterial




2) Abscess - Parapharyngeal/tonsillar, dental

3) Necrotising fasciitis


Signs of Infection

• Local

– Redness, pain, swelling, heat, +/- pus (abscess)

– Loss of function

• Systemic

– Temperature > 37°C (or spikes), malaise, pallor, irritability, fatigue, dehydration

– lymphadenopathy

– Severe signs : dysphagia (sublingual,submandibular), drooling, dysphonia, stridor (airway compromise),trismus


Bacterial

Taken from Peterson’s “Principles of Oral and Maxilofacial Surgery” Chapter 15


Bacterial

• Erysipelas

Cellulitis of the skin with lymphatic involvement

Mainly involves leg but often occurs on the face

Strep. Pyogenes & S. aureus main pathogen

* Lazarini L et al, Erysipelas and cellulitis: clinical and microbiological spectrum in an Italian tertiary care hospital. Jour. of Infection, 2005(51); 383-389


Bacterial

• Erysipelas

Area of erythema and swelling has sharp demarcation

Treatment : Augmentin or Penicillin + Clindamycin

* Lazarini L et al, Erysipelas and cellulitis: clinical and microbiological spectrum in an Italian tertiary care hospital. Jour. of Infection, 2005(51); 383-389


Bacterial

• Management

1) Assess for potential airway compromise


Bacterial

• Management


Tracheostomy – Gold standard

Awake fibreoptic intubation - 1st choice

Reference :

Ovassapian A, Airway management in adult patients with deep neck infections: a case series and review of the literature, Anesth Analg. 2005 Feb;100(2):585-9


Bacterial

• Management


2) Administration of broad spectrum antibioticsReferences:

1) Kuriyama T et al, Bacteriologic features and antimicrobial susceptibility in isolates from orofacial odontogenic infections,

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000; 90(5):600-8.

2) Kuriyama T et al An outcome audit of the treatment of acute dentoalveolar infection: impact of penicillin resistance.Br Dent J. 2005 Jun 25;198(12):759-63;

3) Stefanopoulos PK et al, The clinical significance of anaerobic bacteria in acute orofacial odontogenic infections.

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004; 98:398-408.


Bacterial

Taken from : Stefanopoulos PK et al, The clinical significance of anaerobic bacteria in acute orofacial odontogenic infections. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004; 98:398-408.


Bacterial

• Management


2) Administration of broad spectrum antibiotics


Bacterial

• Management



3) Investigations

FBE, U&E, CRP, ESR, Blood cultures


Bacterial

• Management



3) Investigations

CT scan vs. MRI vs. USS


Bacterial

• Management



3) Investigations

Contrast enhanced CT scan + clinical exam

Sens : 95%

Spec : 80%

Ref : Miller WD et al, A prospective, blinded comparison of clinical examination and computed tomography in deep neck infections.Laryngoscope. 109(11):1873-9, 1999 Nov.


Bacterial

• Management



3) Investigations

4) Remove source of infection and establish surgical drainage

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Warning Signs

• Rapid onset.• Progressive trismus.• Painful trismus that is out of keeping with

with the clinical picture should raise your suspicion regarding a submasseteric/pterygoid space infection.

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Bacterial

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Reasons for Admission

• Rapidly progressing infection• Difficulty breathing• Difficulty Swallowing• Fascial space involvement• Elevated temperature - >38 • Severe jaw trismus < 10mm• Toxic appearance• Compromised host defences 33

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Investigations

• Bloods inc glucose and CRP.• Consider blood cultures if appropiate• If pus, send swab and pus for gram stain• Radiological investigations, but these

shoudl not defer treatment.

• WARN THE ANAESTHETIST EARLY

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Access

• Submandibular/sublingual space• Parapharyngeal• Buccal• Submassteric


Bacterial

• Management



3) Investigations



Bacterial

• Management



3) Investigations


5) Close evaluation in the immediate post-op phase


Bacterial

• Recurrent deep neck infections

Consider congenital abnormalities

Proper imaging aids in diagnosis

Most common cause :

Branchial cleft cyst

Lymphangioma, thyroglossal duct cyst

Ref : Nusbaum AO et al, Recurrence of a deep neck infection: a clinical indication of an underlying congenital lesion. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 125 (12) : 1379-82 1999 Dec

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Salivary Gland Infections

• Salivary Gland Infections:

Bacterial ascending infections especially with xerostomia, in the presence of salivary calculi. Painful, swelling in F.O.M or as an acute pre-auricular swelling.

Treatment involves giving patient fluids to increase saliva flow, antibiotics and +/- drainage depending on the presence of a collection.

Amoxycillin + metronidazole + flucloxacillin (staph)

Think of and exclude viral infection eg mumps – most often bilateral parotid swellings 39

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Ludwigs Angina

• (Spreading Cellulitis in the FOM)

• Potentially life threatening, a cellulitis starting in the floor of the mouth and often arising from a mandibular molar

Bilateral submandibular and sublingual space infection

Clinical signs:

Oedema on both sides of the floor of the mouth

Raised tongue

Bilateral submandibular space involvement

Oedema spreading down the neck – often with loss of definition of anatomical structures

Progressive trismus, pain, dysphagia, dysphonia

¤ For hospital admission

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Complications

• Trismus (Classically sub masseteric space/lateral pharyngeal space infections)

• Extra-oral incisions – CNVII marginal mandibular branch, scarring, drains and ascending infection

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Management of acute cervicofacial infections

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