1. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E Raymond McLeod, Jr. and George Schell CHAPTER 8 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER PROCESSING 2. Computing History ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Computer) Developed in 1946 by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert UNIVAC I First widely marketed universal automatic computer First UNIVAC I was sold to Census Bureau in 1951 GE was the first commercial business to purchase UNIVAC I IBM System 360 Line of Computers Revolutionized computer industry in 1960 This was the first that could perform multiple tasks from multiple users. 3. Computing History Minicomputers Early 1970 Minicomputers called minis, was a midrange computers, fitting within larger mainframes and smaller micros. Microcomputer Late 1970 IBM Personal Computer (PC) It is now used, along with microcomputer to describe the small, relatively inexpensive and powerful small computer used for both business and personal use. Used by one person or by a few people in the same area 4. Computer Sizes Mainframes Large Centrally located Used by large organizations Minicomputers Mid-sized Microcomputers Made possible by microprocessor 5. Literacy Computer Literacy Ability to use computing resources Information Literacy Understanding how and why information affects the decision-making process 6. Computer Hardware 7. Processor The processor is the main unit where the processing is performed. It is also called the CPU (Central Processing Unit) or the computer processor or the system unit. Processors control the calculations and logical comparisons of data. They also direct and control the movement of data from one location to another. 8. 2 Characteristics of Processor Processor Speed It measures the numbers of cycle that occur per second. Word Size Bit is a single value of zero or one. Word is the measure of how many bits may be moved with one cycle of the processor. A string of eight bits together make one byte, and one byte is enough bits to represent a character. 9. Memory Material is stored in a computer in two ways: 1. Memory also called main memory, primary memory or random access memory (RAM), refers to the storage area where both data being processed and the program instructions being executed. 2. Storage also called secondary storage. It is a memory on a storage device that is separated from the processors circuit board. Storage takes the form of magnetized coding on the surface of the storage device. 10. Conversion from Bits to Bytes and Further 1 bit 8 bits 1,024 bytes 1,048,576 bytes 1,099,511,627,776 bytes 1,124,899,906,842,624 bytes = a single value of 0 or 1 = 1 byte = 1 character = 1 kilobyte (1 KB) = 1 megabytes (1 MB) = 1 terabyte (1 TB) = 1 petebyte (1 PB) 11. Brief Definition of Different Memory Types TYPE DEFINITION RAM Random Access Memory, computer programs and data are loaded into RAM to be executed by the computer processor. ROM Read-Only Memory, holds information used by the operating system and processor when the computer is started. DRAM Dynamic RAM, allows buffering of data and increases efficiency of RAM. SDRAM Synchronous DRAM, runs much faster than most conventional memory because it synchronizes its cycles with the processors cycles. SIMM Single In-line Memory Module, holds 9 memory chips and transmits 32 bits of data per cycle DIMM Dual In-line Memory Module, transmits 64 bits per data cycle 12. Storage Storage media usually take the form of tape or disk. The computer hardware that reads from and writes to the medium is a drive. A motor inside the computer hardware drives the medium forward so that data can be read from and written to different locations. 13. Sequential Vs. Random Access Storage Sequential Access Storage keeps data in format. Sequential devices such as computer tapes are like cassette tapes. To listen to the third song you have to listen to the first and second songs. Computer disks that you used with a microcomputer are random access storage media. Random access storage was expensive compared to sequential storage devices during the early days of computing. Today, the cost of random access storage is small that it is the most commonly used storage. If the data has been damaged or lost there will be enormous amount of data to be stored. It takes special effort and advance skills to work with random access data. 14. Permanent Vs. Removable Storage The fixed disk in microcomputers was composed of hard disk surfaces enclosed in a metal case inside the microcomputer. Todays microcomputer offers both fixed and removable disk storage. Removable media are commonly called floppy media. The storage devices were given names A,B,C and so forth to represent the first, second, third storage device. The first microcomputers had a single removable disk storage medium, the A drive as controlling the first removable storage medium, a second removable disk was added and it was controlled by the B drive. Fixed storage media came after microcomputers already had two removable media. The first fixed storage was controlled by the C droves. 15. Removable Disk and their Storage Capacities 3.5 inch floppy disks holds 1.44 MB of data Zip disk may hold 100MB or 250MB of data Jaz disk holds 2GB of data CD disk holds 650MB of data DVD disk holds 5GB to 20GB of data 16. Input Devices Human-Captured Data it provides a direct mechanism for the user to control the computer. Ex: Keyboard, microphone Machine-Captured Data computer-captured data is less costly. Most compiling reason for machine- captured data are speed and accuracy in the data capture process. Ex: Barcode 17. Output Devices Monitors The greatest advances in computer screens have been color and size. Color added a dimension that makes graphic image seems realistic. Size of the monitor meant that more information could be presented on the screen at one time. Screen resolution refers to the number of pixels, individual dots of light on the monitors. 18. Output Devices CGA (Color Graphics Adapter) The first move from the monochrome monitor. It only allowed 16 colors. EGA (Enhance Graphics Adapter) allowed 64 colors to be displayed on the monitor. VGA (Video Graphics Adapter) allows 256 simultaneous colors. Its resolution is 640 x 480. SVGA standard (Super VGA) allows even greater resolution and more colors. GUI (Graphical User Interface) depends upon a computer screen that can show precise details in the icons as well as color that make the icon easily recognizable. 19. Output Devices Printer The key characteristics of change are resolution for printing and the speed of printing. Impact printers mechanical strike against the paper. Used either formed-type characters or series of wire pins that make dots on the paper. Dots placed close together form the characters. Nonimpact printers Do not require a mechanical strike against the paper. Ex: Laser printers which are essentially copier machine ink-jet printers that spray ink onto the surface of the paper. 20. Multimedia It is the use of more than a single medium at a time. Multimedia capabilities have been possible for some time but the constraining factor was that audios and images required more storage space and processor power than the processing text. 21. Keep abreast hardware changes It is very difficult to keep abreast of hardware changes. There are 2 things you should remember. 1)Moores Law power of computing hardware compared to its price to double every 18 months. 2)You need to cultivate resources of new information about computing resources 22. Software Two basic types of software: 1)System Software performs fundamental tasks that all users of a particular computer require. 2)Application Software processes users or firms data 23. Software Three basic types of System Software: 1) Operating System it manages the computer processes, functioning as an interface connecting the user, the software that processes the firms data and the hardware. There are several basic functions that operating system can perform. Schedule Tasks Manage Hardware and Software Resources Maintain System Security Enable Multiple User Resources Sharing Handle Interrupts 2) Utility Programs often called a utility, is a routine that enables the user to perform certain basic data processing operations that are unique to a particular users applications. 3) Language Translators programing languages that translate the programmers instructions into those of the computer were developed to provide a more friendly way to instruct the computer. Fourth-Generation Languages (4GL) is the one that expresses what is to be done by the computer without explicitly defining how the tasks will take place. 24. Software Two basic type of Application Software: 1) Prewritten Application Software also called prewritten application package and off-the-shelf application software. To use it, the user need only install the software on their hardware, with little modification. The software allows the user to make small significant adjustments. 2 advantages: It is available now It is less expensive than custom software 25. Software 2)Custom Application Software a the business might have its own programmers or consulting group of programmer to write the application software to meet its needs. Such software is called custom application software. 26. Rule of User-Friendly Software Businesses need programmers to create applications Employees Consultants Contracts with other companies Simple intuitive software is user-friendly Business users have expertise in their areas Need to work with technical experts 27. Keeping Abreast of Software Change Software changes almost rapidly as hardware. Most organizations assign responsibility for keeping abreast of software changes to information systems professionals in the organization. Information system professional are routinely contacted concerning updates in the version or features of application software already owned by the organization. These changes are important but the most important agent for software change must be the user in meeting the needs of the organization.