Managed Aquifer Recharge...•Underground storage has worked before. As far back as the 1950s, water...

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Managed Aquifer Recharge Maria Gibson [email protected]

Transcript of Managed Aquifer Recharge...•Underground storage has worked before. As far back as the 1950s, water...

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Managed Aquifer RechargeMaria Gibson

[email protected]

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What is Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR)?

http://www.hydratelife.org/?p=860

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Why MAR?

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(Dillon et al., 2008)

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Clean Water ActUSA Regulation

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Safe Drinking Water Act

Image: http://www.aqualifeusa.com/eng/water_health.htm

Goal: Protect above and underground sources of drinking

water

Congress Enacted the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1974

USA Regulation

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Safe Drinking Water ActCongress enacted Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1974

Lead to Primary Drinking Water Standards

EPA Created Underground Injection Control Program

ASR wells considered Class 5 UIC Injection wells

http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/wells.cfm
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UIC Injection Wells

• Septic sewage systems• Stormwater runoff• Commercial or Industrial Waste

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Enforced by the USEPAU.S Environmental Protection Agency Underground Injection Program

Source: http://www.epa.gov/oust/regions/regmap.htm

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http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/Primacy.cfm

What is primacy?

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Groundwater Rights

Prior Appropriation

Resaonable Use

Correlative Rights

Absoulte Ownership

Reinstatement of Torts

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Surface Water Doctrine Description

Prior Appropriation"First in time, first in right" - senior water holders maintain full allocation during times of shortages; the right to use water is not necessarily located on the water right holder's property, but the water must be put to beneficial use, which is determined by a permitting system.

Riparian Riparian landowners have the legal right to use surface water on or bordering their property, as long as it does not infringe upon other riparian landowners' rights. Surface water under the riparian doctrine is considered a common resource.

Regulated Riparian

Similar to the riparian doctrine, although state agencies have the power to decide the amount of water allocated based on "reasonable use', which is decided through a permitting system. It does not take away water ownership from the landowner; but it subjects the landowner to regulations, as water is considered a public resource.

Mixed Riparian and Prior AppropriationA mixed system allocates riparian landowners with certain rights to water, while prior appropriation gives the state flexibility in allocating non-riparian landowners water rights based on the priority system.

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Physical Storage Systems

(freshwater)

ChemicallyBounded System

(brackish)

Regulatory System(freshwater)

What is Aquifer Storage and Recovery?

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Simon and Bloetscher, 2010

Where is ASR?

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Why ASR?

(Dillon et al., 2008)

Regulated under SDWA

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What is Shallow Aquifer Recharge?

(Dillon et al., 2008)

Not as stringent as ASR regulation – why?

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Why SAR?

http://www.ngwa.org/Fundamentals/hydrology/Pages/Principles-of-induced-infiltration-and-artificial-recharge.aspx

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The Good: Pendleton, OR

http://www.pendleton.or.us/history

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The Good: Pendleton, OR

http://www.opb.org/news/article/in-pendleton-newfound-well-power/

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The Good: Pendleton, OR

5 ASR Wells Cost ~600kPayback in 5-6 years w/o incentives

2012: ASR wells injected 545 million gallons

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The Bad: Calleguas Municipal Water District

http://www.laobserved.com/assets/las-posas-basin-map.jpg

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http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/25/las-posas-basin-aquifer-failure_n_3813800.html

• Create an underground lake so vast it could blanket all of Los Angeles under 1 foot of water...

• Officials boasted the subterranean vault would become a model for preserving scarce supplies and combatting droughts, not just in California but globally...

• Calleguas touted the project in the fall of 2010 as a "resounding success" that raised groundwater levels.

• Underground storage has worked before. As far back as the 1950s, water imported from the Colorado River was stashed in local groundwater basins. There are dozens of the hidden chambers in California.

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1. Geochemistry2. Clogging3. Recovery

(Bloetscher et al., 2014)

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The Beautiful

Fun Fact: Melbourne was almost called the town of Batman, after its founding father.

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(Dillon et al., 2008)

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The Beautiful: Salisbury, AU

http://www.salisbury.sa.gov.au/Our_City/Environment/Wetlands_and_Water/Water_Recycling/Aquifer_Storage_Recovery

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http://www.aila.org.au/PROJECTS/SA/paddocks/default.htm

http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/discover-dsto/our-history

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MAR’s Future?

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MAR’s Future?

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Showdown in TexasBexar Met SAWS

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Principal aquifers in the US

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Source: http://www.twdb.state.tx.us/groundwater/management_areas/index.asp

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2004: San Antonio built treatment facility and integrated into distribution system cost of ~US 110 million

2007: Bexar Met put in high capacity well across street from current ASR wellfield “capturing” stored water

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Bexar Met vs SAWSBexar:

-original pumping estimate: ~5.2 MGD-later estimate: 3x that

Outcome:Bexar eventually downsized project to 2.3MGD

Why?....

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• 1979: 60 acre lot• 1980: 40 acre lot

• 1995: 120.2–acre feet of Edwards Aquifer water per year

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1993: Enacted Edwards Authority Act (effective in 1996)

“The Act empowers the Authority to implement a comprehensive regulatory scheme to control and manage the use of the Edwards Aquifer, and regulate groundwater withdrawals from the aquifer.”

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The Authority is responsible not only for permitting groundwater use but for “protect[ing] terrestrial and aquatic life,” specifically, “species that are designated as threatened or endangered under applicable federal or state law.”

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http://www.edwardsaquifer.net/geology.html

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http://www.edwardsaquifer.net/geology.html

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Denied new permits from EAA Sued EAA and General Manager in 2006

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http://www.publications.ojd.state.or.us/docs/A129878.htm

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Gary H:• Property 170 acres• Property elevation ~2000 ft• 3 ponds ~ 13 million gallons

Watershed:• 158,337 acres• Rainfall ~35 in/yr at

elevations < 3500 ft• Median flow of Big Butte

Creek: 156 ft3/sec

What We Know:

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http://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/File:Big_Butte_Creek_Watershed.png

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Groundwater is Sexy....

-if you live under a rock

How to sell groundwater sustainability to the masses

Maria GibsonPhD Student | Geology and Geophysics Group | Oregon State University

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Surface water is sexy.

Groundwater...not so much.http://www.water.ca.gov/groundwater/wells.cfm

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“Men (people) are rarely aware of the real reasons which motivate their actions.”

Sex Sells...but what?

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American Breakfast

Before Bernays

http://www.americantable.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/DSC00712.jpg

After Bernays

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Women Smokers

Before Bernays

After Bernays

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How can we sell groundwater sustainability to the masses?

“Bernays-it”

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“The science of hydrology would be relatively simple if water were unable to penetrate

below the earth's surface"

-Harold E. Thomas

http://www.hydrology.nl/images/docs/iah/cartoons/01_what_is_gw.jpg

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Some reasons:

• Out of sight

• Difficult to explain

• Marginalized

Groundwater isn’t sexy...why?

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1. Out of sight, out of mind

http://aquarius.umaine.edu/cgi/ed_processes.htm

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2. It’s difficult to explain in layman’s terms

Mitchell and Carson,1989

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http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2009/world/infographic-ten-things-you-should-know-about-water/

3. It’s being marginalized

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http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2009/world/infographic-ten-things-you-should-know-about-water/

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http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2009/world/infographic-ten-things-you-should-know-about-water/

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“...only by mastering the techniques of communication can leadership be exercised

fruitfully...”

–Edward Bernays (The Engineering of Consent, 1947)

Tools to sell groundwater sustainability

1. Communication

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1. Communication: ASR in Georgia

Against ASR

• ASR= filthy river water put underground

• Dangerous• Dumber than dirt!

For ASR

• ASR=We have water• ASR = negligible risk• Promoting

investment in water supply development

The battle played out in the media

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Communication

“By failing to anticipate common misunderstandings,

scientists can inadvertently

reinforce them.”-Somerville and Hassol, 2011

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Communication: Words to live by

Somerville and Hassol, 2011

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2. Increase Public Awareness

“The engineering consent should be based...on the complete understanding of those whom it attempts

to win over”

-Edward Bernays(The Engineering of Consent, 1947)

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Increase Public Awareness

Chapman, 2008

• 55% Believe a connection exists

• 3% No connection exists

• 42% Have no idea

Is there a connection between surface water and groundwater?

Survey: Urban Groundwater, Stream Conditions, and Homeowner Perception

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• ¼ of those surveyed said they did not have enough information about groundwater to state an opinion

Groundwater Quality Rating:

Mahler et al., 2005

Survey: Public Perception and Actions towards Sustainable Groundwater Management in the PNW

Increase Public Awareness

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“Any person or organization depends ultimately on public approval.”

–Edward Bernays (The Engineering of Consent, 1947)

Gaining Public Approval

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ASR in Salisbury, Australia

Stormwater Harvesting and Groundwater

Injection

http://www.aila.org.au/PROJECTS/SA/paddocks/default.htm

http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/discover-dsto/our-history

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Swayed public opinion by integrating their agenda with:

• Conservation Groups• Commercial Interest Groups

No battle ever played out in the media. Why?

http://www.salisbury.sa.gov.au/Our_City/Environment/Wetlands_and_Water/Water_Recycling/Aquifer_Storage_Recovery

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“He who seeks to manipulate public opinion must always heed it.”

–Edward Bernays (Manipulating Public Opinion: The Why and The How, 1928)

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ReferencesBernays, E. 1928. Manipulating Public Opinion: The Why and The How. American

Journal of Sociology. 33:6, 958-971

Bernays, E. 1947. The Engineering of Consent. American Academy of Political and Social Science. 250, 113-120

Chapman, R. 2008 Urban Groundwater Stream Conditions, and Homeowner Perceptions. Iowa State University Mater Thesis. 85 p.

Mahler, R., Simmons, R., Sorensen, F. 2006. Public Perception and Actions towards Sustainable Groundwater Management in the Pacific Northwest Region, USA. International Journal of Water Resources Development. 21:3, 465-472

Mitchell, R. and Carson, R., 1989. Existence Values for Groundwater Protection. Draft Final Report Prepared Under Cooperative Agreement CR814041-01 Between the US Environmental Protection Agency and Resources for the Future. 260 p.

Somerville, R. and Hassol, S. 2011. Communicating the Science of Climate Change. Physics Today. 6 p.


“As Far As the Eye Can See” As Far As the Mind Can Reach”

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1950s Drama

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The Cowra Crankhandle - WordPress.com · 2017-12-12 · Page Cowra Crankhandle 4 Pre - 1950s Australian Automotive History The car can be traced back as far as the 17th Century, although

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Information About African Americans in the 1950s...Information About African Americans in the 1950s As the 1950s began.segregationist policies in many sections of the United States

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ED 399 215 AUTHOR Whitelaw, R. Lynn TITLE Greece and Italy, the ancient cultures at times spread as far east as Persia, as far west as Spain, as far north as England, and as far south

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