Mammalogy 4764 Fall 2009 - University of Minnesota Duluthrmoen/Mammalogy_4764_2009/... · 2009. 12....
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Mammalogy 4764 Fall 2009 1 Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla The modern ungulates Pig Deer Camel Pronghorn Tapir Rhinocerous Horse Cursorial specialization Feeding specialization Evolutionary origin Condylarthra -- Extinct Order Gave rise to: Artiodactyla Perissodactyla Cetacea Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Proboscidea Sirenia Chalicotheriidae 4 to 40 mya – Large forelimbs, short hind limbs Standing, feeding on trees Perissodactyls 50 mya in North America 13 of 14 families 9 extinct by 2 mya 45 MYA Perissodactyla -- Odd-toed Ungulates 3 families, 6 genera, 17 species Originated in North America Now Asia, South America Indricotherium transouralicum Classic example in biology texts Increase in size Reduction in digits Longer skull Tooth complexity From 50 mya to today Fig. 19.4 Perissodactyla -- Equidae Single genus, 7 species 250 to 400 kg in wild species Perissodactyla -- Tapiridae Single genus, 4 species Up to 300 kg Originate North America Now South America, Asia 20 mya for current genus Little change since then Nocturnal, All but 1 near water Solitary Gestation over 1 year, single offspring Declining in number, distribution – E or T
Transcript of Mammalogy 4764 Fall 2009 - University of Minnesota Duluthrmoen/Mammalogy_4764_2009/... · 2009. 12....
Mammalogy 4764 Fall 2009
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Perissodactylaand
Artiodactyla
The modern
ungulates
Pig Deer CamelPronghorn
TapirRhinocerous
Horse
Cursorial specialization
Feeding specialization
Evolutionary origin
Condylarthra -- Extinct OrderGave rise to:ArtiodactylaPerissodactylaCetaceaTubulidentataHyracoideaProboscideaSirenia
Chalicotheriidae
4 to 40 mya –Large forelimbs, short hind limbsStanding, feeding on trees
Perissodactyls50 mya in North America13 of 14 families9 extinct by 2 mya
45 MYAPerissodactyla -- Odd-toed Ungulates
3 families, 6 genera, 17 speciesOriginated in North AmericaNow Asia, South America
Indricotherium transouralicum
Classic example in biology textsIncrease in sizeReduction in digitsLonger skullTooth complexity
From 50 mya to today
Fig. 19.4
Perissodactyla -- Equidae
Single genus, 7 species250 to 400 kg in wild species
Perissodactyla -- Tapiridae
Single genus, 4 speciesUp to 300 kg
Originate North AmericaNow South America, Asia20 mya for current genus
Little change since then
Nocturnal, All but 1 near water
Solitary
Gestation over 1 year, single offspring
Declining in number, distribution – E or T
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Perissodactyla -- Rhinoceratidae
4 genera, 5 speciesUp to 2,000 kg
10-25 mya for generaOriginated in North America (probably)Africa, Asia (split 26 mya)
Generally solitary
Gestation 8 or 16 monthsSingle offspring
Adults invulnerable to predationEndangered
Sumatran rhinocerosDicerorhinus sumatrensis
Indian rhinocerosRhinoceros unicornis
White rhinocerosCeratotherium simum
50 million+ year historyFirst artiodactyl rabbit-sized, 50 mya36 families, 10 still present3rd and 4th foot bones weight-bearing Diacodexis
Suiformes -- pigs, peccaries, hippopotamus
Tylopoda -- camels
Ruminantia -- ruminants -- cow, sheep, deer,
Each suborder has reprentativesfrom Eocene (50 mya)
Artiodactyla -- Even-toed Ungulates
ArtiodactylaRhinocerousIn Perissodactyla!
GiraffeDeer Pronghorn Cow
Artiodactyla--SuiformesSuiformes -- Pigs -- Suidae5 genera, 16 species
OmnivorousUp to 275 kg (similar to tapir)Typically forested
or brushy areasTayassuidae
100 to 175 day gestation1 - 12 offspring / gestation
Artiodactyla--Suiformes
Hippopotamidae - 2 genera, 2 species
Hippopotamus – 4.5 m, up to 4,500 kgHexaprotodon – 2 m, up to 250 kg
240 and 200 day gestation1 young / gestation
Artiodactyla--Tylopoda - Camelidae
Camels -- 1 genus, 2 speciesllamas -- 1 genus, 3 species
Camels--reversal to digitigradeDry, sandy conditions
60 to 650 kg
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Artiodactyla--Ruminantia - Tragulidae
Mouse deer3 genera, 4 species2.3 to 4.6 kgAfrica and Asia
No antlers, upper canines tusk-like
Solitary, nocturnal
Ruminants
Artiodactyla--Ruminantia - Giraffidae
Giraffe, Okapi2 genera, 2 species
1,800 kg and 250 kg5.5 m and 2+ m
About 450 day gestation
Africa
Artiodactyla--Ruminantia - Moschidae
Musk deerHas been in Cervidae
1 genus, 4 species
Up to 18 kg
No antlers -- note canines
Threatened or vulnerable“Musk” used in perfumes
Artiodactyla--Ruminantia - Cervidae
Deer family
16 genera, 43 species
Antlers (all but 1 species)
Many species:Solitary / Gregarious 8 to 800 kg170 to 240 day gestation1 to 3 young
Artiodactyla--Ruminantia - Antilocapridae
Pronghorn antelope1 genus, 1 species36 to 70 kg
Open grassland / semidesert
Pronghorn (M/F like caribou)
Fastest New World mammal86 km / h
Artiodactyla--Ruminantia - Bovidae
African and Asian antelopeBison, Sheep, Goats, and Cattle
45 genera, 137 species
Many species:Solitary / Gregarious 25 to 1,000 kg
