Mammalian Circulatory System. Circulatory Systems There are both open and closed systems. –...
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Transcript of Mammalian Circulatory System. Circulatory Systems There are both open and closed systems. –...
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Mammalian Circulatory System
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Circulatory Systems
• There are both open and closed systems.– Insects have an open circulatory system (blood
leaves the heart and flows freely throughout the body)
– Mammals have a closed system (blood is at all times contained within a series of vessels)
• In the 17th century William Harvey established that we have a cyclic system (blood flows in one direction)
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Circulatory Cycles
• There are 3 primary circulatory cycles:– Cardiac Cycle – the route of blood within the
heart– Pulmonary Cycle – the route of blood between
the heart and lungs– Systemic Cycle – the route of blood between the
heart and the body
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Three key aspects of a closed system
• Vessels – to transport blood
• A pump (heart)- to move blood throughout the body
• A transport medium – a specialized fluid tissue to carry vital elements
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Why do we need a transportation system?
• What does our transportation system have to do with maintaining homeostasis?
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Blood Vessels
• Many of the names of vessels comes from the Latin or Greek names.
• Remember interest in the body has been since the dawn of time!!!
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How blood is transported• Arteries:
– Carry blood away from the heart– Rigid/Elastic to take blood under
high pressure (from heart)• Capillaries:
– Very thin narrow where diffusion of gases and materials occurs
– opens and closes to regulate blood flow (e.g. stress, eating, etc...)
• Veins:– Loosen to expand more (controlled
by smooth muscles)– Store great quantities of blood
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Keeping Blood Moving
• Veins posses one-way valves that keep blood moving in one direction.
• Muscle contractions squeeze the veins to force blood that can be under negative pressure to move towards the heart.
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• Varicose Veins – prolonged periods of standing without leg contractions can increase the risk of developing faulty valves
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Another Look at Blood Vessels
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Important ones to note• Aorta – main artery from heart.• Mesenteric – digestive system• Renal – Kidney• Iliac – Hip/Pelvic• Hepatic – Liver• Inferior Vena Cava – blood to heart from lower• Superior Vena Cava – blood to heart from upper• Carotid Artery – neck vessel to brain.• Jugular vein – neck vessel from brain• Pulmonary – Lung• Cardiac - Heart
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The Heart
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The Heart
• Located within the thoracic cavity positioned more on the left side of the body
• The heart is protected by fat and a pericardium. (a bilayer tissue filled with fluid)
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How Blood Circulates: The Heart
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The Heart• Contraction of ventricles
– Larger of heart chambers – Takes blood in from the atria– Pumps blood out to the
lungs/body• Contraction of atria
– Smaller chambers– Takes blood in from
lungs/body– Pumps blood into the
ventricles• Coordinated beating of
atria then ventricles
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Cardiac Cycle• Right Atria receives de-oxygenated blood
Returned from the body. Pumps it to:• Right ventricle - receives blood from R. atria
and pumps it out to the lungs for oxygen.• Tricuspid valve prevents back flow from
ventricle to atria. (Atrioventricular valve)
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Cardiac Cycle cont.• Left Atria receives oxygenated blood from the Lungs
and pumps it to:• Left ventricle which then pumps it out to the body
(Leaving the heart).• Bicuspid valve prevents back flow from ventricle to
atria.• Semi-lunar valves prevent backflow between both
ventricles and their arteries
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Coordination of the Beating• The Heart cells naturally
beat without conscious control.
• Specialized cells in the right atria called the SA Node (pacemaker) send an electric impulse to neighboring cells stimulating them to contract.
• The atria beat top-down.• The ventricles beat bottom-
up• Cardiac Cycle
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• Without coordination of the electric signal, the heart cells would all beat randomly (fibrillation)
- These nerve impulses are detectable using an electrocardiogram (ECG) See Fig 9.19 pg 317
- Drug overdoses, electric shock, or other damage can trigger random fibrillations. This would need ro be corrected by providing a strong electrical current directly to the heart. AKA De-fibrillation.
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Heart Regulators, Fitness and Disease
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Regulation
• At rest the S-A node fires about 70 beats/min.• During activity, stress or fear, CO2 builds up in the
body becoming carbonic acid.• Sensory receptors transmit this to the medulla
oblongata (brain) and stimulate the release of noradrenaline
• Noradrenaline is a stimulant that causes the heart to beat faster.
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Cool Down
• Once the stress is gone the heart is still pumping. heart rate = blood pressure.
• This pressure on the arteries triggers sensory receptors within the artery wall to send a signal to the medulla to release acetylcholine.
• Acetylcholine slows heart rate back to normal levels
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Cardiac Output and Fitness• Cardiac Output is the amount of blood pumped
by the heart in a time given time period. It provides a measure of blood pumped & amount of oxygen delivered to body.
• CO = stroke volume x heart rateStroke volume - amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat.
• AVG (S.V. = 70 ml) x ( H.R. = 70 b/m) = 4900 ml/min. ***~5 L in body***
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Ailments and Diseases
• Poor fitness decreases the distensibility (stretchiness) of the ventricles. ( Stoke vol.)
• Septum defect - heart chamber between the ventricles fails to close at birth causing “Blue-babies”. (low oxygen)
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• Heart Murmur - one or more heart valves does not open/close restricting the smooth flow of blood in the heart.
Tricuspid valve with a faulty valve door.
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The Lymphatic SystemThe Other Transport System
• The Lymphatic system is the network of glands and vessels throughout the body that transports a near colourless fluid called Lymph.
• This vascular system (not found in all animals) helps in immunity and maintaining osmotic balance.
• It is transported throughout the body using muscle contractions and one-way valves, like blood in veins.
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Works with Cardiovascular System• Some plasma that
escapes the capillaries to bath the body cells does not re-enter the capillaries. This fluid is absorbed into the lymphatic system and returned to the cardiovascular system through ducts near the heart.
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Immunity support
• The Lymphatic system also aids in transporting white blood cells that guard the body against infection.
• Lymphocytes (White Blood Cells) originate in the lymph nodes of the body. (Think swollen lumps in your throat when you are sick)
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Blood Pressure
• Blood Pressure is described using two parts:– Systolic Pressure- is the highest pressure reached
during a ventricular contraction.– Diastolic Pressure- is the lowest pressure reached
just before the next ventricular contraction.– Blood Pressure is recorded in mmHg (mm
Mercury). Normal range equals 120/80 mmHg.
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Hypertension• Hypertension is a chronically elevated high blood
pressure. It can be associated with a number of health problems.
• Any condition that increases the volume of blood or the rate of blood flow can lead to hypertension– Ex. High salt intake, high cholesterol, diet, age, fitness.
• http://health.howstuffworks.com/adam-200079.htm• http://www.healthcentral.com/high-blood-pressure/introduction-47-115.html
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Arteriosclerosis &Atherosclerosis
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Clots, Stroke, and Heart Attacks
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Angioplasty
• A procedure used to open the artery lumen by compressing or removing a plaque deposit.
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Coronary Bypass
• Coronary blockages can lead to major heart problems. The muscles of the heart need a constant supply of oxygen. During a bypass vessels are removed from another part of the body and are used to bypass the blockage.
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• READ Pages 322-328
• Do #1, 2, 3 & 4
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BloodTransport Medium
Function of BloodComposition of Blood
Blood Types
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Function of Blood• Transport of:
OxygenCarbon Dioxide
Nutrients Wastes
• Immunity
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Composition Of BloodBlood is a collection of cells
specialized to perform a particular task. Therefore it’s considered a tissue.
• 55 % Plasma- 45% Cells and Cell Parts
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Plasma• composed of:
– clear golden fluid and water– dissolved substances– proteins (Fibrinogen & Globulin's)
• Has several functions:– Transports small molecules and ions– contains Fibrinogen involved in blood clotting– contains antibodies (globulin's) that are
involved in disease fighting
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Blood Cells and Cell Parts
3 Cellular components to blood• Red Blood Cells• White Blood Cells • Blood Platelets
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• Plasma:–Glucose, hormones,
etc. suspended in a viscous goo
• White Blood Cells:(leukocytes)–Protect the cells from
infection/invasion
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• Platelets:–Clot the blood to prevent it from
spilling out when a rupture of the fluid conduit occurs
• Red Blood Cells:(erythrocytes)–Transport O2
–99% of all blood cells
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Red Blood Cells• Also called Erythrocytes ~ 5 million/ml• Main function is to carry Oxygen• Structure:
– Mature cells have no nucleus and are disk shaped (to surface area & size)
– Cytoplasm contains a molecule called Hemoglobin• a iron containing molecule to carry oxygen• every R.B.C contains > 200 mil. hemoglobin
molecules
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White Blood Cells• also called Leucocytes• Function: protect the body from infectionThere are Two main types of W.B.C. s• macrophages
–move out of the capillary and digest foreign materials by phagocytosis
• Lymphocytes–specialized antibodies that fight infection
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Platelets
• Cell fragments• 250 million per cubic centimeter• Function: Trigger the Blood Clotting
Process
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Blood Clotting• Broken or damaged blood vessels release
platelets.• Ruptured Platelets release chemicals that react
with plasma proteins to make thromboplastin. • Thromboplastin reacts with prothrombrin to
produce thrombrin (needs calcium)• Thrombrin causes fibrinogen molecules to join
together to form strands called Fibrin• Many strands of Fibrin form a mesh or clot that
stops the bleeding
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Blood Clot
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Blood Clotting
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Review of Blood Components
Plasm a
M acrophages Lym phocytes
W hite B lood C ells(W.B.C)-Leucocytes
P late lets R ed B lood C ells (R .B .C )-Erththrocytes
B lood Cells and B lood Parts
B lood
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Blood Problems
• Anemia - occurs when there is a shortage of hemoglobin ib blood
• Leukemia - Cancer of the white blood cells• A.I.D.S - the H.I.V. virus attacks and destroys
an important type of WBC• Sickle Cell Disease - abnormal hemoglobin
causes RBC s to have irregular shape
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The END