malzeme -seçkin,emin,gökhan

7/28/2019 malzeme -sekin,emin,gkhan

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KMU 496Material Science and

TechnologySekin Gke 20824044

Emin ahin 20824259

Gkhan Cesur 20823875

Yavuz Selim Telis 20824303

Instructor : Prof. Dr. Nihal AYDOAN

Ankara,2013


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Outline

General Information AboutBoron

Bor Carbur

Boron In Detergent Industry

Boron for Energy Production andStorage

Boron as a platform for new drugdesign


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Usage Area of Boron

Glass Industry

Boron Fibers

Aerospace and Aviation

Energy Health

Cement

Ceramic Industry

Cleaning and Whitening

Industry Flame Retardants

Agriculture

Metallurgy Nuclear Applications


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GeneralProperties of

Boron


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Interestings Facts AboutBoron

Boron is a tough element very hard, and very resistant to heat. In

its crystalline form it is the second hardest of all the elements on themohs scale only carbon (diamond) is harder.

Boron is an essential nutrient for all green plants.

Boron in its crystalline form is very unreactive. Amorphous boron isreactive.

Unusually, the universes atoms of boron were not made by nuclearfusion within stars and were not made in the big bang. They weremade by nuclear fusion in cosmic-ray collisions. Most of the universesboron was made in this way before the formation of our solar system.

Boron is used to control nuclear reactions. It is an excellent neutronabsorber. Alloyed with steel or reacted with carbon, titanium orzirconium, it is used in control rods for nuclear reactors.

*http://www.chemicool.com/elements/boron.html


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CRUDE

BORON

REFINED

BORONPRODUCTS

TincalUlexiteColemanit

Hydro BorAcide

BoraksPentahidratBoraks

DekahidratCalsinedRefinedColemanitCalsined

Tincal

SyntheticCalsinedBoric Acid

Table 1.Boron and boronproduction of crude in theworld market*

Table 2.Important boron minerals andits location

*www.boren.gov.tr


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Table 3.The world's boron reserves (X103Ton B2O3) and reserve life*

*Bor Karbr Esasl Seramik Zrh ve Adhesiv Anma Uygulamalar ,Serhat Genolu,Gazi niversitesi ,Mart 2006


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BOR CARBIDE(B4C)

B4C ceramics whichhave characteristicalproperties : high hardness, high

wear resistance, low

density and highchemical resistance.

Due to covalentbonding of B4Cceramics,

they needs highsintering temperatureand high pressure toobtain their uniqueproperties. www.sosyalmekan.net


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Table 4. General properties of boron carbide powder

*Bor Karbr-Silisyum Karbr Kompozitlerinin Reaktif Scak Presleme ile retilmesi, Met.Mh Nkhet ERGN, T,Mays

2006


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Production Of BoronCarbideUsing with boron oxide (B2O3) , boric acid (H3B03), borax(NaB407.10H20), and boracide (Mg.Cl2B16O30) as raw material ; it

is reduced with them in arc oven*

ExothermicReac.

Huge amount of CO is product that removed by ventilation

Obtained by this method is treated with B4C repeatedlybroken off and milled acid and metallic residues areremoved. The resulting powder is classified in groups. **

*Spohn, M., 1994. Boron Carbide, Minerals Review, 6, 113-115

**Jones, B. R., Prunier, A. R. Jr, and Pyzik, A. J., 1999. Brake or clutch components having a ceramic-metal composite frictionmaterial,

United States Patent, No: 5957251 dated 28.9.1999.

EndothermicReac.


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Boron Carbide-Silicium CarbideComposites

Silicon carbide is an excellent thermal shock resistance,oxidation resistance, high fracture toughness, hardness ofboron carbide, silicon carbide combination of properties suchas abrasion resistance and low density, and boron carbidepowders by mixing the desired specifications used for different

purposes.* Boron carbide is a material suitable for this type of application,

however, it is brittle, low temperature resistance and lowthermal shock resistance reduction of the negative aspects ofboron carbide. **

That the increase in the amount of boron carbide compositessintered density of the product to fall, resulting in reducedresistance to oxidation. This condition leads to the formation ofa composite light. Such composites also exhibit high heat

resistance and shock-resistance.****Vassen, R; Stover, D., Processing and Properties of Nanograin Silicon Carbide, 1999, Journal of American Ceramics Society, Vol82, pp 2585- 2593**Kondakov, Stanislav F., 1994, US Patent 5,554,328., Method of making heat and impact resistant composite ceramic material.*** -


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Usage Area of Boron Carbide-SiliciumCarbide Composites

Such composites, some type nozzles, turbine engines, heat-

conducting tubes and ladles in the defense industry as well asthe construction of the armor can be used in differentapplications.


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Boron Carbide-Silicium CarbideComposites Manufacturing

Technologies Pressure sintering technique composites produced in limitedproduction of complex-shaped parts. Only a small and simple-shaped parts can be produced by this method. Additionally,this process requires a very high energy use and the moldingmaterial. Composite materials is too hard, diamond teams

should be subject to surface treatment, and this is alsoexpensive and time-consuming method. Result of work doneby pressureless sintering processes have been switchingexpensive hot pressing processes.*

Boron carbide low oxidation resistance, oxidizingatmospheres at temperatures above 600 C leads tounavailable. The addition of silicon carbide, boron carbideceramics improves oxidation resistance. Talmy and friendsthat they have made a study of the advanced oxidation

resistance and toughness of boron carbide - silicon carbidecomposites to achieve, also sought to develop a new method*Vassen, R; Stover, D., Processing and Properties of Nanograin Silicon Carbide, 1999, Journal of American Ceramics Society,Vol 82, pp 2585- 2593** Prochazka, S., Coblenz, W. S., 1976, US Patent 4,081,284., Silicon carbide-boron carbide sintered body


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Figure 1. General Flow Diagram of Production of Boron carbide-Silicium Carbide*

*Bor Karbr-Silisyum Karbr Kompozitlerinin Reaktif Scak Presleme ile retilmesi, Met.Mh Nkhet ERGN, T,Mays 2006


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Figure 2.2200 0C, under vacuumpressure , reactant is hot pressedwith % 10 SiC. (SEI screen)

Figure 3.2200 0C, under vacuumpressure , reactant is hot pressedwith % 20SiC. (SEI screen)


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The Usage Of Boron In

Detergent Industry* The detergent industry has % 5,3 share.

*European countries have largest share.

*For using , prevent bacteria and bleaching .


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Detergent Industry

*Soap ,

*Borax dekahydrate or Borax pentahydrate,

*Detergent Industry,

*Borax dekahydrate and sodium perborate,


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Properties

*Boraxe dekahydrate (%10) ,

- disinfect the water and make itsofter

*Sodium perborate (%10) ,- have bleaching effect


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*Boraxe + Hydrogenperoxide

Sodium

perborate

*Application of boron isotopes for tracing sources of anthropogenic contamination in

groundwaterSusanne BarthDe artment of Earth and S ace Sciences, State Universit of New York at Ston Brook, Ston Brook,


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*There are two types of Sodium perborate;

- Sodium perborate tetrahydrate (SPT),

-have %10,5 activated O2

-Sodium perborate monohydrate (SPM),

-have %15,5 activated O2

- Expensive than SPT

*SPM is more usefull than SPT because ,

-SPM is more soluble than SPT in aqua media (Lyday

1996)


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Production Processes of Sodium Perborate Monohydrate

*http://www.maden.org.tr/resimler/ekler/3bf6e4db673b644_ek.pdf


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*In the industry there are two types ofbleaching agent.

* These are;

- Sodium perborate

-Sodiumhypocloride


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Why Sodium Perborate Is Used ?

*have high amount of active O2

*very little effect on the environment thanSodiumhypocloride

*Bleaching effect decreases under 60C ,

- For the increase in the bleaching effect, some

additives are placed into (SPM and TEAD )


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Potential Use of Boron for Energy Production and Storage Tuncay USLU

Productionand StorageFossil fuels (i.e., petroleum, natural gas, and coal), which meet most of the worlds energy

demand today, are being depleted fast. Also, their combustion products are causing globalproblems, such as the greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion, acid rains, and pollution,

which are posing a great danger for our environment and eventually for the life on ourplanet. Many engineers and scientists agree that the solution to these global problemswould be to replace the existing fossil fuel system by the Hydrogen Energy System.Hydrogen is a very efficient and clean fuel. Its combustion will produce no greenhousegases, no ozone layer depleting chemicals, little or no acid rain ingredients, and pollution(Veziroglu, 2003).

Among the problems to be solved for the usage of hydrogen energy, how to storehydrogen energy easily and cheaply has been placed at the first position on the schedule.Hydrogen storage is a key enabling technology for the advancement of hydrogen andfuel cell power technologies in transportation, stationary, and portable power applications(Zeybek and Akn, 2005).


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Productionand Storage

In fuel cells, sodium boron hydride (NaBH4) can be used mainly in two ways; directlyor apart from the fuel cell to be used for hydrogen production when needed.

Sodium borohydride has been commercialized by Millennium Cell as the Hydrogen onDemandTM process to generate hydrogen in a controllable heat releasing reaction ofNaBH4 and H2O at room temperature without high pressure and any side reactionsand hazardous by-product

Although Hydrogen on DemandTM systems have a lot of advantages, there are someproblems about the system. It is still a costly method since the catalyst used iscomposed of very rare and expensive earth metal called ruthenium. Also, the NaBH4is itself expensive. A commercial success of this hydrogen carrier depends on reducingthe production cost of NaBH4 (Zeybek and Akn, 2005).


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NaBH4/H2O2 Fuel CellsThat 4 moles of sodium metal

is required to produce 1 moleNaBH4 is the major factoreffecting the production(Bilici,2004).At the present, it is

approximately 80 Euro/kg(Zeybek and Akn, 2005).NaBH4 alone would costabout 40 times more thangasoline to travel the samedistance in a vehicle poweredby a fuel cell (Owen, 2005).



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Peter Rittmeyer, Ulrich Wietelmann Hydrides in Ullmann's Encyclopediaof Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.

Schubert, F.; Lang, K.; Burger, A. Alkali metal borohydrides (Bayer)

NaBH4/H2O2 Storage Safer and More Efficient ThanHydrogen Storage

NaBH4/H2O2 much less volatile thanH2/O2 or gasoline.

No need for heavy structural tanks to

store pressurized gasses.No need to cryogenically store the liquid

fuels.

NaBH4/H2O2 much less toxic to humansthan gasoline


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Direct NaBH4 Fuel Cells Can Also UseOxygen From Air as an Oxidizer Using oxygen (air) as

the oxidizer decreasesfuel weight, sinceH2O2 would not needto be carried

The slight loss inpower density is morethan made up for bythe mass of oxidizerthat does not need to

be carriedThis approach can

work for terrestrialapplications wheresize/weight is at apremium


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Synthesis and handling

Sodium borohydride is prepared industrially followingthe original method of Schlesinger: sodium hydride istreated with trimethyl borate at 250270 C:

B(OCH3)3 + 4 NaH NaBH4 + 3 NaOCH3Millions of kilograms are produced annually, far

exceeding the production levels of any other hydridereducing agent. Sodium borohydride can also beproduced by the action of NaH on powderedborosilicate glass.




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Hydrogen source

In the presence of metal catalysts, sodium

borohydride releases hydrogen. Exploitingthis reactivity, sodium borohydride is used inprototypes of the direct borohydride fuel cell.

The hydrogen is generated for a fuel cell bycatalytic decomposition of the aqueous

borohydride solution:

Hydrogen Storage via Sodium Borohydride Current Status, Barriers, and R&DRoadmapHydrogen Storage via Sodium Borohydride , GCEP Stanford

-


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Hydrogen source

Hydrogen Storage via Sodium Borohydride Current Status, Barriers, and R&D

RoadmapHydrogen Storage via Sodium Borohydride , GCEP StanfordUniversity April 14-15, 2003


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Practical Hydrogen on Demand TMSchematic

Hydrogen Storage via Sodium Borohydride Current Status, Barriers, and R&DRoadmapHydrogen Storage via Sodium Borohydride , GCEP Stanford


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Hydrogen source

Hydrogen Storage via Sodium Borohydride Current Status, Barriers, and R&D

RoadmapHydrogen Storage via Sodium Borohydride , GCEP StanfordUniversity April 14-15, 2003

Why is NaBH4 costly to produce? Need 4 electrons, stored in 4 B-H bonds, used to reduce H2O

and form H2 Need to combine 3 different elements + electrons + energyNa + B + H + electrons + energy (substantial entropic andenthalpic barriers) The complexity of the system leads to a stepwise process for

SBH production. The NaBH4 price will always be driven by the price of primary

energy Energy efficiency is key; any process has to be optimized to

minimize wasted energy.

Particular Challenge for Transportation Applications Convert a multi-component, high energy, high purity specialty

chemical into an everyday commodity fuel

Difficult to compete with the current cost of gasoline, but couldcompare favorably with other hydrogen storage technologies.


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Boron as an Engine Fuel

Hydrogen and Boron as Recent Alternative Motor Fuels, Ayhan Demirba,

Department of Chemical Engineering, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey,Published online: 20 Aug 2006.

To ignite boron, it can be burnt in an environment of pure oxygen, and it has no

other product than solid boron oxide, there are no other harmful pollutants oremissions. The unique compactness of boron means that it could easily have a

transcontinental range. Its product, boria, needs to be recycled (decombustion) so

it must be kept onboard until it can be swapped for more boron and reburnt.

Boron has a very high energy density, much better than that of liquid hydrogen

and also a lot safer. So it seems practical as a fuel for a vehicle. Unfortunately,

boron is quite a limited resource and pure oxygen

is expensive. Techniques are required for purifying air oxygen on board the

vehicle and then the oxygen must be prevented from burning the motor along

with the fuel.


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Introduction

In the past, boron-based compoundshave been rarely used for biomedicalpurposes, with the noticeable

exception boron neutron capturetherapy (BNCT).

*Boron as a platform for new drug design, Laura Ciani & Sandra Ristori,University of Florence, Department of Chemistry & CSGI, Sesto Fiorentino,


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Boron as a platform for new drug design

Boron atoms

Ability to replace carbon atoms,

Electron deficiency

Boronated compounds Hydrophobicity

Lipophilicity

Versatile stereochemistry

These properties can provide innovative drugs.



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Boron nitride nanotubes

Boron nitrides are a viablealternative to carbon nanotubes.

Good biocompatibility Piezoelectrical capability

Delivery properties



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Boron nitride nanotubes

The possible use of BNNTs as nanovectors tocarry electrical/mechanical signals ondemand within a cellular system

Electrical stimuli can be conveyed to a tissueor cell culture after BNNT internalizationusing ultrasounds by virtue of BNNTpiezoelectric behavior.

In the field of drug delivery, BNNT could beused as vector due to theirsuperparamagnetic properties.



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Boron Chromophore

Boron chromophores and luminescentboronated polymers ;

Facile synthesis

Good stability,

Tunable absorption and emission through theentire visible spectral window

Photophysical properties(two-photonabsorption, room-temperaturephosphorescence and dual emission)



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Boron Chromophore

Oxygen-sensitive RTP (oxygen-sensitive phosphorescence at room

temperature) properties, they werealso used as oxygen sensor andimaging agent for tumor tissue.



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Boron in biocompatible materials

Boron is used in the coating of inertbiomaterials such as metals and their alloy.

Biomedical fields

Joints Limbs

Total hips

Knees Artificial arteries, etc.



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Boron in biocompatible materials

Boron plays a role in many life processes,including embryogenesis, bone growth and

maintenance, immune function andpsychomotor skills.



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Boron neutron capture therapy

BNCT is a tumor treatment based on theincorporation of the stable 10B isotope intocancerous cells. Subsequent irradiation with a fluxof thermal neutrons yields high-energy products

with mean path length in tissues of a few microns.This distance is comparable with typical celldiameters. Therefore, selective destruction oftumors can be achieved without affecting nearby

healthy tissues.



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This therapy relies on a binary process

Capture of a slow neutron by a 10B

nucleus leads to an energetic nuclearfission reaction, with the formation of7Li3+ and 4He2+

Accompanied by about 2.4 MeV ofenergy

*New horizons for therapy based on the boron neutron capturereaction, M.Frederick Hawthome, Molecular Medicine


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APPLICATION of the boron neutroncapture reaction to cancer treatment(boron neutron capture therapy or

BNCT) was proposed by Locher over75 years ago.

10B + 1n 7Li + 4He + + 2.4 MeV



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Large number of possible combinations of three basicvariables are clinically important:

The identity of the disease to be treated

The energy of the incident therapeutic neutrons(thermal, epithermal or fast) and the neutron beamcharacteristics (type of source, the level of -photoncontamination, beam collimation and neutron flux

The chemical and biophysical properties of the 10B-

enriched target species (>90% isotopic purity) and itsclassification with respect to its mode of delivery



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*Application of boron-entrapped stealth liposomes to inhibition of growth of

tumour cells in the in vivo boron neutron-capture therapy model, H.Yanagie,Department of Intellectual Property, Incubation Project, 20 May 2005


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References

Boron as a platform for new drug design, Laura Ciani & Sandra Ristori,University of Florence, Department of Chemistry & CSGI, SestoFiorentino, Italy

New horizons for therapy based on the boron neutron capture reaction,M.Frederick Hawthome, Molecular Medicine Today,April,1998

Application of boron-entrapped stealth liposomes to inhibition ofgrowth of tumour cells in the in vivo boron neutron-capture therapymodel, H.Yanagie, Department of Intellectual Property, IncubationProject, 20 May 2005

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