LEARNING OUTCOMESTo explain what malnutrition isTo explain the effects of malnutrition using examplesTo describe ways to reduce the chance of contracting certain health problems due to ones dietTo describe ways to reduce the effects of certain health problem

Malnutrition and Its EffectsMalnutrition : results from taking unbalanced diet which in certain nutrients are lacking, in excess, or in the wrong proportions Can be caused by :A reduced intake of nutrients (undernourishment)An inability to use absorbed nutrientsExcessive food intakeNutrient loses

3 stages to provide energy in cases of malnutrition :The carbohydrate stores in the body are used upThe fat reserves are oxidisedProteins are broken down. When protein levels have been reduced to half their normal value, death will occur

Lack of any nutrient can cause deficiency diseases

NutrientsEffects of deficiencyCharacteristicsProteinsKwashiorkorMarasmusStomach bloated, growth of body and brain retarded, no appetite for food, weak bodyVery thin with wrinkled skinVitamin ANight blindnessXerophthalmia poor night vision cornea dry & opaqueVitamin B1Beri-beriSwollen legs & ankles, numbness in hands, muscular pain & cramps, fatigue, loss of appetiteVitamin B3PellagraDermatitis (skin becomes red & inflamed), diarrhoea & mental disorder

Vitamin B12IronAnaemiaLack of RBC or haemoglobin to transport oxygenVitamin CScurvyBleeding gums, bruise skin, painful & swollen joints, weaknessVitamin DCalciumRicketsOsteoporosisStunted growth of bones & teeth, weak bonesBrittle bones which easily brokenIodineGoitreCretinismEnlarge thyroid glandsPhysical & mental growth retardedSodiumMuscular crampsSudden & painful contraction of muscles

Effects of Excessive Intake of Certain Nutrients on Health

NutrientEffectsCharacteristicsCarbohydrates (sugar) Obesity which may lead to high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, heart diseasesDental cariesBody weight is more than 20% of the suitable body weight for a particular heightTooth decay due to the destruction of the teeths enamel by acids which are produced by bacteria from carbohydrateLipidsAtherosclerosis (as a result of saturated animal fats)The narrowing & hardening of arteries

ProteinsGoutStones in the kidney which can damage the kidneyExcessive uric acid deposits on the joints causing joint painUric acid crystalises & forms stones in the kidneyVitamin ALiver damageThe liver fails to function because liver cells die & fibrous tissues form in the liverSodiumHigh blood pressureKidney damageFatigue, headache, can cause bleeding in the brain (stroke) & heart failureKidneys are overloaded with the task of removing excess salt

CalciumAtherosclerosisCalcium deposits on the inner walls of arteries causing the arteries to harden & lose their elasticity

DIET-RELATED DISEASESHIGH BLOOD PRESSUREExcessive intake of food that is rich in saturated fat, cholesterol & calcium leads to atherosclerosis & high blood pressure.

The saturated fats, cholesterol & calcium are deposited on the inner walls of arteries. The lumen become smaller & the walls of the arteries harden & lose their elasticity. Blood flow is reduced. the heart pump faster to produce a higher pressure

Also can cause by excessive intake of salts, tea & coffee which can increase the rate of heart beat, thus increasing the blood pressure.

Ways to reduce the risk of HBP :Reduce the intake of food which are rich in saturated fats & cholesterolExercise frequentlyReduce the intake of salts in food, as well as tea & coffeeDo not smokeHave enough rest

DIET-RELATED DISEASEDIABETES MELLITUSCaused by excessive glucose in the blood & its subsequent excretion in the urine

Excessive intake of food rich in sugar (carbohydrates) can cause diabetes mellitus

Obesity can also lead to DM

The risk of DM can be reduced by :Reduce the intake of food rich in sugarExercise frequently

DIET-RELATED DISEASEOSTEOPOROSISDue to the lack of calcium, phosphorus & vitamin D in the diet of an adultLow density of the bone mass & the bones become thin & brittle, easily brokenThe risk of contracting osteoporosis can be reduced in the following ways :Intake of food rich in calcium, phosphorus & vitamin DExercise frequently

Kwashiokor

Marasmus

Xerophthalmia

Beri-beri

PELLAGRA

ANAEMIA

SCURVY

RICKETS

GOITRE

Cretinism

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

OSTEOPOROSIS

OBESITY

Dental caries

GOUT

Stone in kidney

Liver damage

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

DIABETES MELLITUS

EXERCISE 6.3Explain what is malnutrition.Explain the effects of malnutrition using examples.Describe ways to reduce the effects of certain health problems.