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Transcript of Mali phase ii_presentation_en
Research on collective action by women
Presentation of results in Mali: Phase II
Aboubacar TRAORE, June 2011
Outline of this presentation
Context of Collective Action
Overview of the branches included in the study/Regions
and Districts/Communities
Key results
Detailed analysis
Discussion of main results
Recommendations for Phase III
Context of collective action in Mali8 regions: agriculture (41% GDP); services (42% GDP); industry (17% GDP)
• Agricultural Framework Law
• Fair access to land
• 10% of cultivated area to be assigned to women
• Code of land rights in modern and traditional law
• CA: Law on Cooperatives
• Before GIEF (external support)
• No improvement in Services
Overview of the branches included in the study/Regions
• Millet/ Sorghum
• Groundnuts
• Sesame
• Rice
• Shea butter
• Tiger nuts
Koulikoro• Pop. 2.4 million (growth rate 4%)
• Rainfall 500-1300 mm (20 – 51 inches)
• Exodus from the land is occurring
• Different socio-cultural status within the family and in the communities
Sikasso• 2.6 million (growth rate 3.6%)
• Rainfall 700-1500 mm (28 – 59 inches)
• Less young people leaving
• Men and women have different roles/power
• Good potential for agriculture/livestock
Gender in the production systems of the regions studied
• Important role of women in agricultural work: 70% of agricultural labour force, often unpaid
• Little control over resources: 3% of holdings managed by women; 54% of women with < 1 ha (17% of men)
• Unequal access for women to inputs, credit, fertiliser, advice/support
• Limited access for women to markets through lack of mobility, social attitudes, and small volumes
Key results (Tiger nuts Sikasso)
20% tiger nuts
80% tiger nuts
Local market
Producers 70% women and 30% men
Circle (district): Sikasso, KadioloCommunities: Farakala, Kapolondougou, Kofan, Kolokoba, lobougoula, Kaboïla ; Kaï, Loulouni, Natien, Missirikoro, Kapala, Sokourani Missirikoro, Central SikassoAC: mixed groups and women’s and men’s
Union: Jèkafo and Nipangatiè Supply and market research
Malian exportersArouna KonatéOusmane Sow
Collectors/IntermediariesSemi-wholesalers and wholesalers
Sub-regional market (Senegal, Liberia, Guinea, Central African Republic, Ghana, Burkina Faso)National and local markets
Local marketProcessing (exclusively by women)
Structure of the branch at the local level (unions)
- Technical and financial support by the partners- Emerging branch
-Source of income for women- Existence of export market
Factors which encourage collective action by womenFactors which encourage collective action by women
Factors which discourage collective action by womenFactors which discourage collective action by women
Low access to means of production (land, equipment)
Low level of processing at local level
Key results (Groundnuts, Koulikoro)
Primary ProducersPrimary Producers
Intermediaries
Buyers
Local market
Intermediaries
Buyers
Local market
TradersTraders
Domestic and sub-regional consumersDomestic and sub-regional consumers
Co-operatives/ Women’s Associa-tionsKolokani circles
Co-operatives/ Women’s Associa-tionsKolokani circles
Women engaged in value-adding processing
Factors which encourage collective action by womenFactors which encourage collective action by women
Local marketConsumers at the local level
Factors which discourage women’s collective actionFactors which discourage women’s collective action
Lack of support structures for this type of production
Women are assigned infertile land
No access to agricultural equipment when needed
No organised market exists Lack of access to
fast-growing (3 months) and high yield seeds
Weak ability to control prices to intermediaries/ buyers
Existence of women’s groups offering rotating
credit and/or savings and loans
Groundnuts: a basic food
Support for setting up savings and credit groups from the CAEB NGO in Kolokani Circle
Women’s network
Links between organisations: Rice, Sikasso
Teriya de Niena Cooperative
ACOD Nyeta so
CRA
Agricultural sector
COFRN
Téguéréni group
Female producers:Courageous and dedicated women
TrainingWorking capital, equipment
Supply of inputs, Marketing
Membership feeOperational support
Advice support
Training /
Information
Information exchange
Membership fee
Savings /Loans
Constraints
Type of constraint Tiger nuts
Rice Shea butter
Sesame Millet/sorghum
Ground-nuts
Limited access to means of production X X X X X
Late payment of cash after sales X X
Lack of working capital X X
Lack of equipment for processing and difficulties of storage
X X
Merchants charge high prices for fertiliser X X
Low crop yields X
Lack of means and high cost of transport X X
Weak negotiating power of women vis-à-vis intermediaries/traders
X X X
Illiteracy among women X X
Drop in price at harvest time X X
Benefits
Type of benefits/ Branch of production
Groundnuts
Millet/Sorghum
Sesame Shea butter
Tiger nuts
Rice
Access to property ownership XX
Access to inputs XXX XXX XXX XXX
Access to equipment for production XXX
Access to processing equipment XXX XXX
Access to the market XXX XXX XXX XXX XX
Savings/loans (by deposit and by rotation)
XXX XXX X XXX X
Increase in incomes (joint sales at profitable price)
X XX XXX XXX XXX XX
Improvement in social status XX XX XX XX XX XX
Social cohesion XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX
Strengthening of skills X X XXX XXX XX XX
Investment (personal wealth) XX XX XX XX XX XX
Detailed analysis
Discussion of the main results
Rice Shea butter Tiger nuts Groundnuts Millet/ Sorghum
Sesame
Types of collective action
Mixed and women’s; formal and informal; non specialised; affiliated and not
Mixed and women’s; specialised; affiliated and not
Mixed, men’s and women’s; specialised; affiliated
Non specialised; CAs mixed and women’s; formal and informal.
Formal mixed and women’s affiliated to the unions; formal and informal non-affiliated.
Predominance of mixed and women’s CAs specialised affiliated to the unions; some CAs not affiliated.
Women’s roles
Predominant in mixed CAs; men in the secretariat in women’s CAs
Strong representation in mixed CAs; men in the secretariat in women’s CAs.
Weak representation in mixed CAs.
Not very active in mixed CAs; replacement ofmen by women in some women’s CAs.
Not very active in mixed CAs; preference for women’s CAs (men in the secretariat)
Not very active in mixed CAs (Banamba); men in the secretariat in women’s CAs.
Production Individual or collective; income-generating activities
Individual or collective.
Internal savings/loan system; some CAs have external supported for specific purposes.
PAM market Individual or collective; DERK/SNV support for affiliated women’s CAs
Key findings
• CAs are present in all the value chains of the different types of production: more marked in the more structured branches like sesame, tiger nuts and shea butter.
• There is a predominance of women in certain products (shea butter) and certain value-add activities (processing ).
• A strong preference is expressed in some communes for women-only groups.
• There are constraints which prevent speeding up the creation of women’s CAs to enable access to markets, e.g. social pressures, the low literacy rate among women, the lack of equipment and of appropriate infrastructure.
• Changing trends: the positive effects of some successful women’s collective actions help to break down some taboos.
Recommendations for phase III
• In Sikasso, Oxfam GB’ s choice.
• In Koulikoro, sesame as the most appropriate product to produce.
• At the national workshop, validated analysis tools to apply to other types of production.
• In all cases the future criteria for choosing between different types of production must include the predominance of women (individually or collectively) and whether the collective actions are sustainable.
Thank you for your attention