Mali, Niger and Chad

8/6/2019 Mali, Niger and Chad

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Training and Doctrine CommandTraining and Doctrine Command(TRADOC) Culture Center(TRADOC) Culture Center

Fort Huachuca, ArizonaFort Huachuca, Arizona

Mali Niger Chad

Mali, Niger, and ChadMali, Niger, and ChadMali, Niger, and ChadMali, Niger, and Chad


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ObjectiveObjective

Action: Apply values, beliefs, behaviors, andAction: Apply values, beliefs, behaviors, and

norms (VBBN) found in Mali, Niger, and Chadnorms (VBBN) found in Mali, Niger, and Chad

that may affect military operationsthat may affect military operations

Condition: Given a scenarioCondition: Given a scenario

Standard: Effectively apply relevant VBBNStandard: Effectively apply relevant VBBNfound in Mali, Niger, and Chad to achieve anfound in Mali, Niger, and Chad to achieve an

assigned objective in a given scenario orassigned objective in a given scenario or

accumulate at least 70 points on theaccumulate at least 70 points on the

assessment chartassessment chart


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AgendaAgenda IntroductionIntroduction

GeographyGeography

HistoryHistory

ReligionReligion

PeoplePeople

CultureCulture

GovernmentGovernment

MilitaryMilitary

EconomyEconomy

Current IssuesCurrent Issues

Chad

Mali

Niger


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Introduction &Introduction &GeographyGeography


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GeographyGeography

TerrainTerrain North desert and mountainsNorth desert and mountains

Central SahelCentral Sahel

South savannahSouth savannah Water sourcesWater sources

ClimateClimate Hot, dry and dustyHot, dry and dusty

Rainy season (JuneRainy season (June--Sept)Sept)

Common IssuesCommon Issues DesertificationDesertification

OvergrazingOvergrazing

DroughtDrought


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GeographyGeography

TerrainTerrain North desert and mountainsNorth desert and mountains

Central SahelCentral Sahel

South savannahSouth savannah Water sourcesWater sources

ClimateClimate Hot, dry and dustyHot, dry and dusty

Rainy season (JuneRainy season (June--Sept)Sept)

Common IssuesCommon Issues DesertificationDesertification

OvergrazingOvergrazing

DroughtDrought


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Republic of MaliRepublic of Mali

IndependenceIndependence September 22, 1960September 22, 1960

Capital: BamakoCapital: Bamako

AreaArea Total:Total: 1.24 million sq km1.24 million sq km

About size of CaliforniaAbout size of Californiaand Texas combinedand Texas combined

Water:Water: 20,000 sq km20,000 sq km

Border CountriesBorder Countries


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Republic of MaliRepublic of Mali

IndependenceIndependence September 22, 1960September 22, 1960

Capital: BamakoCapital: Bamako

AreaArea Total:Total: 1.24 million sq km1.24 million sq km

About size of CaliforniaAbout size of Californiaand Texas combinedand Texas combined

Water:Water: 20,000 sq km20,000 sq km



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Republic of NigerRepublic of Niger

IndependenceIndependence

August 3, 1960August 3, 1960

Capital: NiameyCapital: Niamey

Area:Area:

Total:Total: 1.27 million sq km1.27 million sq km

Slightly less than twiceSlightly less than twice

the size of Texasthe size of Texas

Water:Water: 300 sq km300 sq km



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Republic of NigerRepublic of Niger

IndependenceIndependence

August 3, 1960August 3, 1960

Capital: NiameyCapital: Niamey

Area:Area:

Total:Total: 1.27 million sq km1.27 million sq km

Slightly less than twiceSlightly less than twice

the size of Texasthe size of Texas

Water:Water: 300 sq km300 sq km



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Republic of ChadRepublic of Chad

IndependenceIndependence August 11, 1960August 11, 1960

Capital: NDjamenaCapital: NDjamena

Area:Area: Total:Total: 1.28 million sq km1.28 million sq km

About twice the size ofAbout twice the size of

TexasTexas WWater:ater: 24,800 sq km24,800 sq km



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Republic of ChadRepublic of Chad

IndependenceIndependence August 11, 1960August 11, 1960

Capital: NDjamenaCapital: NDjamena

Area:Area: Total:Total: 1.28 million sq km1.28 million sq km

About twice the size ofAbout twice the size of

TexasTexas WWater:ater: 24,800 sq km24,800 sq km



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Student CheckStudent Check Identify thesefeaturesIdentify thesefeatures

on the map:on the map:

Country namesCountry names

CapitalsCapitals

Geographical andGeographical and

climate zonesclimate zones

Important waterImportant water

featuresfeatures


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HistoryHistory


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HistoryHistory Longhistoryofhuman settlementLonghistoryofhuman settlement

Civilization thrivedas theregion beingCivilization thrivedas theregion being

centerfor transcenterfor trans--Sahara tradeSahara trade


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Major Empires and KingdomsMajor Empires and Kingdoms

Ghana EmpireGhana Empire

Mali EmpireMali Empire

Songhai EmpireSonghai Empire KanemKanem--BornuBornu

EmpireEmpire

Hausa KingdomHausa Kingdom

Kingdom ofKingdom of

TakeddaTakedda Kingdom ofKingdom of

BaguirmiBaguirmi

Kingdom ofKingdom ofWadaiWadai


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Colonial HistoryColonial History

French ColonialFrench ColonialPeriodPeriod French West AfricaFrench West Africa

French EquatorialFrench EquatorialAfricaAfrica

WWII AftermathWWII Aftermath French West Africa:French West Africa:

ProPro--VichyVichy

French EquatorialFrench Equatorial

Africa: Free FrenchAfrica: Free French

Independence (1960)Independence (1960) Civil wars, powerCivil wars, power

struggles, coupsstruggles, coups

Severe droughtSevere drought


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National HistoryNational History

Civil wars and powerCivil wars and powerstrugglesstruggles

CrossCross--border conflictsborder conflicts ChadianChadian--Libyan conflictLibyan conflict

(1978(1978--1987)1987)

AgacherAgacher war (1975, 1985)war (1975, 1985)

MaliMali--Guinea (2007)Guinea (2007)

ChadianChadian--Sudanese warSudanese war(2005(2005--present)present)


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MaliNationalHistoryMaliNationalHistory

Socialism

1968 coup

Militarydictator

1991coup

Democraticelections

Peaceful Transition

ModiboModibo KeitaKeita China modelofsocialismChina modelofsocialism

UnresolvedsocialandeconomicissuesUnresolvedsocialandeconomicissues

GENGENMoussaMoussa TraorTraor CoupleaderCoupleader

SeriesofdroughtsdeepenedeconomicSeriesofdroughtsdeepenedeconomictroublestroubles

LTCLTC AmadouAmadou ToumaniToumani ToureToure CoupleaderCoupleader

Prepared wayforcivilian democracyPrepared wayforcivilian democracy

DrAlphaDrAlpha OumarOumar KonareKonare First electedpresidentFirst electedpresident

Steppeddown at endof term limitsSteppeddown at endof term limits

AmadouAmadou ToumaniToumani ToureToure Elected 2002Elected 2002

ReRe--elected 2007elected 2007


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Corruption

1974 coup

Militarydictator

Militarydictator

1993 elections

1993 coup

Militarydictator

1999 assassination

1999 elections

NigerNationalHistoryNigerNationalHistory HamaniHamani DioriDiori

Closerelationship withFranceCloserelationship withFrance Government corruptionGovernment corruption

COLCOLSeyniSeyni KountcheKountche ChiefofstaffandcoupleaderChiefofstaffandcoupleader

Militarydictator,diedin office (1987)Militarydictator,diedin office (1987)

COL AliCOL AliSaibouSaibou Chiefofstaffand militarydictatorChiefofstaffand militarydictator Conceded todemandsformultiConceded todemandsformulti--partyparty

MahamaneMahamane OusmaneOusmane ElectedpresidentElectedpresident

Collapseofagreement withPMgaveexcuseforCollapseofagreement withPMgaveexcuseforcoupcoup

COL

Ibrahim BareCOL

Ibrahim BareMainassaraMainassara CoupleaderCoupleader

Fraudulentlyelectedin 1996Fraudulentlyelectedin 1996

Assassinatedin tragicaccidentAssassinatedin tragicaccident

TandjaTandja MamadouMamadou Electedunder new constitutionElectedunder new constitution

ReRe--electedin 2004 forsecondandlast fiveyearelectedin 2004 forsecondandlast fiveyeartermterm


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Civilian dictator

1975 coup

Militarydictator

Civil war

1982 coup

Militarydictator

1990 coup

Dictatorwithelections

ChadNationalHistoryChadNationalHistory FranoisFranois TombalbayeTombalbaye

DiscriminatedagainstDiscriminatedagainst

Northern MuslimsNorthern Muslims

1965 one1965 one--partystatecontrolpartystatecontrol

NationalLiberation Front formedin SudanNationalLiberation Front formedin Sudan

8 yearcivil war8 yearcivil war

GENFelixGENFelixMalloumMalloum Coupleader; militarydictatorCoupleader; militarydictator 19791979--1982 civil war1982 civil war

Coalition government formed withCoalition government formed withGoukouniGoukouni OueddeiOueddei aspresidentaspresident

HisseneHissene HabreHabre

PM,coupleaderPM,coupleader MilitarydictatorMilitarydictator

Recentlysentenced todeathin absentiaforRecentlysentenced todeathin absentiaforbrutalitiesbrutalities

IdrissIdriss DbyDby Coupleader,current president (dictator)Coupleader,current president (dictator)

Changedconstitution toallow third termChangedconstitution toallow third term


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Cultural AnalysisCultural Analysis

WhyshouldsoldiersremembertheWhyshouldsoldiersrememberthehistoricalempiresofMali,Niger,andhistoricalempiresofMali,Niger,andChad?Chad?

Thegreatnessoftheirpast isan importantThegreatnessoftheirpast isan importantpart oftheidentityofthesepeoplegroups.part oftheidentityofthesepeoplegroups.

TheyareveryproudoftheirhistoryandloveTheyareveryproudoftheirhistoryandloveto talkabout theirheroes.to talkabout theirheroes.


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Religion,PeopleReligion,People& Culture& Culture


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ReligionReligion

IslamIslam Mali: 92%Mali: 92%

Niger: 98%Niger: 98%

Chad: 59%Chad: 59%

ChristianityChristianity Mali: 1%Mali: 1% Niger: 0.5%Niger: 0.5%

Chad: 26.2%Chad: 26.2%

African TraditionalAfrican TraditionalReligionsReligions

Mali: 9%Mali: 9% Niger: 1%Niger: 1%

Chad: 13.7%Chad: 13.7%

0

10

20

30

4050

60

70

80

90

100

Mali Niger Chad

Islam

Christianity

AfricanTraditionalReligions


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Bamana

Tuareg

Fulani

Songhai

Hausa

Sara

Arab

Ethnic GroupsEthnic Groups


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TuaregTuareg

Long history ofLong history of nomadismnomadism and caravan tradeand caravan trade

Proud and independentProud and independent

Predominantly Sunni MuslimsPredominantly Sunni Muslims Physical characteristicsPhysical characteristics

CustomsCustoms

VeilsVeils

Elaborate greetingsElaborate greetings

Initiation of adulthoodInitiation of adulthood

Social organizationSocial organization

Tuareg men withveils


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MaliansMalians

Population: 12 millionPopulation: 12 million About 50 ethnic groupsAbout 50 ethnic groups

Predominately MuslimsPredominately Muslims

South (90% of population)South (90% of population) BamanaBamana (4.5 million)(4.5 million)

MalinkeMalinke (1.8 million)(1.8 million)

PeulPeul (1.7 million)(1.7 million)

DogonDogon (625,000)(625,000)

North (10% of population)North (10% of population) TuaregTuareg

Moor (Moor (MaurMaur))

Dogon cliffvillage


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BamanaBamana

The largest ethnic group in MaliThe largest ethnic group in Mali

MostMost BamanaBamana adhere to Islamadhere to Islam

Social structureSocial structure Patrilineal extended familiesPatrilineal extended families

Trade castesTrade castes

TraditionsTraditions


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FulaniFulani

Origin mythsOrigin myths

Largest nomadic groupLargest nomadic group

PulaakuPulaakuethical code ofethical code of

behaviorbehavior

ValuesValues

Missionaries of IslamMissionaries of Islam

Cattle are highlyCattle are highly

regardedregarded

Respect forbeautyRespect forbeauty

Respect forbraveryRespect forbravery

Wodaabe womanWodaabe woman

Fulani men flirtingforbrideFulani men flirtingforbride


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DjermaDjerma--SonghaiSonghai

Various levels of social castesVarious levels of social castes

Fishermen and tradersFishermen and traders

Mostly MuslimsMostly Muslims

Family life:Family life:

Divorce is commonDivorce is common

Separation between gendersSeparation between genders

GenerosityGenerosity


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Languages in MaliLanguages in Mali

50 living languages50 living languages

OfficialOfficial

FrenchFrench

NationalNational

BambaraBambara

Literacy 46.4%Literacy 46.4%

Males 53.5%Males 53.5%

Females 39.6%Females 39.6%


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NigeriensNigeriens

Population 14 millionPopulation 14 million About 20 ethnic groupsAbout 20 ethnic groups

Predominately MuslimsPredominately Muslims

SouthSouth Hausa (56%, 7.8 million)Hausa (56%, 7.8 million)

Djerma (22%, 3.1 million)Djerma (22%, 3.1 million)

agriculturalistsagriculturalists

NorthNorth Fulani (9%, 1.3 million)Fulani (9%, 1.3 million) Tuareg (8%, 1.1 million)Tuareg (8%, 1.1 million)

nomadic herdersnomadic herders


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HausaHausa

Largest ethnic group in West AfricaLargest ethnic group in West Africa

Rich cultural treasureRich cultural treasure ArchitectureArchitecture

LiteratureLiterature

ReligionReligion Sunni IslamSunni Islam

Cult of spirit possessionCult of spirit possession

Occupational division andOccupational division andeconomic lifeeconomic life

CustomsCustoms

AHausa Minaret


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Languages in NigerLanguages in Niger


OfficialOfficial FrenchFrench

NationalNational

HausaHausa DjermaDjerma

FulfuldeFulfulde

KanuriKanuri

TamachekTamachek

ToubouToubou

GourmantcheGourmantche ArabicArabic

Literacy 28.7%Literacy 28.7% Males 42.9%Males 42.9%



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ChadiansChadians

Population 11 millionPopulation 11 million Over 200 ethnic groupsOver 200 ethnic groups

No dominant religionNo dominant religion

SouthSouth

Largest: Sara (about 3 million, 28%)Largest: Sara (about 3 million, 28%) Mainly Christian or animistMainly Christian or animist

Sedentary agriculturalistsSedentary agriculturalists

North and CentralNorth and Central Arab, Tuareg, Gorane, ZaghawaArab, Tuareg, Gorane, Zaghawa

Predominantly MuslimPredominantly Muslim Nomads or semiNomads or semi--nomadsnomads


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SaraSara

Largest ethnic group in ChadLargest ethnic group in Chad

Backbone of the Chadian economyBackbone of the Chadian economy

Fierce survivors and fightersFierce survivors and fighters

Mostly adherents to traditionalMostly adherents to traditional

religions, some Christiansreligions, some Christians

Emphasis on educationEmphasis on education

Role of womenRole of women


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Languages in ChadLanguages in Chad


OfficialOfficial

FrenchFrench

ArabicArabic

CommonCommon

Sara (in south)Sara (in south)

Literacy 47.5%Literacy 47.5% Males 56%Males 56%



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What is thesignificancefor thesoldierofWhat is thesignificancefor thesoldierof

thelow literacyratesin Mali,Niger,andthelow literacyratesin Mali,Niger,and

Chad?Chad?

Recognizing that written communication willRecognizing that written communication will

likely beineffectivelikely beineffective

Understanding that the majorityofpeopledoUnderstanding that the majorityofpeopledo

not speak the officiallanguage ofFrenchnot speak the officiallanguage ofFrench Usingoral meansofcommunication andUsingoral meansofcommunication and

teachingteaching


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CultureCulture

Oral traditionOral tradition Keepers of MemoriesKeepers of Memories

StorytellersStorytellers

CollectivismCollectivism Group is more important thanGroup is more important than

individualindividual

Personal sacrifices for thePersonal sacrifices for thegroupgroup

Group decisionsGroup decisions

Indirect communicationIndirect communication Never get right to the pointNever get right to the point

Joking cousinsJoking cousins

Griot in NigerGriot in Niger


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CultureCulture

Lengthy GreetingsLengthy Greetings Greet elders firstGreet elders first

Greet each person individuallyGreet each person individually

Shake hands orbow head whenShake hands orbow head whengreetinggreeting

Do not back away from someoneDo not back away from someone HospitalityHospitality

Important to make visitors feelImportant to make visitors feelwelcomewelcome

Accept offer of tea or foodAccept offer of tea or food

GenerosityGenerosity Gift giving is important way ofGift giving is important way of

creating trustcreating trust

Cleanliness and neatnessCleanliness and neatness

Gift givingcreates trustGift givingcreates trust


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FamilyFamily

PriorityPriority

Close to all family membersClose to all family members

Normally live in the same house or in a cluster of housesNormally live in the same house or in a cluster of housesnear each othernear each other

Polygamy is legal in Mali, also accepted in Niger andPolygamy is legal in Mali, also accepted in Niger andChadChad

Elders are treated with respectElders are treated with respect

Marriages are typically arranged by families, although inMarriages are typically arranged by families, although insome ethnic groups the bride or groom have saysome ethnic groups the bride or groom have say

When visiting a village ask to speak to theWhen visiting a village ask to speak to thevillage leader, this is a sign of respectvillage leader, this is a sign of respect


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How might tightHow might tight--knit familyandethnicknit familyandethnicgrouprelationsimpact operations withgrouprelationsimpact operations withlocal military?local military?

Familyisfirst priorityforlocalsoldiers,so theyFamilyisfirst priorityforlocalsoldiers,so theymayleave theunit todeal withfamily needsmayleave theunit todeal withfamily needs

Soldiersareexpected toshareresources withSoldiersareexpected toshareresources withextendedfamily membersextendedfamily members

Loyaltyis toethnicgrouprather than militaryLoyaltyis toethnicgrouprather than militaryunit,so tensions mayarise between soldiersunit,so tensions mayarise between soldiersfrom different ethnicgroupsfrom different ethnicgroups


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Government of MaliGovernment of Mali

ExecutiveExecutive PresidentPresident AmadouAmadou ToumaniToumani TourTour

Chief of StateChief of State

Commander in ChiefCommander in Chief

Prime MinisterPrime Minister ModiboModibo SidibSidib Head of GovernmentHead of Government

Appointed by PresidentAppointed by President

Council of MinistersCouncil of Ministers

LegislativeLegislative National AssemblyNational Assembly

JudicialJudicial Supreme CourtSupreme Court

Constitutional CourtConstitutional Court

High Court of JusticeHigh Court of Justice

One nationOne nation

One goalOne goalOne faithOne faith

President Tour (ATT)President Tour (ATT)


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Government of NigerGovernment of Niger

ExecutiveExecutive

President Mamadou TandjaPresident Mamadou Tandja

Chief of StateChief of State

Head of Administration andHead of Administration andArmed ForcesArmed Forces

Prime Minister Seyni OumarouPrime Minister Seyni Oumarou Appointed by PresidentAppointed by President

Head of GovernmentHead of Government

Council of MinistersCouncil of Ministers

Appointed by PresidentAppointed by President

LegislativeLegislative

National AssemblyNational Assembly

JudicialJudicial

Constitutional CourtConstitutional Court

High Court of JusticeHigh Court of Justice

Supreme CourtSupreme Court

Court of AppealsCourt of Appeals

President Mamadou TandjaPresident Mamadou Tandja


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Military: Mali & NigerMilitary: Mali & Niger

U.S.soldiershelpinspect Malian armysoldiersU.S.soldiershelpinspect Malian armysoldiersweaponsat theirgarrison in Timbuktu,Maliduringweaponsat theirgarrison in Timbuktu,MaliduringOperation Flintlock 2007Operation Flintlock 2007

U.Ssoldiers teach mountedinfantry tactics to

soldiersfrom theMalian Armyin Timbuktu,Mali

Nigerien armysoldierspracticefield tacticsinNigerien armysoldierspracticefield tacticsin

Maradi,Nigerduring Operation Flintlock 2007Maradi,Nigerduring Operation Flintlock 2007

Nigerarmylight armoredcars with 90 mm gunsNigerarmylight armoredcars with 90 mm gunsin holdingareaduring Operation Desert Shieldin holdingareaduring Operation Desert Shield


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Government of ChadGovernment of Chad

ExecutiveExecutive President Idriss DbyPresident Idriss Dby

Head of StateHead of State

Prime Minister NouradinePrime Minister Nouradine

Delwa KassireDelwa Kassire Head of governmentHead of government

Council of StateCouncil of State

LegislativeLegislative National AssemblyNational Assembly

JudicialJudicial Supreme CourtSupreme Court

Constitutional CouncilConstitutional Council

Court of AppealCourt of Appeal

President Idriss DbyPresident Idriss Dby


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Military Groups of ChadMilitary Groups of Chad

Armed factions threatenArmed factions threatencentral governmentcentral government

French militaryFrench military

maintains 3 bases inmaintains 3 bases inChadChad

Many coups attemptedMany coups attemptedagainst President Dbyagainst President Dby

Peace deal ofOctoberPeace deal ofOctober2007 fell through with2007 fell through withwar declared inwar declared inDecember 2007December 2007


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Student CheckStudent Check

How is theFrenchcolonialhistorystillHow is theFrenchcolonialhistorystillrelevant in modern times?relevant in modern times?

Frenchisan officiallanguage.Frenchisan officiallanguage.

Militariesare basedon theFrench modelandMilitariesare basedon theFrench modelandtraining.training.

TheFrenchcontinue to maintain basesinTheFrenchcontinue to maintain basesinthesecountries.thesecountries.


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Economic OverviewEconomic Overview

Least Livable CountriesLeast Livable Countries Mali #3Mali #3

Niger#1Niger#1

Chad #7Chad #7

Agriculture dependenceAgriculture dependence Mali & Chad 80%Mali & Chad 80%

Niger90%Niger90%

Population Below PovertyPopulation Below PovertyLineLine

Mali 64%Mali 64% Niger63%Niger63%

Chad 80%Chad 80%

High CorruptionHigh Corruption

ExportsExports Mali:cotton,gold,livestockMali:cotton,gold,livestock

Niger:uranium,livestock,Niger:uranium,livestock,cowpeas,onionscowpeas,onions

Chad:oil,cotton,cattle,Chad:oil,cotton,cattle,

gumgum arabicarabic

CurrencyCurrency

ServicesServices Telephone:unreliableTelephone:unreliable Internet: minimalInternet: minimal

Cellularphones:limitedCellularphones:limited

Roads:few pavedRoads:few paved


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Standard of LivingStandard of Living

Life ExpectancyLife Expectancy Mali: 49.51 yearsMali: 49.51 years

Niger: 44.03 yearsNiger: 44.03 years

Chad: 47.2 yearsChad: 47.2 years

Medical FacilitiesMedical Facilities

Health RisksHealth Risks Diarrhea,Hepatitis A,Diarrhea,Hepatitis A,

TyphoidFeverTyphoidFever

MalariaMalaria SchistosomiasisSchistosomiasis

MeningococcalMeningitisMeningococcalMeningitis

HIV / AIDSHIV / AIDS

Population Growth RatePopulation Growth Rate

Mali: 2.681% (#12)Mali: 2.681% (#12)

Niger: 2.989% (#6)Niger: 2.989% (#6)

Chad: 2.32% (#18)Chad: 2.32% (#18)

Fertility RateFertility Rate

Mali: 7.38 perwoman (#1)Mali: 7.38 perwoman (#1)

Niger: 7.37 perwoman (#2)Niger: 7.37 perwoman (#2)

Chad: 5.56 perwoman (#20)Chad: 5.56 perwoman (#20)

Infant MortalityInfant Mortality Mali: 105.65 (#8)Mali: 105.65 (#8)

Niger: 116.83 (#5)Niger: 116.83 (#5)

Chad: 102.07 (#10)Chad: 102.07 (#10)


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TuaregTuareg Nomadic People in MaliNomadic People in Mali

and Nigerand Niger

Lack of representationLack of representation

within the Governmentwithin the Governmentand Militaryand Military

Niger Movement forNiger Movement forJustice (MNJ)Justice (MNJ)

Tuareg opposition groupTuareg opposition groupin Maliin Mali

AlAl--Qaeda in the IslamicQaeda in the IslamicMahreb (AQIM)Mahreb (AQIM) Mali, Niger, ChadMali, Niger, Chad

Terrorist groupTerrorist group

Formerly Salafist GroupFormerly Salafist Groupfor Preaching andfor Preaching andCombat (GSPC)Combat (GSPC)


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Chad GovernmentChad Government Refugee crisisRefugee crisis

Over 200,000 SudaneseOver 200,000 Sudanese

refugees have fled torefugees have fled to

ChadChad

200200--300 new refugees300 new refugees

weeklyweekly

11 Refugee camps11 Refugee camps

Rebel groupsRebel groups Supported by the ChadSupported by the Chad

militarymilitary

Government trying toGovernment trying to

be neutralbe neutral


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Current Issues: ChildrenCurrent Issues: Children

Child Soldiers in ChadChild Soldiers in Chad Over 7,000 childrenOver 7,000 children

fighting alongside thefighting alongside thenational army, as well asnational army, as well asrebels and paramilitaryrebels and paramilitary

groups.groups.

Quality of lifeQuality of life Violence as a way of lifeViolence as a way of life

Basic needs unmetBasic needs unmet

Child rights violationsChild rights violations Child traffickingChild trafficking

Forced marriagesForced marriages


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QuestionsQuestions

Mali, Niger and Chad

Documents

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