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\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\par}}}}}}\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-234\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-235\f0\fs26\cf0\b\i0\ul0\strike0 BRIEF\f0\fs26\cf0\b\i0\ul0\strike0 HISTORY\par\pard\plain\sl-371\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-210\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-335\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 and three federal territories and has a total landmass of 329,847 square kilometres (127,350\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 sq mi) separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-335\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo. Land borders are shared with Thailand, Indonesia,\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 and Brunei, and maritime borders exist with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-336\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. In 2010\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 the population exceeded 27.5 million.\par\pard\plain\sl-240\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-210\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 Malaysia has its origins in the Malay Kingdoms present in the area which, from the 18th\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-336\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 century, became subject to the British Empire. The first British territories were known as\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 the Straits Settlements, with the other states forming protectorates. The states on Peninsular\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-335\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 Malaysia, then known as Malaya, was first unified as the Malayan Union in 1946. Malaya\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-335\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 August 1957. Malaya united with Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963,\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 with 'si' being added to give the new country the name Malaysia. However, less than two\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-335\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 years later in 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation. Since independence,\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with GDP growing an average\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-335\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 6.5% for almost 50 years. The economy has traditionally been fuelled by its natural\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 resources, but is expanding in the sectors of science, tourism, commerce and medical tourism.\par\pard\plain\sl-240\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-210\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 The head of state is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, an elected monarch chosen from the\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-336\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 hereditary rulers of the nine Malay states every five years. The head of government is\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 the Prime Minister. The government system is closely modelled on the Westminster\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-336\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 parliamentary system and the legal system is based on English Common Law. The country\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, factors that influence its culture and play a large role in\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-335\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 politics. Islam is the state religion, although freedom of religion is protected by a secular\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 constitution.\par\pard\plain\sl-240\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-210\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 Malaysia contains the southernmost point of continental Eurasia, Tanjung Piai, and is located\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-335\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 near the equator and has a tropical climate. It has abiodiverse range of flora and fauna, and is\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 considered a mega diverse country. It is a founding member of the Association of Southeast\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-336\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 Asian Nations and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and a member of Asia-Pacific\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 Economic Cooperation, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the Non-Aligned Movement.\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-328\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-235\f0\fs26\cf0\chcbpat1\b\i0\ul0\strike0 CAPITAL\par\pard\plain\sl-242\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-210\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 KUALA LUMPUR\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-265\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-235\f0\fs26\cf0\b\i0\ul0\strike0 C\f0\fs20\cf0\b\i0\ul0\strike0 URRENT\f0\fs26\cf0\b\i0\ul0\strike0 P\f0\fs20\cf0\b\i0\ul0\strike0 RIME\f0\fs26\cf0\b\i0\ul0\strike0 M\f0\fs20\cf0\b\i0\ul0\strike0 INISTER\f0\fs20\cf0\b\i0\ul0\strike0 OF\f0\fs26\cf0\b\i0\ul0\strike0 M\f0\fs20\cf0\b\i0\ul0\strike0 ALAYSIA\par\pard\plain\sl-242\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-210\f0\fs22\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 N\f0\fs18\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 AJIB\f0\fs22\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 T\f0\fs18\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 UN\f0\fs22\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 R\f0\fs18\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 AZAK\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-265\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-235\f0\fs26\cf0\chcbpat1\b\i0\ul0\strike0 CURRENCY\par\pard\plain\sl-242\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-210\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat2\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 Ringgit (RM) (MYR)\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-308\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-235\f0\fs26\cf0\b\i0\ul0\strike0 POLITICAL\f0\fs26\cf0\b\i0\ul0\strike0 SYSTEM\par\pard\plain\sl-367\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-210\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 Malaysia is a federal constitutional elective monarchy. The system of government is closely\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 modelled on that of the Westminster parliamentary system, a legacy of British colonial\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-336\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 rule. The head of state is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, commonly referred to as the king. The\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected to a five-year term by and from among the nine\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-336\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 hereditary rulers of the Malay states; the other four states, which have titular Governors, do\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 not participate in the selection. By informal agreement the position is systematically rotated\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-336\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 among the nine,and has been held by Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu since 2007. The\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 Yang di-Pertuan Agong's role has been mostly ceremonial since changes to the constitution in\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-336\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 1994.\par\pard\plain\sl-240\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-210\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 Legislative power is divided between federal and state legislatures. The bicameral\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 federal parliament consists of the lower house, the House of Representativesand the upper\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-335\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 house, the Senate.The 222-member House of Representatives is elected for a maximum term\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 of five years from single-member constituencies, which are determined based on population.\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-335\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 All 70 senators sit for three-year terms; 26 are elected by the 13 state assemblies, and the\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 remaining 44 are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong upon the Prime Minister's\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-336\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 recommendation.The parliament follows a multi-party system and the government is elected\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 through a first-past-the-post system. Since independence Malaysia has been governed by a\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-335\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 multi-party coalition known as the Barisan Nasional.\par\pard\plain\sl-240\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-210\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 Each state has a unicameral State Legislative Assembly whose members are elected from\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 single-member constituencies. State governments are led by Chief Ministers,who are state\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-335\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 assembly members from the majority party in the assembly. In each of the states with a\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 hereditary ruler, the Chief Minister is required to be a Malay, appointed by the ruler upon the\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-303\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-210\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 recommendation of the Prime Minister.Parliamentary elections are held at least once every\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-336\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 five years, the most recent of which took place in March 2008. Registered voters of age 21\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 and above may vote for the members of the House of Representatives and, in most of the\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-335\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 states, for the state legislative chamber. Voting is not mandatory.Except for elections in\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 Sarawak, all state elections are held concurrently with the federal election.\par\pard\plain\sl-240\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-210\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 Executive power is vested in the Cabinet, led by the Prime Minister. The prime minister must\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-336\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 be a member of the house of representatives, in the opinion of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong,\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 commands a majority in parliament. The cabinet is chosen from members of both houses of\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-335\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 Parliament. The Prime Minister is both the head of cabinet and the head of government. The\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 incumbent, Najib Razak, appointed in 2009, and is the sixth prime minister since\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-336\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 independence.\par\pard\plain\sl-240\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-210\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 Malaysia's legal system is based on English Common Law. Although the judiciary is\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 theoretically independent, supporters of the government hold many judicial positions. The\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-335\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 highest court in the judicial system is the Federal Court, followed by the Court of Appeal and\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 two high courts, one for Peninsular Malaysia and one for East Malaysia. Malaysia also has a\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-336\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 special court to hear cases brought by or against Royalty. Separate from the civil courts are\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 the Syariah Courts, which decide on cases which involve Malaysian Muslims and run parallel\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-336\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 to the normal court system. The Internal Security Act allows detention without trial, and\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 the death penalty is in use for crimes such as drug trafficking.\par\pard\plain\sl-240\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-210\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 Race is a significant force in politics, and many of the political parties are ethnically based.\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-335\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 Actions such as the New Economic Policy and the National Development Policy which\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 superseded it, were implemented to advance the standing of the bumiputra, who are\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-335\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 considered the original inhabitants of Malaysia, over non-bumiputra such as Malaysian\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 Chinese and Malaysian Indians. These policies provide preferential treatment to Malays over\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-335\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 non-Malays in employment, education, scholarships, business, and access to cheaper housing\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 and assisted savings. However, it has generated greater interethnic resentment. Debate exists\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-335\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 over whether the country should be secular or Islamic. Some state governments controlled by\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-340\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party, including that of Terengganu, have passed Islamic laws, but\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-335\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 these have not gone into effect due to opposition from the federal government.\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-200\par\pard\plain\sl-312\par\pard\plain\li1891\sl-201\f0\fs22\cf0\chcbpat1\b\i0\ul0\strike0 CURRENCY FLUCTUATIONS{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1999\shptop1874\shpright10150\shpbottom14323\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz3\shplid2864{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lTxid}{\sv 29023}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn dxTextLeft}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn dyTextTop}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn dxTextRight}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn dyTextBottom}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\shptxt\pard\li5\sl240\slmult1\sb34\f3\fs21\b0\expnd0\expndtw1\charscalex100\trowd\irow0\trgaph0\trrh-864\trql\trleft0\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw12\brdrcf3\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw12\brdrcf4\clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw12\brdrcf5\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw12\brdrcf3\clcbpat3\cltxlrtb\cellx1152\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw12\brdrcf3\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw12\brdrcf5\clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw12\brdrcf5\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw12\brdrcf3\clcbpat3\cltxlrtb\cellx6749\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw12\brdrcf3\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw12\brdrcf5\clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw12\brdrcf5\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw12\brdrcf3\clcbpat3\cltxlrtb\cellx8091\pard\plain\intbl\li36\sl-564\f0\fs22\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 Date\cell\pard\plain\intbl\li40\sl-564\f0\fs22\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 Changes\f0\fs22\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 to\f0\fs22\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 the\f0\fs22\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 exchange\f0\fs22\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 rate\f0\fs22\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 regime\cell\pard\plain\intbl\li45\sl-305\f0\fs22\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 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Rate\f0\fs22\charscalex99\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 was\f0\fs22\charscalex99\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 established\f0\fs22\charscalex99\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 at\f0\fs22\charscalex99\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 a\f0\fs22\charscalex99\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 rate\f0\fs22\charscalex99\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 M$2.81955\f0\fs22\charscalex99\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 per\par\pard\plain\intbl\li40\sl-264\f0\fs22\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 U.S.\f0\fs22\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 dollar\f0\fs22\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 which\f0\fs22\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 based\f0\fs22\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 on\f0\fs22\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 the\f0\fs22\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 Malaysian\f0\fs22\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 Dollar's\par\pard\plain\intbl\li40\sl-254\f0\fs22\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 unchanged\f0\fs22\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 gold\f0\fs22\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 content.\f0\fs22\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 (WCY\f0\fs22\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 1984)\cell\pard\plain\intbl\li45\sl-302\f0\fs22\cf0\b0\i0\ul0\strike0 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