MALARIAWHAT WE NEED TO KNOW

AgendagToday we will be looking at:

What is Malaria

Malaria TransmissionMalaria Transmission

Sign and Symptom

Diagnosis and Treatment

Prevention

Malaria: what is malaria?

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites g y p(P.falciparum, P.vivax, P.ovale, P.malariae, P.knowlesi)

WHO: Globally an estimated 3 4 billion people are at riskWHO: Globally an estimated 3.4 billion people are at risk of malaria, 200 million cases per year with > 600,000 death, mainly 70% children under 5 years old

Indonesia malaria area:Hi h i k P W t P NTT M l k N th M l k High risk: Papua, West Papua, NTT, Maluku, North Maluku

Medium risk: Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatera Low risk: Java (Pangandaran, Ujungkulon)

Indonesia endemic area

Transmission

MalariaistransmittedbyinfectedfemaleanophelesmosquitoesTheystartbitingbylateeveningandthepeakofbitingactivityisatmidnightandearlyhoursofmorningAdultAnophelescanbeidentifiedbytheirtypicalrestingposition:malesp y yp g pandfemalesrestwiththeirabdomensstickingupintheairratherthanparalleltothesurfaceonwhichtheyareresting

Anopheles, Aedes & Culex

Anophelesp

C lAedes Culex

Transmission

When someone is bitten by an infected mosquito, the y q ,parasites enter their blood stream and move to their liver.

Malaria can also be transmitted: via infected blood transfusionsvia infected blood transfusions from mother to baby during pregnancy.

Malaria: life cycley

Malaria: Sign and Symptomg y p

Incubation period: 7-30 daysIncubation period: 7 30 daysThe signs and symptoms of malaria are non-specificClinically suspected mostly on the basis of fevery p y

Malaria: Sign & SymptomMalaria: Sign & Symptom

Sign SymptomSignAnemiaJaundice

Symptom

JaundiceHepato-splenomegaly

Malaria: fever patternp

Malaria: diagnosisg

Malaria is a MEDICAL Rapid diagnostic test (RDT)EMERGENCY

It is important you act immediately. Your first priority is to seek medical attention.

Blood smear

The diagnosis of malaria is confirmed by a blood test. A negative test does not exclude malaria and may need to bemalaria and may need to be repeated.

You need to inform your medical doctor that you have been to a malaria area and needbeen to a malaria area and need to be tested for malaria

Malaria: treatment

Malaria is treatable with medicationMalaria is treatable with medication Drugs used against the parasite: chloroquine atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone) artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem) mefloquine (Lariam)mefloquine (Lariam) quinine quinidine

d li ( d i bi ti ith i i ) doxycycline (used in combination with quinine) artesunate primaquine

Malaria: PreventionThere is no vaccine against malaria yet.Malaria is preventable through preventing mosquito bites Take steps to prevent beingmosquito bites. Take steps to prevent being bitten throughout the day and night, both inside and outside.

OutsideClothing: Cover as much of your skin as possible. Wear long sleeves, long pants, and socks and covered shoes Light coloured clothing is lesscovered shoes. Light coloured clothing is less attractive to mosquitoes than dark colours. Repellents: Use repellents on exposed skin. DEET, Picaridin, Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus and IR3535 are effective Clothing can be treated with repellenteffective. Clothing can be treated with repellent.Coils: Burning mosquito coils releases pyrethroids that repel mosquitoes.

Malaria: PreventionTime of day: Mosquitoes that carry malaria are more active from dusk to dawn. Avoid being outdoors at these timesbeing outdoors at these times. Stay away from risky areas: Mosquitoes are more likely to be found in areas where they can breed, such as stagnant pools.Avoid mosquito-attracting smells: Perfume fragrances and sweat both attract mosquitoes. Shower to remove sweat, and avoid perfumes. Choose unscented sunscreen, shampoos and other personal hygiene items. Eliminate mosquito breeding grounds: make sure there are no unnecessary collections of water (e.g in old tyres, pot plant dishes, etc.)

Malaria: PreventionInside

Use an insecticide-treated bed net: Make sure the net does not have any tears Tuck the ends inthe net does not have any tears. Tuck the ends in under the mattress, or make sure it reaches the floor.Use insecticide sprays or vaporizers: Spray bedrooms before going to sleep Plug in electricbedrooms before going to sleep. Plug-in electric vaporizers release insecticide.Install insect screens on doors and windows: The mesh size should be less than 1.5mm. If possible use air conditioning: Mosquitoes are less active at cooler temperatures.

Malaria: PreventionThe risk of developing malaria is also reduced by taking preventive medication.Medications must be prescribed b d f i di id lby a doctor, for an individual patient. Medication is started prior to

t i M l i d tientering Malaria area, duration varies depending on medication prescribed by the doctor. M di ti f dMedication frequency and duration vary and detailed by prescribing doctor.