Malaria panchali das
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Transcript of Malaria panchali das
INTRODUCTION Protozoan disease. Killer disease. Widespread in tropical and sub tropical regions
through out the world. Accounts for:
2-15% of maternal anemia
5-14% of low birth-weight newborns
3-5% of newborn deaths In India, about 1.5 – 2 million cases are reported annually. 25th April, celebrated as World Malaria Day.
Contd.. Malaria accounts for one in five of all childhood deaths in Africa every year.
Malaria epidemic causes >12 million malaria episodes & up to310,000 deaths in Africa annually.
Malarial control program (MCP) - Roll Back Malaria 1998
WHO, UNDP, UNICEF and WB
Mainly focuses on Africa
Goal:
Halve the burden of malaria
by 2010
Etiology Malaria is caused by intracellular protozoan
parasite Plasmodium. Four species of the genus Plasmodium cause
nearly all malarial infections in humans- P. falciparum (75%) P. vivax (20%) P. ovale P. malariae
P. knowlesi (in Southast Asia—the monkey malaria parasite)
A Malaria patient
TypesP. falciparum Incubation :
6 – 21 daysFever cycle is usually 48 hours
Found in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, the Pacific and South America
P. vivax Incubation :12-17 days
Fever cycles of 48 hours
Found in Asia and Central America, with small outbreaks in West and Eastern Africa
P. malariae Incubation :18-40 days
The fever cycle occurs every 72 hours and may last for 8 -10 hours at a time
Found in East and West Africa, Guyana, India and South East Asia
P. ovale Incubation :16-18 days or longer
Fever spikes every 48 – 50 hours.
Common in Sub-Saharan Africa
Why Falciparum Infections are Dangerous ?
Can produce fatal complications : Replicates very quickly. Cerebral malaria. Malarial hyperpyrexia. Gastrointestinal disorders. Black water fever can lead to death.
Serology Detects antibodiesagainst malaria parasites.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
Detects Parasite in nucleic acids. More accurate than microscopy. Expensive, and requires a specialized laboratory.
Contd..
Prevention
Drainage. Insecticide. Mosquito nets. Antimalarial medications.
Man spraying kerosene oil in standing water,
Treatment
Antimalarial medications P. vivax, P. ovale or P. malariae - treated without the
need for hospitalization. Quinine and related agent Mild malaria can be treated with oral medication. Chloroquine- Drug of choice Popular drugs based on chloroquine phosphate (also
called nivaquine) are Chloroquine FNA, Resochin and Dawaquin.
Severe malaria requires intravenous (IV) drug treatment and fluids in the hospital.
Primaquine- used in treating all types of malaria infection
Development of Vaccines Malaria vaccineapproaches-Three types:1. Pre erythrocytic
vaccine.2. Blood stage
vaccine.3. Transmission-
blocking vaccine.
Though there is no commercial vaccine present in time.
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation donated £115 million (360 crores) to help develop a vaccine for the deadly disease..
Several malarial vaccines are in development, including-
Synthetic peptide vaccines.
Recombinant particle vaccine.
DNA vaccines.
References Pigott DM, Atun R, Moyes CL, Hay SI, Gething PW. Funding for malaria
control 2006–2010: a comprehensive global assessment. Malar J. 2012;13:246. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-246.[PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
WHO. World Malaria Report 2012. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012. p. 259.
RBMP. The Global Malaria Action Plan for a Malaria Free World. Geneva: Roll Back Malaria Partnership, World Health Organization; 2008.
BMGF. Annual Letter from Bill Gates 2013. Seattle, WA: The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; 2013.
WHO. Disease Surveillance for Malaria Control. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012. p. 65.
WHO. Disease Surveillance for Malaria Elimination. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.
WHO. T3: Test. Treat. Track. Scaling up diagnostic testing, treatment and surveillance for malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.
Microbiology- M.J. Pelczar,JR. ,E.C.S Chan, Noel R. Krieg.