Make Water Matter: A Review of Today's Water Issues
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MAKE WATER MATTER Image courtesy of magerymajestic / FreeDigitalPhotos.net Image courtesy of artur84/ FreeDigitalPhotos Image courtesy of idea go,/FreeDigitalPhotos.net Image courtesy of xedos4 /FreeDigitalPhotos.net @connect4water connect4water.wordpress.com
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Make Water Matter: A Review of Today's Water Issues. This SlideShare discusses the major issues our global society is faced with relative to Water Security, Quality, and Hazards. We also discuss how water is linked to all aspects of life ranging from food to energy. Our goal is to promote awareness, encourage individuals to take action, and to "Make Water Matter!"
Transcript of Make Water Matter: A Review of Today's Water Issues
MAKE WATER MATTER
Image courtesy of magerymajestic / FreeDigitalPhotos.net Image courtesy of artur84/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Image courtesy of idea go,/FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Image courtesy of xedos4 /FreeDigitalPhotos.net
@connect4waterconnect4water.wordpress.com
“If the human body is 60 percent water, why am I only two percent interested?”Stephen Colbert, from Unquenchable (Glennon, 2009)
“Water is the common thread
that links all aspects of
human development”
Source: Rio+20 Policy Brief; Water security for a planet under pressure
Image courtesy of
marin/FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Image courtesy of Salvatore
Vuono/FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Image courtesy of cooldesign /FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Image courtesy of Arvind Balaraman/FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Image courtesy of
Supertrooper/FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Image courtesy of 9comeback /FreeDigitalPhotos.net
The World Water Situation
97% Seawater (non-drinkable)
2.5% Frozen fresh water
0.5% Available fresh water
10,000,000 km3 stored in underground aquifers.
119,000 km3 net of rainfall on land after accounting for evaporation
91,000 km3 in natural lakes.
Over 5,000 km3 in man made storage facilities and reservoirs since 1950.
2,120 km3 in rivers – constantly replaced by rainfall,melting snow, and melting ice
Source: Facts and Trends, Water, World Business Council for Sustainable Development
By 2050, at least one in four people is likely to live in a
country affected by chronic or
reoccurring shortages of fresh
water
Image courtesy ofgraur razvan ionut / FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Global freshwater demand is expected to exceed current supply by over 40% in 2030
2014
40%
2030Source: http://www.weforum.org/content/global-agenda-council-water-security-2012-2014
Image courtesy of arztsamu/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net
2.6 billion people lack access to basic sanitation services, such as toilets or latrines
Image courtesy of xedos4 / FreeDigitalPhotos.net Source: http://www.weforum.org/content/global-agenda-council-water-security-2012-2014
1.7 billion people have gained access to safe drinking water
Since 1990 but 884 million people are still
without it
Source: http://www.weforum.org/content/global-agenda-council-water-security-2012-2014
Each day, an average of 5,000 children die due to preventable water and sanitation-related diseases
Image courtesy of Vlado / FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Image courtesy of David Castillo Dominici / FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Source: http://www.weforum.org/content/global-agenda-council-water-security-2012-2014
Source: http://www.unwater.org/activities/awareness-campaigns/world-toilet-day/en/
WORLD TOILET DAY 11.19
November 19 is formally recognized by
the United Nations General Assembly as
World Toilet Day
The objective is to make sanitation a global
development priority and urge changes in behavior
and policy on issues ranging from water
management to ending open-air defecation
World Toilet Day intends to raise awareness of
sanitation issues – including hygiene promotion, the
provision of basic sanitation services, sewer and
wastewater treatment and reuse in the context of
integrated water management – and make a
case for sanitation for all
Water Quality
Globally, the most prevalent water quality problem is
eutrophication, a result of high-nutrient loads (mainly
phosphorus and nitrogen), which substantially impairs the
uses of water.
Source: UN Water http://www.ais.unwater.org/ais/course/view.php?id=34
Every day, 2 million tons of human waste is disposed of in
watercourses
Image courtesy of xedos4/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net
In developing countries 70% of untreated industrial wastes are dumped into water
Image courtesy of federico stevanin/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net
The contribution of the food sector to the production of organic water pollutants is 40% in high-income countries and 54% in low-income
countries
Image courtesy ofadamr/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net
The ResultApproximately 3.5 million deaths related to inadequate water supply, sanitation, and hygiene occur each year, predominantly in developing countries.
Poor water quality incurs many economic costs: degradation of ecosystem services; health-related costs; impacts on economic activities such as agriculture, industrial production, and tourism; increased water treatment costs; and reduced property values.
Source: World Water Development Report 2012 Image courtesy of Toa55/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Image courtesy ofsmarnad/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Water security is defined as the capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of acceptable quality water for sustaining livelihoods, human well-being, and socio-economic development, for ensuring protection against water-borne pollution and water-related disasters, and for preserving ecosystems in a climate of peace and political stability.
Image courtesy of Grant Cochrane,/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Source: UN-Water Analytical Brief on Water Security and the Global Water Agenda, 2013
Drinking Water & Human Well-being
Ecosystems
Financing
Climate Change
Water Security
Water Demand
Water Supply
The volume of water in rivers and streams is only a fraction of the water in the entire hydrosphere, but often this water constitutes the most accessible and important water resource (WWDR3,2003)
Image courtesy njaj/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Uneven global distribution of precipitation and run off influences river networks
Image courtesy Idea go/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Source: ttp://www.unwater.org/publications/publications-
detail/en/c/204326/
Asia and Latin America each contributes approximately
30% of the world’s freshwater discharged into the ocean,
North America contributes 17%, Africa 10%, Europe 7%,and
Australasia 2% (Fekete et al., 1999)
Asia Latin America
North America
Africa Europe Australasia
Water-related Hazards
Water related hazards account for 90% of all
natural hazards, and their frequency and intensity is
rising
Source: World Water Development Report 2012
Image courtesy Dan/ FreeDigitalPhotos.ne
t
Water related hazards form
a subset of natural hazards
Source: World Water Development Report 2012
Image courtesy TeddyBear[Picnic] / FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Water-related Hazards Image courtesy piyato / FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Image courtesy Victor Habbick/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net
FLOODS
HEAT WAVES
COLD SPELLSDROUGHTS
STORMS
Image courtesy digitalart/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Since 1900 more than 11 million people have died as a consequence of drought and
more than 2 billion have been affected by drought
more than any other natural
hazard
Image courtesy cooldesign / FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Water and Food
Agriculture accounts for 70% of all water withdrawals when comparing it to the municipal, industrial, and energy sectors
According to the Food and Agriculture
Organizationfood demand is
predicted to increase by 60% in 2030
Image courtesy Gualberto107,/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Water and Food
Economic growth and individual wealth are shifting diets from starch-based to meat and
dairy, which require more water
Source: World Water Development Report 2012
This dietary shift is the greatest impact on water
consumption over the past 30 years, and is likely to continue well into the
middle of the 21st century
Source: World Water Development Report 2012
1 kg rice requires about 3,500 L water
Image courtesy smokedsalmon/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net Source: World Water Development Report 2012
1 kg beef requires 15,000 L water
Image courtesy smokedsalmon/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Image courtesy Salvatore Vuono/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net
A cup of coffee requires about 140 L water
Image courtesy smokedsalmon/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net Source: World Water Development Report 2012
Image courtesy Sura Nualpradid/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Water and Food
Farmers
TransportersStore
Keepers
FoodProcessors
Shopkeepers
Consumers
Food security is threatened by the potential for waste as agricultural products move along extensive value chains and pass through many hands
Food Wasted Wasted water used to produce foodSource: World Water Development Report 2012
Water and Energy
Energy generation and
transmission requires
utilization of water resources
HYDROELECTRIC
NUCLEAR
THERMAL ENERGY
Conversely, about 8% of global energy
generation is used for pumping, treating, and transporting water to various
consumers
Source: World Water Day 2014
Thermal power plants are responsible for roughly 80% of global electricity production, and as a sector they are one of the largest users of water
Water and EnergyRoughly 75% of all
industrial water withdrawals are used for
energy production.
75%
Energy is required for two components of water provision:
Pumping
Treatment (before & after use)
Image courtesy Master isolated images/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Source: World Water Development Report 2014 - Water and Energy
Water and Energy
By 2035 water withdrawals could increase by 20% and consumption by 85%, driven by a shift towards higher efficiency power plants
with more advanced cooling systems (that reduce water withdrawals but increase
consumption)
15%
583 billion m3
World’s Total Water Withdrawals in 2010
According to the International Energy Agency, global water
withdrawals for energy production in 2010 were 583 billion m3 (representing some
15% of the world’s total withdrawals), of which 66 billion m3 was consumed
Image courtesy sritangphoto/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net
WATER, FOOD, AND ENERGY NEXUS
Water is an input for producing agricultural goods in the fields and along the entire agro-
food supply chain.
Energy is required to produce and distribute
water and food:
Pump water from groundwater or surface
water sources
Power tractors and irrigation machinery
Process and transport agricultural goods
Image courtesy Vlado/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net Source: World Water Development Report 2014
Water, food, and energy are inextricably linked
The food production and supply chains account for about 30% of total global
energy consumption
Image courtesy of zirconicusso/ FreeDigitalPhotos.netSource: World Water Development Report 2014
Using water to irrigate crops might promote food production but it can also reduce river
flows and hydropower potential
Image courtesy of Keattikorn/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net Source: World Water Development Report 2014
Converting surface irrigation into high
efficiency pressurized irrigation may save water but may also
result in higher energy use
Image courtesy of Stuart Miles/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net Source: World Water Development Report 2014
WATER AND CLIMATE CHANGE
. Water is the primary
medium through which climate change influences
the Earth's ecosystems and therefore people’s livelihoods and well-
being
More severe and more frequent
droughts
More severe and more frequent
floods
Source: UN-Water Key Messages on Climate Change and Water
WATER AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Source: UN-Water Key Messages on Climate Change and Water Image courtesy digitalart/ FreeDigitalPhotos.net
Higher average temperatures and changes in precipitation and temperature extremes are projected to affect the
availability of water resources through changes in
rainfall distribution
soil moisture
glacier and ice/snow melt
river
groundwater flows
These factors are expected to lead to further deterioration of water quality
Water matters!
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