Major Events Major Events in American Historyin American History1800 - 18501800 - 1850

CHA3UAmerican History

Washington’s PresidencyWashington’s Presidency

PresidentWashington

Vice PresidentJohn Adams

Secretaryof State

Thomas Jefferson

Secretaryof War

General Henry Knox

Secretary ofthe Treasury

Alexander Hamilton

Washington’s PresidencyWashington’s Presidency

One part made government responsible for all Revolutionary War debts, and funded that debt at its full value.

Second part, adopted over the strong objections of Madison and Jefferson, created a National Bank, to give the government some control of the money system. The Bank was a private stock corporation, but one-fifth of the members of its board of directors were to be appointed by the government.

The dispute over the constitutionality of the Bank was a fundamental reason for the beginning of the first political party system.

The new government faced enormous debt. Alexander Hamilton proposed a two part plan for a national economic system including a national bank.

Washington’s PresidencyWashington’s Presidency The French Revolution

became an important domestic issue when France declared war against England in 1793

The French position argued that the 1778 treaty that obligated the U.S. to support France against her enemies.

Hamilton argued that the treaty was with the French king, and did not apply. Jefferson believed the treaty was with the French people. Neither wanted war with England.

The French ambassador, Genét, angered possible supporters by recruiting Americans as privateers.

•Washington received Genét coldly, and in the end proclaimed American neutrality.

Washington’s PresidencyWashington’s Presidency

Both the British and French were angered by the Proclamation of Neutrality and policy led to undeclared war with both. U.S. merchant ships were attacked by both.U.S. Soldiers were forced into “impressments”.

John Jay, the first Supreme Court Chief Justice, was sent to England to negotiate what became Jay’s Treaty. Many politicians did not like it because it did not stop attacks on merchant ships and restricted trade. However, It did get the British to leave western forts and stop supplying Indians with weapons.

Washington’s PresidencyWashington’s PresidencyPart of Hamilton's plan to pay the Revolutionary War debt was to impose an excise tax on whiskey. In 1794 farmers in western Pennsylvania resisted tax collectors in the Whiskey Rebellion.

President Washington led a force of 15,000 men to put down the rebellion but when he got there, there were no rebels to be found! The contrast between this rebellion and Shay’s rebellion is often used to show the effect of the Constitution and a strong central government.

11stst Political Parties Political Parties

After George Washington’s presidency ended in the late 1790s, the first political parties emerged.

Washington’s home, Mount Vernon

11stst Political Parties Political Parties

The Federalists John Adams and

Alexander Hamiltonbelieved in a strong

national government

industrial economysupported by

bankers and business interests in the Northeast

DemocraticRepublicans

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

believed in a weak national government

agricultural economysupported by

farmers, artisans, and frontier settlers in the South.

John Adams’ PresidencyJohn Adams’ PresidencyXYZ Affair - John Adams sent three

ministers, Pinckney, Gerry and John Marshall, to Paris to try to negotiate an end to the Quasi-War with France. The French minister communicated with them through three underlings and demanded an enormous "bribe" from the Americans. The Americans refused to pay the bribe, and referred to the agents as "X, Y, and Z" in their report, thus naming the episode.

John Adams’ PresidencyJohn Adams’ PresidencyAlien and Sedition Acts – After the XYZ

Affair, Anti-French feelings grew and many felt war with France was inevitable. In preparation for war, the Federalists passed the "Alien and Sedition Acts," providing for the deportation of enemy aliens and fining persons who criticized the government. Democratic-Republicans believed that the acts had the political purpose of silencing their party and was against the 1st amendment of Free Speech.

The Election of 1800The Election of 1800

Tie between Aaron Burr and Jefferson.

Hamilton used influence to help Jefferson win in electoral college tie breaker

first presidential election in which power was peacefully transferred from one party to another.

Won by Thomas Jefferson

Burr kills HamiltonBurr kills HamiltonAaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton dueled on July 11, 1804. Burr was still Vice President, although Jefferson had chosen a new running mate for that year's presidential election, when his quarrels with Hamilton reached a climax in April 1804.

Hamilton had played a decisive role in Burr's defeat in the 1804 race for governor of New York. In the duel that resulted, Hamilton was killed, but the duel ended Burr's political career.

Supreme Court under Chief Supreme Court under Chief Justice John MarshallJustice John MarshallMarbury v. Madison established

the power of the federal courts to declare laws unconstitutional (“judicial review”)

McCulloch v. Maryland prohibited the states from taxing agencies of the federal government (“the power to tax is the power to destroy”)

Jefferson’s PresidencyJefferson’s PresidencyIn 1803 Jefferson

purchased Louisiana Territory from France

doubled the size of the United States.

He authorized the Lewis and Clark expedition to explore the new territories that lay west of the Mississippi River

Sacajawea, an Indian woman, served as their guide and translator.

Meriwether Lewis William Clark

Crash Course – JeffersonCrash Course – Jefferson

James Madison’s James Madison’s PresidencyPresidencyJames Madison elected

President in 1808Secretary of State

under JeffersonDemocratic RepublicanLast “Founding Father”

to become President.Declares War on

Britain

War of 1812War of 1812Causes of the War: Impressments (Britain took

American sailors off of American ships and made them serve in the British navy.)

Freedom of the seas (The United States was being forced by both Britain and France to choose sides if the United States wanted to trade freely with either country)

The Embargo of 1807

(Jefferson decided to cut off all trade.This had a ruinous effect on the American economy.)

• The Barbary pirates (These were privateers in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of North Africa who were also trying to impede American shipping.)

• The Napoleonic Wars (In this ongoing European struggle between Britain and France, both countries wanted the United States to be on their side.)

"The President's House after the Conflagration of August 24, 1814." In order to cover up the smoke marks above the windows, the mansion was later painted white, which led to its being called the White House

War of 1812War of 1812American incursions into the Indian territories in northern Ohio and Indiana had forced the Indians in that area to form a confederacy under the brilliant leadership of Tenskwatawa, and his brother, Tecumseh. The defeat of Tecumseh and his warriors at the Battle of Tippecanoe by the American general William Henry Harrison in November 1811 insured that the Indians would have to ally themselves with the English to survive during the War of 1812. The “War Hawks” in Congress wanted to push “on the Canada”

War of 1812War of 1812War of 1812 Treaty of Ghent ends war

in Dec. of 1814produced an American

claim to the Oregon Territory

increased migration of American settlers into Florida, which was later acquired by treaty from Spain in 1819.

The British had attempted to prevent American merchants from sending supplies to France, and had further angered the Americans by "impressing" seamen from American ships. These led to the War of 1812, in which the Americans again fought off the British, ending the conflict between the two countries. Actually, this battle (the Battle of New Orleans) took place after the U.S.-British negotiators had signed the terms of peace in Ghent.

Battle of New Orleans – Andrew Jackson wins against the British

War of 1812War of 1812

Francis Scott Key described the scene of the British bombardment of the Fort in his stirring poem, The Star Spangled Banner, published in Baltimore and widely distributed as a song sung to a popular drinking ballad tune, Anacreon in Heaven. The tune and its verses were not adopted as the national anthem until 1931.

War of 1812War of 1812

James Monroe’s James Monroe’s PresidencyPresidency

James Madison become President in 1816

Democratic-RepublicanJames Madison’s

Secretary of State & Secretary of War

Federalist Party dies outStarts the “Era of Good

Feeling”

The Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine (1823)(1823) The American continents

should not be considered for future colonization by any European powers.

Nations in the Western Hemisphere were inherently different from those of Europe, republics by nature rather than monarchies.

• The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere.

• The United States would not interfere in European affairs

Go West Young Man!Go West Young Man!

American settlers poured westward from the coastal states into the Midwest, Southwest, and Texas, seeking economic opportunity in the form of land to own and farm.

A 20-star U.S. flag. After the War of 1812, westward expansion brought a new state into the Union each year: Indiana in 1816, Mississippi in 1817, Illinois in 1818, and Alabama in 1819, with new admissions alternating between states in the old Northwest territory where slavery was forbidden, and the Old Southwest where slavery flourished.

Go West Young Man!Go West Young Man!The growth of railroads

and canals helped the growth of an industrial economy and supported the westward movement of settlers.

Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin led to the spread of the slavery-based “cotton kingdom” in the Deep South.

Don’t Mess with Texas!Don’t Mess with Texas!

American migration into Texas led to an armed revolt against Mexican rule and a famous battle at the Alamo.

The Texans’ eventual victory over Mexican forces subsequently brought Texas into the Union.

On March 1, 1836, Texas declared itself independent. Mexican President Santa Anna arrived in San Antonio in March 1836 with an inexperienced and poorly equipped army. He called for the surrender of the Alamo, but its defenders, none of whom was Texas-born, refused and were martyred.

Don’t Mess with Texas!Don’t Mess with Texas!

The American victory in the Mexican War during the 1840s led to the acquisition of an enormous territory that included the present-day states of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and parts of Colorado and New Mexico.

Go West Young Man!Go West Young Man!The belief that it

was America’s “Manifest Destiny” to stretch from Atlantic to Pacific provided political support for territorial expansion.

The phrase that was coined to justify American expansion was first used in 1844 by John L. O'Sullivan, in the U.S. Magazine and Democratic Review: it was America's "Manifest Destiny to overspread the continent."

Go West Young Man!Go West Young Man!Economic and strategic interests,

supported by popular beliefs, led to westward expansion to the Pacific Ocean.

Prior to the Civil War U. S. experienced dramatic territorial expansion, immigration, economic growth, and industrialization.

The ideology of “Manifest Destiny” cause people to go to new frontiers.

Go West Young Man!Go West Young Man!During this period of westward

migration, the American Indians were repeatedly defeated in violent conflicts with settlers and soldiers and forcibly removed from their ancestral homelands. They were either forced to march far away from their homes (the “Trail of Tears,” when several tribes were relocated from Atlantic Coast states to Oklahoma) or confined to reservations.

Policy of Indian RemovalPolicy of Indian RemovalConflict between American

settlers and Indian (First American) nations in the Southeast and the old Northwest resulted in the relocation of many Indians (First Americans) to

reservations. Trail of Tears

The forcible removal of the American Indians (First Americans) from their lands would continue throughout the remainder of the nineteenth century as settlers continued to move west following the Civil War.

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