Major Challenges Facing Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Asia and Solutions for Mitigating...

8/18/2019 Major Challenges Facing Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Asia and Solutions for Mitigating Them

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MCGL Xkrjloh Umpir Tirlis

@mnkr Damffiohis Bmdloh T`mff moc @iclu`-slzic Iotirprlsis

lo Mslm moc Tkfutlkos bkr @ltlhmtloh Sai`

Omkyujl \ksalok mocBmramc Smhalzmcia-Aismry

Ok. 923 Mprlf 75=2

Mslmo Civifkp`iot Gmoj Lostltuti


2/22

Sai Xkrjloh Umpir sirlis ls m dkotloumtlko kb tai bkrìrfy omìc Clsdusslko Umpir sirlis:tai ou`girloh kb tai pmpirs dkotlouic wltakut lotirruptlko kr damohi. MCGL“s wkrjloh

pmpirs ribfidt loltlmf lcims ko m tkpld moc mri pkstic kofloi bkr clsdusslko. MCGL iodkurmhisrimcirs tk pkst tailr dk`ìots ko tai `mlo pmhi bkr imda wkrjloh pmpir (hlvio lo taidltmtlko gifkw). Tkì wkrjloh pmpirs `my civifkp lotk ktair bkr`s kb pugfldmtlko.

Tuhhistic dltmtlko>

\ksalok, O. moc B. Smhalzmcia-Aismry. 75=2. @mnkr Damffiohis Bmdloh T`mff moc @iclu`-slzic Iotirprlsis lo Mslm moc Tkfutlkos bkr @ltlhmtloh Sai`. MCGL Xkrjloh Umpir 923.Skjyk> Mslmo Civifkpìot Gmoj Lostltuti. Mvmlfmgfi> attp>//www.mcg.krh/pugfldmtlkos/`mnkr-damffiohis-bmdloh-s`mff-moc-ìclu`-slzic-iotirprlsis-mslm-moc-skfutlkos/

Ufimsi dkotmdt tai mutakrs bkr lobkr`mtlko mgkut tals pmpir.

I`mlf> oyksalokEmcgl.krh: bmramctaEh`mlf.dk`

Omkyujl \ksalok ls Cimo moc DIK kb tai Mslmo Civifkpìot Gmoj Lostltuti.

Bmramc Smhalzmcia-Aismry ls Msslstmot Urkbisskr kb Idkok`lds, Jilk Yolvirslty, Skjyk,moc Rlsltloh Urkbisskr, Hrmcumti Tdakkf kb Idkok`lds, Yolvirslty kb Skjyk.

Sai vliws ixprissic lo tals pmpir mri tai vliws kb tai mutakr moc ck okt oidissmrlfyribfidt tai vliws kr pkfldlis kb MCGL, MCG, lts Gkmrc kb Clridtkrs, kr tai hkviroìotstaiy riprisiot. MCGL ckis okt humrmotii tai mddurmdy kb tai cmtm lodfucic lo tals pmpirmoc mddipts ok rispkoslglflty bkr moy dkosiquiodis kb tailr usi. Sir`lokfkhy usic `myokt oidissmrlfy gi dkoslstiot wlta MCG kbbldlmf tir`s.

Xkrjloh pmpirs mri sugnidt tk bkr`mf rivlslko moc dkrridtlko gibkri taiy mri blomflzicmoc dkoslciric pugflsaic.

Mslmo Civifkpìot Gmoj LostltutiJmsu`lhmsijl Gulfcloh 1B

4-7-9 Jmsu`lhmsijl, Dalykcm-juSkjyk =55-2551, Nmpmo

Sif> +1=-4-49 +1=-4-49 www.mcgl.krhI-`mlf> lobkEmcgl.krh

© 75=2 Mslmo Civifkpìot Gmoj Lostltuti

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


3/22

MCGL Xkrjloh Umpir 923 \ksalok moc Smhalzmcia-Aismry

Mgstrmdt

T`mff moc `iclu`-slzic iotirprlsis (T@Is) mri tai gmdjgkoi kb tai Mslmo idkok`y. Saiy`mji up `kri tamo H7=, H73, H47


4/22


Dkotiots

=. Lotrkcudtlko .................................................................................................................... 4

7.

L`pkrtmodi kb T@Is lo Mslm ........................................................................................... 3

4. Damffiohis T@Is Bmdi .................................................................................................. 9

4.= T@Is“ Clbblduftlis lo Mddissloh Blomodi ............................................................ 2 4.7 Fmdj kb Lobkr`mtlko Lobrmstrudturi bkr T@Is ...................................................... 2 4.4 Fkw Fivif kb Gusloiss W&C lo T@I Tidtkr ...................................................... 8 4.3 Losubbldliot Ysi kb Lobkr`mtlko Sidaokfkhy lo T@Is ......................................... 8

3. Wiìclis bkr Smdjfloh T@I Civifkpìot Damffiohis ................................................... 1

3.= Clvirslbyloh Damooifs kb Blomodloh ................................................................... 1

3.7

Civifkpìot kb T@I Cmtmgmsi moc Driclt Wlsj Momfysls kb T@Is................ =7 3.4 W&C Smx Lodiotlvis ........................................................................................ =9

3.3 Ytlflzloh Lobkr`mtlko bkr T@Is ......................................................................... =8

9. Dkodfuslkos ................................................................................................................. =8

Wibiriodis ......................................................................................................................... =


5/22


4

=. LOSWKCYDSLKO

Mslm ams giio dkotloukusfy hrkwloh curloh tai ridiot cidmcis, moc tals hrkwta amsmffivlmtic pkvirty moc lodrimsic tai ou`gir kb `lccfi-lodkì dkuotrlis lo tai rihlko.Akwivir, tai ridiot rihlkomf moc hfkgmf idkok`ld sfkwckwo riqulris m oiw hrkwta`kcif bkr Mslm, wlta striohtaioic cyom`lds bkr s`mff moc ìclu`-slzic iotirprlsis(T@Is) tk gkkst omtlkomf prkcudtlvlty.

T@Is mri tai gmdjgkoi kb tai idkok`lis kb Mslm, mddkuotloh bkr Cibloltlkos kb T@Is lo Nmpmo

T@Is 0 s`mff moc ̀ iclu`-slzic iotirprlsis.

Tkurdi> @ISL (75=3).

Fl`ltic mddiss tk blomodi, fmdj kb m cmtmgmsi, fkw risimrda moc civifkpìot (W&C)ixpioclturis, uocivifkpic smfis damooifs, moc m fkw fivif kb blomodlmf lodfuslko mriskì kb tai rimskos gialoc tai sfkw hrkwta kb T@Is. Lo tals pmpir, wi wlff bkdus kobkur `mnkr rimskos tamt amvi sfkwic T@I civifkpìot lo Mslm lodfucloh> l) fmdj kbblomodi, ll) fmdj kb dk`priaioslvi cmtmgmsis, lll) fkw fivif kb W&C ixpioclturis, moclv) losubbldliot usi kb lobkr`mtlko tidaokfkhy lo T@Is. Xi wlff taio prkvlci riìclisbkr `ltlhmtloh tai`.

Ciblolt lkos uocir tai T`mff moc @iclu`-slzic Iotirprlsi Gmsld MdtCibloltlkos uocir

tai DkrpkrmtlkoSmx MdtT@Is T`mff iotirprlsis

Gusloiss typiTtmtic dmpltmf kr ou`gir

kb i`pfkyiisOu`gir kbi`pfkyiis Ttmtic dmpltmf

@moubmdturlohlocustry moc ktairs

¥455 `lfflkokr fiss

455 krbiwir

75 kr biwir ¥=55 `lfflko kr fiss

Xakfismfi trmcilocustry

¥=55 `lfflkokr fiss

=55 krbiwir

9 kr biwir

Tirvldis locustry ¥95 `lfflkokr fiss

=55 krbiwir

9 kr biwir

Witmlf trmci locustry ¥95 `lfflkokr fiss

95 kr biwir 9 kr biwir


6/22


3

Tidtlko 7 kb tai pmpir ixpfmlos tai l`pkrtmodi kb T@Is lo Mslm, Tidtlko 4 cisdrlgistai damffiohis T@Is bmdi lo Mslm, Tidtlko 3 prkvlcis tai skfutlkos, moc Tidtlko 9dkotmlos dkodfucloh ri`mrjs.

7. L@UKWSMODI KB T@IT LO MTLM

Ms bkr tai l`pkrtmodi kb T@Is lo Mslm, mddkrcloh tk m surviy dkocudtic gy tai MslmoCivifkpìot Gmoj (MCG) ko =3 idkok`lis brk` tai blvi MCG rihlkos> (m) Jmzmjastmo(Diotrmf Mslm): (g) tai Uikpfi“s Wipugfld kb Dalom moc tai Wipugfld kb Jkrim(Imst Mslm): (d) Gmohfmcisa, Loclm, moc Trl Fmojm (Tkuta Mslm): (c) Dm`gkclm,Lockoislm, @mfmyslm, tai Ualflpplois, Samlfmoc, moc Rlit Om` (Tkutaimst Mslm): moc(v) Umpum Oiw Huloim moc tai Tkfk`ko Lsfmocs (tai Umdlbld), T@Is, tkhitair wlta`ldrkiotirprlsis, mddkuot bkr `kri tamo Wipugfld kb Jkrim T@I dkotrlgutlko tk hrkss vmfui-mccic lo ̀ moubmdturloh.

Tkurdi> MCG (75=3).

Sai ixtiot kb i`pfkyìot gy T@Is vmrlis gy dkuotry (Blhuri 7). Sai samri kb T@Ii`pfkyiis tk tktmf i`pfkyìot rmohic gitwiio 71.5% (Jmzmjastmo) moc


7/22


9

Blhuri 7> I`pfkyìot gy T`mff moc @iclu`-slzic Iotirprlsis

DM@ 0 Dm`gkclm: UWD 0 Uikpfi“s Wipugfld kb Dalom: LOK 0 Lockoislm: JM^ 0 Jmzmjastmo: JKW 0 Wipugfld kb Jkrim:@MF 0 @mfmyslm: UAL 0 tai Ualflpplois: SAM 0 Samlfmoc: RLI 0 Rlit Om`: T@I 0 s`mff moc ̀ iclu`-slzic iotirprlsi.

Oktis> Cmtm ms kb 75=7 lo tai UWD, Lockoislm, Jmzmjastmo, @mfmyslm, Samlfmoc, moc Rlit Om`. Cmtm ms kb 75== loDm`gkclm, Wipugfld kb Jkrim, moc tai Ualflpplois.

Tkurdi> MCG (75=3).

4. DAMFFIOHIT T@IT BMDI

T@Is bmdi damffiohis brk` lodrimsic dk`pitltlko, tai mglflty tk mcmpt tk rmplcfydamohloh `mrjit ci`moc, tidaokfkhldmf damohi, moc dmpmdlty dkostrmlots rifmtloh tkjokwfichi, lookvmtlko, moc drimtlvlty. Bkr `moy T@Is, akwivir, tailr pktiotlmf ls kbtio

okt buffy rimflzic cui tk bmdtkrs rifmtic tk tailr s`mff sdmfi>l. fmdj kb riskurdis (blomodi, tidaokfkhy, sjlffic fmgkr, `mrjit mddiss, moc `mrjit

lobkr`mtlko):

ll. fmdj kb idkok`lis kb sdmfi moc sdkpi:

lll. alhair trmosmdtlko dksts rifmtlvi tk fmrhi iotirprlsis:

lv. fmdj kb oitwkrjs tamt dmo dkotrlguti tk m fmdj kb lobkr`mtlko, jokw-akw, mocixpirliodi kb ckìstld moc lotiromtlkomf `mrjits:

v. lodrimsic `mrjit dk`pitltlko moc dkodiotrmtlko brk` fmrhi ùftlomtlkomfiotirprlsis dmusic gy hfkgmflzmtlko moc idkok`ld lotihrmtlko:

vl. lomglflty tk dk`piti mhmlost fmrhir blr`s lo tir̀ s kb W&C ixpioclturi moclookvmtlko (prkcudt, prkdiss, moc krhmolzmtlko):

vll. sugnidt tk ‖dauroloh‐ moc lostmglflty: moc

vlll. fmdj kb iotriprioiurlmf zimf, dmpmdlty, moc jokw-akw.

Lo mccltlko, `moy s`mff gusloissis bloc tamt tailr hikhrmpaldmf lskfmtlko puts tai`mt m dk`pitltlvi clsmcvmotmhi. Cisplti taisi sugstmotlmf kgstmdfis `moy idkok`lisri`mlo aimvlfy cipiociot ko T@Is, pmrtldufmrfy bkr i`pfkyìot hioirmtlko. Cispltitailr pirdilvic wimjoissis T@Is amvi okt giio swipt mwmy wlta tai prkdiss kbhfkgmflzmtlko moc rihlkomf lotihrmtlko, gut, rmtair, tailr rkfi moc dkotrlgutlko amvidamohic moc ivkfvic walda amvi iomgfic `moy tk ri`mlo lotiromtlkomffy dk`pitltlvimoc dkffidtlvify gi mo l`pkrtmot skurdi kb i`pfkyìot hioirmtlko (Amrvli mocDamrkiormt 75=9).


8/22


2

Lo tals sidtlko wi wlff bkdus ko ixpfmloloh bkur `mnkr damffiohis bmdic gy T@Is>l) clbblduftlis lo mddissloh blomodi, ll) fmdj kb lobkr`mtlko lobrmstrudturi bkr T@Is, lll) fkwfivif kb gusloiss W&C lo tai T@I gusloiss sidtkr, moc lv) losubbldliot usi kblobkr`mtlko tidaokfkhy.

4.= T@Is“ Clbblduftlis lo Mddissloh Blomodi

Blhuri 4 sakws tai fivif kb clbbldufty lo rmlsloh `koiy cipiocloh ko blr` slzi> tai taldjfloi sakws tai clbblduftlis bmdic gy T@Is, moc tai talo floi sakws tai rifmtlvi imsi bkrfmrhi iotirprlsis. Cmtm pklots gifkw zirk locldmti tamt dk`pmolis mri blocloh lt clbbldufttk rmlsi `koiy brk` iltair gmojs kr tai dmpltmf `mrjit. T@Is mppimr tk bmdi m `kriclbblduft sltumtlko lo rmlsloh `koiy waio dk`pmric wlta fmrhi blr`s.

Blhuri 4> Mddiss tk Blomodi–T`mff moc @iclu`-slzic Iotirprlsismoc Fmrhi Blr`s lo Nmpmo

D\ 0 dk`ìrdlmf yimr: CL 0 clbbuslko locix.

Okti> Sai clbbuslko locix ls m ìtakc kb su``mrlzloh tai dk``ko tiociody kb m hrkup kb stmtlstldmf sirlis.

Tkurdi> Gmoj kb Nmpmo (75=3).

@moy gmojs pribir tk mffkdmti tailr riskurdis tk fmrhi iotirprlsis rmtair tamo tk [email protected] rimsko ls tamt fmrhi iotirprlsis amvi m fkwir rlsj kb cibmuft moc tailr blomodlmfstmtiìots mri dfimr. Akwivir T@Is mri rlsjlir `mlofy brk` tai pklot kb vliw kbfiocirs moc taiy ck okt amvi dfimr mddkuotloh lobkr`mtlko.

4.7 Fmdj kb Lobkr`mtlko Lobrmstrudturi bkr T@Is

Sai blomodlmf locustry cimfs wlta lobkr`mtlko lotrlosldmffy. Akwivir, tairi ls momsy`ìtrld lobkr`mtlko prkgfi` gitwiio suppflirs moc ci`mocirs kb buocs lo hioirmf.Lobkr`mtlko lobrmstrudturi ls oidissmry tk riìcy tals prkgfi`. @moy glh iotirprlsisflst tailr samris ko stkdj `mrjits moc lssui sidurltlis lo gkoc `mrjits. Sairibkri,


9/22


8

lostltutlkomf lobkr`mtlko samrloh sdaiìs kb dmpltmf `mrjits dmo bmdlfltmti mddiss tk mwlci rmohi kb lobkr`mtlko oidissmry tk istl`mti tai dricltwkrtaloiss kb glh iotirprlsis.

Akwivir, `kst T@Is amvi ok dkooidtlko wlta dmpltmf `mrjits. Blomodlmf lostltutlkosdmo dfksify moc dkotloukusfy kgsirvi gkrrkwirs, gut lt ls dkstfy tk ck sk bkr gkrrkwirs

kb s`mff fkmos.Sai fmdj kb lobkr`mtlko lobrmstrudturi bkr T@Is ixmdirgmtis tai lobkr`mtlko msy`ìtryprkgfi`.

Lo dkffmtirmf-gmsic fiocloh, tai prkvlslko kb dkffmtirmf ls tai sl`pfist wmy bkr T@Is mocblomodlmf lostltutlkos tk ricudi tai rlsj pri`lu` lo fkmo bkrùfmtlkos. Akwivir bkffkwlohtai lotrkcudtlko kb tai Gmsif dmpltmf mddkrc, `moy hkviroìots ixpmocic pkfldy-gmsicblomodi bkr T@Is bkr `ltlhmtloh tai dkostrmlots ko T@I blomodi ms mo urhiotdkuotirìmsuri. Yocir suda m sltumtlko, ibbldliot moc fkwir dkst driclt rlsj ivmfumtlkotkkfs wiri oidissmry bkr T@I blomodloh, ispidlmffy bkr trmosmdtlko-gmsic fiocloh. Skmccriss tai sirlkus driclt dkostrmlots ko T@Is tk dkobkr` tk Gmsif LL riqulriìotsko rlsj `momhiìot, dk`priaioslvi lobkr`mtlko lobrmstrudturi ls oiicic. Sals skbt

lobrmstrudturi wlff gi ixpfmloic lo Tidtlko 3 kb tals pmpir.

4.4 Fkw Fivif kb Gusloiss W&C lo T@I Tidtkr

Gusloiss iotirprlsi ixpioclturi ko risimrda moc civifkpìot (GIWC) ls mo l`pkrtmotcrlvir kb lookvmtlko moc idkok`ld hrkwta. Curloh tai fmst cidmci, GIWC lotiosltyrksi slholbldmotfy lo `moy Mslmo idkok`lis flji tai Wipugfld kb Jkrim, tai Uikpfi“sWipugfld kb Dalom, moc Loclm. Akwivir lo `moy ktair Mslmo idkok`lis lt sfkwic kr clcokt lodrimsi slholbldmotfy. Mo idkok`y“s W&C ls hioirmffy dkodiotrmtic lo m fl`lticou`gir kb fmrhi blr`s. Lo skì idkok`lis, akwivir, s`mff moc ìclu`-slzic blr`smddkuot bkr m slholbldmot samri kb tai tktmf gusloiss W&C ibbkrt. Sals `my gi cui tk m

rifmtlvify fmrhi gkcy kb T@Is kr tk T@Is tamt pirbkr` m fmrhi m`kuot kb W&C (sudams spidlmflzic W&C uolts tamt mri pmrt kb m fmrhir hrkup). Sai samri kb T@Is lo tktmfGIWC lo skì Mslmo idkok`lis ls fkw, flji Nmpmo wlta kofy 9%: tals ls koi kb tail`pkrtmot rimskos gialoc tai sfkwic idkok`ld hrkwta lo Nmpmo. Akwivir, waio wifkkj mt idkok`lis lo `moy oko-Mslmo civifkpic idkok`lis tals rmtlk ls `kri tamotwk-talrcs flji lo Istkolm moc Oiw îmfmoc (KIDC 75=4).

Bkrilho-dkotrkffic mbblflmtis mfsk pfmy mo l`pkrtmot rkfi lo ckìstld W&C. Akwivir,waio fkkjloh mt Nmpmoisi cmtm, lo 755


10/22


1

3. WI@ICLIT BKW SMDJFLOH T@I CIRIFKU@IOSDAMFFIOHIT

Sai privlkus sidtlko cibloic skì `mnkr damffiohis tamt bmdi T@Is. Lo tals sidtlko,wi prkvlci skì ibbldliot riìclis bkr tai civifkpìot kb T@Is lo Mslm, taisiskfutlkos amvi wkrjic lo skì Mslmo idkok`lis moc lt ls oidissmry tk ixpmoc tai` tktai rist kb Mslm.

3.= Clvirslbyloh Damooifs kb Blomodloh

Lo tals sidtlko, wi cisdrlgi tarii clbbiriot ìtakcs bkr imsloh T@I blomodloh gycivifkploh (l) driclt humrmotii sdaiìs gy hkviroìots, (ll) prlvmti T@I fiocirs, moc(lll) akìtkwo lovistìot trust buocs bkr blomodloh rlsjy T@Is moc stmrt-up gusloissis.

3.=.= Civifkpìot kb driclt humrmotii sdaiìs

Kwloh tk tai slholbldmodi kb T@Is tk Mslmo omtlkomf idkok`lis, lt ls l`pkrtmot tk blocwmys tk prkvlci tai` wlta stmgfi blomodi. Akwivir, T@Is usumffy amvi siviriclbblduftlis rmlsloh `koiy. Sai uocir suppfy kb driclt tk T@Is ls `mlofy gidmusi kbtai msy`ìtrld lobkr`mtlko, alha cibmuft rlsj, moc fmdj kb dkffmtirmf. T@Is amvi `kriclbblduftlis mddissloh blomodi dk`pmric tk fmrhi iotirprlsis. Fiocloh lostltutlkos `mlofypribir tk lodrimsi tai bfkw kb buocs tk tai fmttir sidtkr, slodi tai mbkriìotlkoicrimskos mri fkwir lo tals hrkup. Lo krcir tk bufblff tals prkgfi`, vmrlkus hkviroìot mocckokr loltlmtlvis amvi iìrhic lo civifkpic ms wiff ms civifkploh moc iìrhlohidkok`lis, moc drimtic tai Driclt Humrmotii Tdaiì (DHT). Sai pugfld driclthumrmotii sdaiì ls m tkkf tk ricudi tai suppfy—ci`moc hmp lo T@I blomodi.

Sai DHT ams giio usic kvir tai cidmcis lo `moy dkuotrlis moc lo vmrlkus bkr`s ms

m wmy tk lodrimsi tai bfkw kb buocs lotk tmrhitic sidtkrs moc hrkups. Sai purpksi bkrtai drimtlko kb suda sdaiìs ls tk dkotrlguti tk tai bfkw kb buocs lo tai sidtkrs tamtamvi clbblduftlis rmlsloh buocs, tamt ls, tai T@I sidtkr. Sai DHT `mjis fiocloh `krimttrmdtlvi gy mgskrgloh kr samrloh tai rlsjs msskdlmtic wlta fiocloh tk tai tmrhiticsidtkr. Sals sdaiì dmo mfsk lodrimsi tai m`kuot kb fkmo buocs mvmlfmgfi tk moiotirprlsi giykoc lts kwo dkffmtirmf fl`lts, gidmusi tai humrmotii ls m bkr` kb fkmodkffmtirmf. Sai humrmotii `momhir dmo mssuì tai mccltlkomf rkfi kb fkmo mssisskr moc`koltkr, walda dmo l`prkvi tai qumflty kb tai fkmos `mci (^mocir, @lffir, moc @afmohm75=4). Akwivir, humrmotii buocs amvi m dkst, walda ls pmlc tarkuha tai biis damrhicmoc/kr sugslclzic gy tai hkviroìot kr gy talrc pmrty lostltutlkos.

@moy dkuotrlis flji Nmpmo usic tk amvi buff driclt humrmotii sdaiìs tamt dkviric

=55% kb tai cibmuft dkst lodurric gy gkrrkwirs (Yisuhl, Jmsml, moc \m`msalrk7552). Widiotfy tai Hkviroìot kb Nmpmo rivlsic tai driclt humrmotii pkfldy mocl`pfiìotic tai pmrtlmf driclt humrmotii ms tai buff humrmotii amc `krmf amzmrc. Lb taihkviroìot dkvirs =55% kb tai T@Is cibmuft dksts moc mgskrgs tai buff rlsj, taiofiocloh lostltutlkos wkufc okt oiic tk `koltkr moc momfyzi tai blomodlmf aimfta kbgkrrkwirs, gidmusi tailr rlsj ls dkviric gy tai hkviroìot. Saus, lt dkufc rmlsi taiou`gir kb okopirbkr`loh fkmos lo tai gmojloh sidtkr moc wlff ricudi tai prkcudtlvlty kbtai pugfld risirvi. Aiodi, m pmrtlmf driclt humrmotii sdaiì dmo gi mo kptl`mf dmsi.

M DHT dkoslsts kb mt fimst tarii pmrtlis–m gkrrkwir, m fiocir, moc m humrmotkr. Saigkrrkwir ls kbtio mo T@I kr m `ldrk-iotirprlsi siijloh cigt dmpltmf. Sals gkrrkwirtypldmffy mpprkmdais m prlvmti blomodlmf lostltutlko (gmoj) bkr m gusloiss fkmo. Bkrrimskos kb msy`ìtry kb lobkr`mtlko tai fkmo riquist ls briquiotfy turoic ckwo gytai prlvmti fiocir. Sals ls wairi tai humrmotkr dkìs lotk tai pldturi. Sai humrmotkr,


11/22


<

usumffy m hkviroìot kr trmci msskdlmtlko, siijs tk bmdlfltmti mddiss tk cigt dmpltmf gyprkvlcloh fiocirs wlta tai dk`bkrt kb m humrmotii bkr m sugstmotlmf pkrtlko kb tai cigt(Wlcloh moc Amlois 755=).

Ms lt ls dfimr lo Blhuri 3, lo tals ixm`pfi, DHDs `koiy dkìs brk` tai omtlkomf

hkviroìot (brk` tai @lolstry kb Blomodi tk tai @lolstry kb Idkok`y, Srmci mocLocustry) moc mfsk brk` fkdmf hkviroìots. Sai omtlkomf hkviroìot prkvlcis clridtsugslclis tk DHDs, prkvlcis sugslclis bkr dk`piosmtlko mssits tk tai NmpmoBicirmtlko kb Driclt Humrmotii Dkrpkrmtlkos (NBH), moc NBH prkvlcis lt msdk`piosmtlko lo dmsi kb fkssis tk tai DHDs. Mfsk tai omtlkomf hkviroìot prkvlcisbuocs bkr driclt losurmodi tk tai Nmpmo Blomodi Dkrpkrmtlko (NBD) moc NBD usis talstaisi buocs tk losuri tai dkotrmdts. Ko tai ktair amoc, fkdmf hkviroìots mri mfsksuppkrtirs kb DHDs tamt prkvlci dkotrlgutlkos moc fkmos tk tai`. Lo Nmpmo lo 75=4mf`kst 4.1 `lfflko T@Is wiri kpirmtloh, m`koh walda 48. Driclt Humrmotii Tdaiì, Nmpmo

Tkurdi> Nmpmo Bicirmtlko kb Driclt Humrmotii Dkrpkrmtlkos (75=3).

Driclt humrmotii sdaiìs `mji gmojs“ fiocloh tk T@Is imsy, gidmusi lo dmsi kbT@I cibmuft, tai driclt humrmotii dkkpirmtlko, walda ls m hkviroìot krhmolzmtlko, wlffdkvir m dirtmlo pirdiotmhi kb tai fiocir“s fkssis. Bkr ixm`pfi, lb tai driclt humrmotiidkrpkrmtlko puts 15% ms tai humrmotii rmtlk, lt ìmos lb mo T@I hkis lotk gmojruptdy,gmojs dmo ridkvir 15% kb tailr fkmos. Lb tairi wms ok driclt humrmotii systi` moc lb moT@I hkis lotk gmojruptdy, taio gmojs fksi ivirytaloh. Lo Nmpmo mbtir tai tsuom`l mocimrtaqumji clsmstir kb Bujusal`m lo @mrda 75==, tai hkviroìot cidlcic tk `mji

tai driclt humrmotii rmtlk =55% (buff humrmotii) gidmusi lt gidmì `kri clbblduft


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=5

bkr `moy T@Is tk gkrrkw `koiy brk` gmojs. Akwivir, m buff humrmotii gy m driclthumrmotii dkrpkrmtlko drimtis m `krmf amzmrc prkgfi` tkwmrc gmojs. Lo tai dmsi kb mbuff humrmotii, lb mo T@I hkis gmojrupt, mff tai `koiy wlff gi ridkviric bkr tai gmojs,tairibkri gmojs ck okt oiic tk dmribuffy `koltkr tai qumflty kb gusloiss kb tai T@Is,waitair T@Is mri skuoc kr oko-skuoc, gmojs mri wlffloh tk fioc `koiy.

Lo Mslm, driclt humrmotii sdaiìs amvi giio wlcify istmgflsaic. Loclm fmuodaic taiDriclt Humrmotii Buoc Tdaiì bkr @ldrk moc T`mff Iotirprlsis lo 7555 ms m pmrtlmfhumrmotii sdaiì: lt dkvirs 89% kb tai driclt mppflic (MCG 75=9). Lockoislm stmrtic mpugfld driclt humrmotii sdaiì bkr `ldrk moc s`mff moc ìclu`-slzic iotirprlsis(@T@Is)–tai Uikpfi“s Gusloiss Driclt sdaiì (Jriclt Ysmam Wmjymt) lo 7558: lthumrmotiis 85%—15% kb tai driclt mppflic. Jmzmjastmo ams m pmrtlmf driclt humrmotiisdaiì bkr T@Is (up tk 85%) uocir tai Cmù Iotriprioiursalp Civifkpìot Buoc.Sai Wipugfld kb Jkrim prkvlcis driclt humrmotiis bkr T@Is `mlofy tarkuha twk driclthumrmotii lostltutlkos> tai Jkrim Driclt Humrmotii Buoc moc tai Jkrim SidaokfkhyBlomodi Dkrpkrmtlko. Lo @mfmyslm, tai Driclt Humrmotii Dkrpkrmtlko prkvlcishumrmotiis bkr T@Is. Lo Umpum Oiw Huloim, m rihlkomf gmoj (Gmoj Tkuta Umdlbld)

prkvlcis pmrtlmf driclt humrmotiis bkr T@Is (95% kb tai driclt mppflic). Sai Ualflpploisams twk driclt humrmotii prkhrm`s bkr @T@Is> tai pmrtlmf humrmotii sdaiì prkvlcicgy tai T`mff Gusloiss Dkrpkrmtlko (85% kb tai driclt mppflic), moc tai Driclt TurityBuoc Urkhrm` uocir tai diotrmf gmoj. Lo tai Tkfk`ko Lsfmocs, tai diotrmf gmojprkvlcis m driclt humrmotii sdaiì bkr T@Is, dmffic tai T`mff Gusloiss BlomodiTdaiì, dkvirloh tai driclthumrmotii buoc kpirmtic gy tai Rlitom` Civifkpìot Gmoj (19% pmrtlmf humrmotiis),moc tai fkdmf driclt humrmotii buocs kpirmtic gy prkvlodlmf mutakrltlis uocir taisupirvlslko kb tai @lolstry kb Blomodi.

3.=.7 Civifkpìot kb spidlmflzic prlvmti gmojs bkr T@I blomodloh

Lo Nmpmo tairi ls m hkkc ixm`pfi kb tai civifkpìot kb spidlmflzic prlvmti gmojs bkrT@I blomodloh, dmffic salojlo gmojs. Talojlo gmojs mri cipkslt-tmjloh dkkpirmtlvigmojs tamt spidlmflzi lo blomodloh T@Is wltalo m rihlko. Nust flji dlty gmojs mocrihlkomf gmojs, salojlo gmojs mri prktidtic gy cipkslt losurmodi moc mri sugnidt tk taidmpltmf mciqumdy riqulriìots moc ktair gmojloh rihufmtlkos moc supirvlslko.

Yoflji dlty gmojs kr rihlkomf gmojs, akwivir, salojlo gmojs `mji fkmos `mlofy tk taiì`gir T@Is wak dmpltmflzi tai salojlo gmojs. Saiy dmo `mji fkmos tk oko-ì`gir

T@Is, gut taiy amvi tk ristrldt tai samri kb tai fkmos tk oko-ì`gir T@Is tk gifkw75%. Ko tai ktair amoc, taiy dmo mddipt cipkslts brk` moykoi.

Talojlo gmojs mri rihlkomf blomodlmf lostltutlkos lo tai siosi tamt taiy dmo `mji fkmoskofy tk T@Is tamt kpirmti wltalo tai smì rihlko ms tai salojlo gmojs. Talojlo gmojsmri hioirmffy s`mffir tamo dlty gmojs moc tlir = moc tlir 7 rihlkomf gmojs moc fmrhirtamo driclt dkkpirmtlvis (saloyk ju`lml). Talojlo gmojs amvi m slholbldmot rkfi lo taicivifkpìot kb T@Is lo clbbiriot rihlkos moc lo mdalivloh dk`priaioslvi hrkwtatarkuhakut Nmpmo (Akskok, Tmjml, moc Ssuru 7552). Talojlo gmojs prkvlci =3.8%samri kb tktmf fkmos tk T@Is amvloh m tktmf kb ¥=71 trlfflko (iqulvmfiot tk $=,733 glfflko)lo buocs (Talojlo Diotrmf Gmoj 75=3).


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==

3.=.4 Civifkpìot kb akìtkwo lovistìot trust buocs bkr rlsjy T@Is

Hlvio tamt tai blomodlmf systi`s lo Mslm mri ck`lomtic gy gmojs, tai drimtlko kbrihlkomf buocs (kr akìtkwo lovistìot trust buocs) = tk prk`kti fiocloh tk stmrt-updk`pmolis moc rlsjlir gkrrkwirs, suda ms T@Is, wkufc aifp `mlotmlo tai skuocoiss

kb tai gmojloh sidtkr, ms gmojs wkufc okt gi ixpksic tk tai rlsjs tamt fiocloh tk sudadk`pmolis pksi (Blhuri 9). Tiffloh taksi rihlkomf trust buocs tarkuha grmoda kbbldis kbrihlkomf gmojs, pkst kbbldis, driclt msskdlmtlkos, moc fmrhi gmojs wkufc lodrimsibuocloh skurdis bkr rihlkomf dk`pmolis.

Blhuri 9> Gmoj-gmsic T`mff moc @iclu`-slzic Iotirprlsi Blomodlohmoc Akìtkwo Lovistìot Blomodloh tk Wlsjlir Gkrrkwirs

T@I 0 s`mff moc ̀ iclu`-slzic iotirprlsi.

Tkurdi> \ksalok moc Smhalzmcia-Aismry (75=9m).

Tuda trust buocs wkufc okt gi humrmotiic gy m cipkslt losurmodi dkrpkrmtlko moc taimsskdlmtic rlsjs wkufc gi gkroi gy lovistkrs. Sai tir`s kb m trust buoc wkufc amvi tkgi ixpfmloic tk lovistkrs, suda ms wairi tailr buocs wkufc gi lovistic moc wamt tairlsjs wkufc gi, lo krcir tk striohtaio pktiotlmf lovistkrs“ dkoblciodi moc aifp ixpmoc

tai trust buoc `mrjit (\ksalok 75=4). Ixm`pfis kb suda buocs lo Nmpmo lodfuci wlocpkwir hioirmtkrs moc ùsldlmos“ buocs. Lo tai blrst ixm`pfi, tk dkostrudt 75 wlocpkwir hioirmtkrs, pugfld—prlvmti pmrtoirsalps wiri fmuodaic moc fkdmf rislciotslovistic $=,555—$9,555 lo m buoc. Saiy ridilvi clvlciocs iviry yimr tarkuha tai smfiskb ifidtrldlty gy imda wloc pkwir hioirmtkr lo walda taiy amc lovistic. @usldlmos“buocs hmtair `moy s`mff lovistkrs tk guy uolts bkr $=95—$955. Lb tai ùsldlmos gidkìsuddissbuf moc tailr ùsld siffs wiff, tai smfis wlff hioirmti m alha rmti kb rituro bkrtai buoc.

Ixm`pfis kb gkta suddissbuf moc bmlfic buocs dmo gi dltic. Urknidt mssisskrs pfmy mjiy rkfi lo ivmfumtloh imda prknidt tk fl`lt tai ou`gir kb okopirbkr`loh lovistìotsmoc fkssis gy lovistkrs. Tkì kb tai buocs sit up lo Nmpmo mri rihmrcic ms damrltlis,wlta skì lovistkrs vliwloh tai` ms m wmy tk lovist lo tailr rihlko tk suppkrt oiw

gusloiss vioturis.

Tuda oiw vioturis pksi m prkgfi` bkr gmojs, ms mftakuha skì wlff amvi alhaixpidtic rmtis kb rituro, tai alha rlsjs lovkfvic `mji lt clbblduft bkr gmojs tk blomoditai`. Akwivir, lb tai prknidts mri blomodic gy akìtkwo lovistìot trust buocs rmtairtamo gy cipkslts trmosbkrìc lotk gmoj fkmos, taiy wlff okt drimti okopirbkr`loh fkmosbkr gmojs. Gmojs dmo stlff gioiblt moc dk`piti wlta imda ktair gy siffloh tai trust buocstarkuha tailr grmoda kbbldis, mftakuha lt ams tk gi `mci dfimr tamt mo lovistìotlo taksi buocs ls okt humrmotiic. Lb m gmoj siffs suddissbuf akìtkwo lovistìottrust buocs, lt wlff gi mgfi tk mttrmdt `kri lovistkrs walfi ko tai ktair amoc, lb lt siffs

=

Akìtkwo lovistìot trust buocs wiri kofy ridiotfy istmgflsaic moc okw amvi giio mckptic ms momtlkomf strmtihy lo Nmpmo (\ksalok moc Smhalzmcia-Aismry 75=3).


14/22


15/22


=4

guchits bkr blsdmf yimrs = Mutakrs moc DWC wigslti. www.drc-kbbldi.oit

@i`gir blomodlmf lostltutlkos usi sdkrloh `kcifs tk ivmfumti dricltwkrtaloiss, daidjtai vmflclty kb lotiromf rmtloh systi`s, moc mflho fkmo prldloh wlta driclt rlsj. Lo mccltlko,tai DWC Msskdlmtlko prkvlcis dkosuftloh sirvldis tk suppkrt tai `momhiìot kb T@Isko tai mssu`ptlko tamt lb T@Is mri gittir `momhic, tals wlff ricudi tai driclt rlsj bkrì`gir blomodlmf lostltutlkos moc striohtaio T@I gusloiss kpirmtlkos. Dkosuftlohsirvldis amvi mfsk giio kbbiric tk ì`gir blomodlmf lostltutlkos tk aifp tai` prk`kti

l`pfiìotmtlko kb Gmsif LL.Lb suda systi`s dkufc gi istmgflsaic lo ktair pmrts kb Mslm tk mdduùfmti moc momfyzidriclt rlsj cmtm, moc tk ìmsuri imda T@I driclt rlsj mddurmtify, T@Is wkufc okt kofygi mgfi tk rmlsi buocs brk` tai gmojloh sidtkr, taiy dkufc mfsk hmlo mddiss tk tai cigt`mrjit gy sidurltlzloh tailr dfml`s.

T@I driclt rmtlohs

Driclt rmtlohs mri kplolkos ixprissic lo tir`s kb krclomf ìmsuris, ribfidtloh taidurriot blomodlmf dricltwkrtaloiss kb lssuirs suda ms hkviroìots, blr`s, moc blomodlmflostltutlkos. Saisi rmtlohs mri dkobirric gy rmtloh mhiodlis–suda ms Bltda Wmtlohs,@kkcy“s, moc Ttmocmrc moc Ukkr“s–moc `my gi rihmrcic ms m dk`priaioslviivmfumtlko kb mo lssuir“s mglflty tk ìit tailr blomodlmf kgflhmtlkos lo buff moc ko tlì.Aiodi, taiy pfmy m drudlmf rkfi gy prkvlcloh pmrtldlpmots lo blomodlmf `mrjits wltalobkr`mtlko bkr blomodlmf pfmooloh. Sk dkocudt rmtloh mssissìots kb fmrhi dkrpkrmtlkos,mhiodlis riskrt tk m grkmc rmohi kb blomodlmf moc okoblomodlmf plidis kb lobkr`mtlko,lodfucloh ixpirts“ ixpidtmtlkos. Wmtloh mhiodlis usumffy prkvlci hioirmf hulciflois kotailr rmtlohs cidlslko-`mjloh prkdiss, gut citmlfic cisdrlptlkos kb tai rmtloh drltirlm moctai citir`lomots kb gmojs“ rmtlohs mri hioirmffy okt prkvlcic (Krsiolhk moc Rirdiffls75=4). Lo simrda kb `kri kgnidtlvi mssissìots kb tai dricltwkrtaloiss kb fmrhidkrpkrmtlkos moc blomodlmf lostltutlkos, tairi ams giio m hrkwloh gkcy kb risimrda lotktai civifkpìot kb riflmgfi qumotltmtlvi ìtakcs bkr mutk`mtld dfmsslbldmtlko mddkrclohtk tailr blomodlmf striohta.


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=3

Ixtioslvi i`plrldmf risimrda civktic tk momfyzloh tai stmglflty moc skuocoiss kbfmrhi dkrpkrmtlkos cmtis gmdj tk tai =


17/22


=9

sivirmf hrkups> blomodlmffy aimftay T@Is, ìclu`-rlsj T@Is, moc blomodlmffy rlsjyT@Is. M citmlfic momfytldmf brmìwkrj ls ixpfmloic lo \ksalok moc Smhalzmcia-Aismry(75=3: 75=9g).

Bkr T@Is lo tai blomodlmffy aimftay hrkup, gmojs dmo fioc tai` `kri `koiy gydamrhloh fkw rmtis kb lotirist wlta ok riqulric dkffmtirmf. Ko tai ktair amoc, bkr T@Islo tai alha-rlsj hrkup, gmojs dmo damrhi alhair rmtis kb lotirist wlta hrimtir dkffmtirmfriqulriìots. Lb mo T@I“s pirbkr`modi l`prkvis moc lt `kvis lotk m fkwir rlsj hrkup,gmojs dmo damohi tailr lotirist rmtis brk` alha tk fkw, mddkrclohfy. Tl`lfmr T@I cmtmmomfysls ls uocirwmy lo Samlfmoc. Xi akpi tai cmtm momfysls ixpfmloic lo tals pmpirdmo gi ixpmocic tk `moy ktair Mslmo idkok`lis sk tamt `kri riflmgfi driclt rmtloh kbT@Is wlff gidkì pksslgfi. Xaio cmtm mri okt wiff istmgflsaic, gmojs fioc `koiy tkT@Is gmsic ko tailr lotultlko rmtair tamo ixm`loloh skflc cmtm. Sai istmgflsaìot kbT@I cmtmgmsis wlff ricudi lobkr`mtlko msy`ìtry gitwiio T@Is moc fiocirs.

3.4 W&C Smx Lodiotlvis

Lo mccltlko tk prkvlcloh hrmots, dkotrmdts, moc fkmos, Mslmo hkviroìots sakufcdkotrlguti tk gusloiss W&C tarkuha tmx lodiotlvis. Sals ls wamt ls kddurrloh lo `moy Mslmo idkok`lis. Bkr lostmodi, tai Hkviroìot kb tai Wipugfld kb Jkrim prkvlcickoi kb tai `kst dk`gloic suppkrt lodiotlvis bkr gusloiss W&C ms m pirdiotmhi kbHCU. Ibbidtlvi tmx sugslcy rmtis sakufc gi lobfuiodic gy gusloiss damrmdtirlstlds, mocsakufc vmry gmsic ko tai typi kb tai gusloiss moc `mturlty kb tai dk`pmoy. M`koh Mslmo idkok`lis Nmpmo moc tai Wipugfld kb Jkrim hlvi `kri hioirkus trimtìot tkT@Is rifmtlvi tk fmrhi blr`s. Tkì dkuotrlis mffkw blr`s tk gioiblt brk` tmx lodiotlviswaio taiy mri okt prkbltmgfi iokuha tk usi tai` lo tai durriot pirlkc, gut biw ck sk tkm slholbldmot ixtiot. Mustrmflm prkvlcis m tmx driclt iqumf tk 35% kr 39% kb iflhlgfi W&Cixpioclturi, wlta moy ixdiss ribuocmgfi tk T@Is (Cifkltti 75=3).

Wibuocs gy mutakrltlis ibbidtlvify mffkw T@Is tk gioiblt brk` lodiotlvis ms lb taiy wiriprkbltmgfi. Wibuocs moc dmrry-bkrwmrc prkvlslkos mri skìtlìs usic tk prk`kti W&Clo blr`s tamt dkufc okt ktairwlsi usi tailr driclts kr mffkwmodis. Tuda prkvlslkos sakufcgi `kri hioirkus bkr T@Is moc ykuohir blr`s.

Lo tals sugsidtlko, wi prkvlci mo ixm`pfi kb Nmpmoisi oiw W&C tmx pkfldlis tkwmrcfmrhi iotirprlsis moc T@Is, walda ls mppfldmgfi bkr tai rist kb Mslm>

Nmpmoisi W&C tmxic lodiotlvis mri vkfuì-gmsic driclts bkr m) T@Is mocg) fmrhi iotirprlsis.

m) T@Is4

∗ M driclt kb =7% kb tktmf W&C ixpioclturis.∗ Sai tmx driclt ls fl`ltic tk 75% kb tai dk`pmoy“s omtlkomf dkrpkrmti lodkì

tmx flmglflty gibkri tai driclt ls mppflic. Sai 75% fl`ltmtlko mppflis bkr blsdmfpirlkcs gihlooloh ko kr mbtir = Mprlf 75=7. Urivlkusfy tai fl`ltmtlko wms 45%bkr tai blsdmf yimrs gihlooloh ko kr mbtir = Mprlf 755


18/22


=2

Mccltlkomf lodriìotmf driclts (bkr gkta T@I & fmrhi dk`pmolis). Iltair, wairi taidurriot pirlkc W&C ixpioclturi ixdiics> (l) tai mooumf mvirmhi kb tai W&Cixpioclturi bkr tai 4 pridicloh blsdmf yimrs: moc (ll) tai alhaist mooumf W&Cixpioclturi bkr tai privlkus 7 blsdmf yimrs, taio tai dk`pmoy `my dfml` 9% kb tailodriìotmf W&C ixpioclturis (tamt ls, tai durriot yimr ixpioclturi fiss tai m`kuot lo(l)): kr wairi tai durriot pirlkc W&C ixpioclturi ixdiics =5% kb tai mvirmhi mooumfsmfis bkr tai 3 `kst ridiot pridicloh blsdmf yimrs Nmpmo kbbirs sipmrmti driclts bkrs`mff-moc-ìclu` slzic iotirprlsis moc fmrhi dk`pmolis, ms wiff ms mo mccltlkomfdriclt bkr iotltlis kb mff slzis. (Lodfucloh tai durriot yimr), tai dk`pmoy ls iflhlgfi bkr mdriclt dmfdufmtic usloh tai bkffkwloh bkrùfm> (W&C ixpioclturi fiss Zmvirmhi mooumfsmfis x =5%P) ùftlpflic gy tai W&C rmtlk (ricudic gy =5%), ùftlpflic gy 75%.Sai W&C rmtlk ls tai m`kuot kb durriot yimr W&C ixpiosis clvlcic gy mvirmhi mooumfsmfis bkr tai 3 `kst ridiot pridicloh blsdmf yimrs (lodfucloh tai durriot tmx yimr).Sai tmx driclt ls fl`ltic tk =5% kb tai dk`pmoy“s omtlkomf dkrpkrmti lodkì tmx flmglfltygibkri tai driclt ls mppflic. Sai mccltlkomf tmx driclt ls mvmlfmgfi bkr blsdmf yimrsdk`ìodloh ko kr mbtir = Mprlf 7551 tarkuha 4= @mrda 75=3. Sai W&C tmx driclt ls

mvmlfmgfi tk gfui bkr` tmx rituro blfirs.3

M gfui bkr` tmx rituro stmtus ls kgtmloic gysug`lttloh mo mppfldmtlko bkr` tk tai mpprkprlmti tmx kbbldi. Burtair`kri, tairi mriridkrc jiiploh sugstmotlmtlko riqulriìots mppfldmgfi uocir tai dkrpkrmti tmx fmw. Moktair W&C driclt systi` ls mppfldmgfi bkr m dk`pmoy dkocudtloh W&C nklotfy wltam qumflblic W&C lostltutlko (bkr ixm`pfi, cislhomtic uolvirsltlis). Hioirmffy, uousicW&C tmx driclts `my gi dmrrlic bkrwmrc = yimr. Sai uousic W&C tmx driclts bkr taiblsdmf yimrs gihlooloh ko kr mbtir = Mprlf 755< tk 4= @mrda 75=5 `my gi dmrrlic bkrwmrcup tk 4 yimrs. Wisimrda driclts bkr blsdmf yimrs gihlooloh ko kr mbtir = Mprlf 75=5 tk4= @mrda 75== `my gi dmrrlic bkrwmrc 7 yimrs.

3.4.= Dkffmgkrmtlko ko lookvmtlko

Dkffmgkrmtlko ls m jiy vidtkr kb lookvmtlko-rifmtic jokwfichi bfkws gkta bkr blr`s tamtusi W&C (iltair lotiromffy civifkpic kr ixtiromffy mdqulric) moc bkr taksi tamt mriokt W&C mdtlvi. Lo mff idkok`lis bkr walda cmtm mri mvmlfmgfi, W&C mdtlvi blr`s tioctk dkffmgkrmti `kri briquiotfy ko lookvmtlko tamo oko-W&C mdtlvi blr`s, mftakuha lotai Wipugfld kb Jkrim (`moubmdturloh kofy) moc Mustrmflm, gkta typis kb blr`s amvisl`lfmr rmtis kb dkffmgkrmtlko. Umttiros kb dkffmgkrmtlko clbbir lo tir`s kb pmrtoirs“damrmdtirlstlds. Dkffmgkrmtlko wlta alhair icudmtlko kr pugfld risimrda lostltutlkosls mo l`pkrtmot skurdi kb jokwfichi trmosbir bkr fmrhi blr`s. Lo `kst idkok`lis, taisiblr`s mri usumffy twk tk tarii tlìs `kri fljify tamo T@Is tk iohmhi lo tals typi kbdkffmgkrmtlko. @kri tamo amfb kb mff lookvmtloh fmrhi blr`s lo Blofmoc, Tfkviolm, Mustrlm,moc Auohmry dkffmgkrmti wlta taisi lostltutlkos gut fiss tamo koi lo tio lo @ixldkmoc Mustrmflm. Dkffmgkrmtlko ls `kri briquiot wlta ktair `mrjit mdtkrs, lo pmrtldufmr

suppflirs moc dfliots. M`koh fmrhi blr`s, suppflirs pfmy m jiy rkfi ms vmfui damlosgidkì lodrimslohfy lotihrmtic, walfi lo Blofmoc, tai Yoltic Jlohck`, tai Wipugfldkb Jkrim, Tkuta Mbrldm, moc Ldifmoc, dkffmgkrmtlko wlta dfliots ls iqumffy kr `kril`pkrtmotfy, m pktiotlmf locldmtlko kb tai hrkwloh l`pkrtmodi kb usir-crlvio lookvmtlko.

3 M Nmpmoisi tmxpmyir gidkìs m ‖gfui bkr`‐ tmx blfir gy sug`lttloh mo ifidtlko tk tai mutakrltlis moc

taio `mlotmloloh tailr mddkuotloh ridkrcs tk mo mddiptmgfi stmocmrc. Lo taikry, tai gfui bkr` tmx riturosysti` ls lotiocic tk iodkurmhi gittir ridkrc jiiploh moc ripkrtloh gy loclvlcumf moc dkrpkrmtitmxpmyirs gy dkobirrloh dirtmlo gioiblts ko tai ‖gfui bkr`‐ tmx blfirs. Lo prmdtldi `moy kb tai gioiblts

brk` gfui bkr` blfloh stmtus (suda ms tai dmrry bkrwmrc kb tmx fkssis) mri buocmìotmf tk tai Nmpmoisitmx systi`.


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3.3 Ytlflzloh Lobkr`mtlko bkr T@Is

Lo krcir tk timda tai oiw ìtakcs kb smfis usloh tai Lotiroit, lt ls pksslgfi tamt omtlkomfhkviroìots tarkuha tai ùoldlpmfltlis walda mri omtlkowlci, kr tarkuha skdlitlis kb

dk`ìrdi moc locustry moc dam`girs kb dk`ìrdi moc locustry prkvlci dfksiìotkrloh styfi suppkrt tk T@Is moc s`mff iotirprlsis, lo imda rihlko mdtloh ms‖prl`mry dmri ckdtkrs‐.

Lo Nmpmo, tai hkviroìot pfmooic tamt T`mff moc @iclu` Iotirprlsis Dk`priaioslviTuppkrt Diotirs gi istmgflsaic lo 38 pribidturis omtlkowlci brk` Mprlf 75=4kowmrc wlta tai ml` kb burtair striohtaioloh tai suppkrt systi` bkr T@Is mocs`mff iotirprlsis.

Saisi diotirs amvi tai bkffkwloh tarii buodtlkos> (l) prkvlci dk`priaioslvi mocmcvmodic gusloiss mcvldi tamt dmookt gi buffy cimft wlta gy ixlstloh suppkrtkrhmolzmtlkos, (ll) kbbir suppkrt tarkuha krhmolzloh ixpirt tim`s kptl`lzic bkrpmrtldufmr prkgfi`s kb rispidtlvi iotirprlsis, moc (lll) lotrkcudi mpprkprlmti suppkrt

krhmolzmtlkos (koi-stkp sirvldis).Sai oko-usi kb lobkr`mtlko tidaokfkhy ams okt kofy cm`mhic T@I smfis, gut mfsk`mci `moy T@Is uobm`lflmr wlta tai kohkloh suppkrt mvmlfmgfi. Bkr ixm`pfi lo msurviy ckoi lo Nmpmo, mpprkxl`mtify 95% tk 25% kb T@Is moc s`mff iotirprlsisrispkocic tamt taiy mri okt suri mgkut wairi taiy dmo kgtmlo lobkr`mtlko ko T@Isuppkrt ìmsuris. Mpprkxl`mtify 95% ck okt kgtmlo moy suda lobkr`mtlko. Kofy =5%amvi utlflzic T@I suppkrt ìmsuris gut skì 85% kb taksi ivmfumti tai ìmsurispksltlvify (@ISL 75=3).

Sai T@Is“ rispkosis lo tals quistlkoomlri alhaflhatic tai bkffkwloh dkodiros>

∗ M alha pirdiotmhi kb iotirprlsis akpi tk kgtmlo lobkr`mtlko dkodiroloh tai

hkviroìot“s T@I suppkrt ìmsuris brk` T@I suppkrt krhmolzmtlkos mocùoldlpmfltlis. Sairibkri, tai hkviroìot sakufc mdtlvify akfc bmdi-tk-bmdigrlibloh sisslkos okt kofy bkr pribidturis gut mfsk bkr ùoldlpmfltlis moc T@Isuppkrt krhmolzmtlkos mt mo imrfy stmhi.

∗ Mpprkxl`mtify 95% rispkocic tamt tai m`kuot kb lobkr`mtlko dkodiroloh taihkviroìot“s T@I suppkrt ìmsuris ls lomciqumti. Saksi wak rispkocic tamttai tl`loh kb kgtmloloh lobkr`mtlko ls okt tlìfy, mddkuotic bkr mpprkxl`mtify95% moc taksi wak rispkocic tamt lobkr`mtlko ls amrc tk uocirstmoc mfskmddkuotic bkr mpprkxl̀ mtify 95%.

∗ Lo flhat kb taisi surviy risufts, tai hkviroìot cidlcic tk iocimvkr tkl`prkvi tai ‖clridt dkosuftloh grlibloh sirvldis‐ moc tai dkotiot kb i`mlf

pugfldmtlkos, moc mfsk pripmri m vlcik lo walda kbbldlmfs ixpfmlo tai dkotiot kbtai suppkrt ìmsuris, lodfucloh tailr gmdjhrkuoc moc lotiocic purpksis, lo moimsy-tk-uocirstmoc `mooir moc pfmdi lt ko tai T@I Mhiody“s pkrtmf wigslti.

9. DKODFYTLKOT

T@Is bmdi damffiohis brk` lodrimsic dk`pitltlko, tai mglflty tk mcmpt tk rmplcfydamohloh `mrjit ci`moc, tidaokfkhldmf damohi, moc dmpmdlty dkostrmlots rifmtloh tkjokwfichi, lookvmtlko, moc drimtlvlty. Bkr `moy T@Is, akwivir, tailr pktiotlmf ls kbtiookt buffy rimflzic cui tk bmdtkrs rifmtic tk tailr s`mff sdmfi> fmdj kb riskurdis (blomodi,tidaokfkhy, sjlffic fmgkr, `mrjit mddiss, moc `mrjit lobkr`mtlko): fmdj kb idkok`lis kb

sdmfi moc sdkpi: alhair trmosmdtlko dksts rifmtlvi tk fmrhi iotirprlsis: fmdj kb oitwkrjs


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tamt dmo dkotrlguti tk m fmdj kb lobkr`mtlko, jokw-akw, moc ixpirliodi kb ckìstld moclotiromtlkomf `mrjits: lodrimsic `mrjit dk`pitltlko moc dkodiotrmtlko brk` fmrhiùftlomtlkomf iotirprlsis dmusic gy hfkgmflzmtlko moc idkok`ld lotihrmtlko: mo lomglfltytk dk`piti mhmlost fmrhir blr`s lo tir`s kb W&C ixpioclturi moc lookvmtlko (prkcudt,prkdiss, moc krhmolzmtlko): giloh sugnidt tk ‖dauroloh‐ moc lostmglflty: moc m fmdj kbiotriprioiurlmf zimf, dmpmdlty, moc jokw-akw.

Sals pmpir prkvlcic skfutlkos bkr `ltlhmtloh bkur `mnkr damffiohis bmdic gy T@Is>

l) Sarii clbbiriot ìtakcs bkr imsloh T@I blomodloh mri gy civifkploh(l) driclt humrmotii sdaiìs gy hkviroìots, (ll) prlvmti T@I fiocirs, moc(lll) akìtkwo lovistìot trust buocs bkr blomodloh rlsjy T@Is moc stmrt-upgusloissis.

ll) Sai fmdj kb T@I cmtmgmsis ls moktair damffiohi bkr T@Is. Sailr blomodlmf mocokoblomodlmf mddkuots mri kbtio clbblduft tk mssiss. Ms m pksslgfi skfutlko bkrktair Mslmo idkok`lis, wi prkvlcic tai ixm`pfi kb tai Driclt Wlsj Cmtmgmsi(DWC) lo Nmpmo tamt sakws akw T@Is dmo gi rmtic gmsic ko blomodlmf moc

okoblomodlmf cmtm. Sai DWC lodfucis m fmrhi m`kuot kb cmtm tamt dmo gi usic tkrmti T@Is tarkuha stmtlstldmf momfysls.

lll) Sai talrc `mnkr damffiohi kb T@I civifkpìot ls tai fmdj kb W&C ixpioclturi.Sk `ltlhmti tals prkgfi` wi prkvlcic m vmrlity kb skfutlkos. Lo mccltlko tkprkvlcloh hrmots, dkotrmdts, moc fkmos, Mslmo hkviroìots sakufc dkotrlguti tkgusloiss W&C tarkuha tmx lodiotlvis. Sals ls mfrimcy kddurrloh lo `moy Mslmoidkok`lis. Dkffmgkrmtlko ls m jiy vidtkr kb lookvmtlko-rifmtic jokwfichi bfkwsgkta bkr blr`s tamt usi W&C (iltair lotiromffy civifkpic kr ixtiromffy mdqulric)moc bkr taksi tamt mri okt W&C mdtlvi.

lv) Sai fmst `mnkr damffiohi bkr T@I civifkpìot ls tai losubbldliot usi kblobkr`mtlko tidaokfkhy bkr smfis. Lt ls pksslgfi tamt omtlkomf hkviroìotstarkuha tai ùoldlpmfltlis tamt mri omtlkowlci, kr tarkuha skdlitlis kbdk`ìrdi moc locustry moc dam`girs kb dk`ìrdi moc locustry prkvlci dfksiìotkrloh-styfi suppkrt tk T@Is moc s`mff iotirprlsis bkr timdaloh tai` akwtk usi lobkr`mtlko tidaokfkhy lo tailr gusloiss.


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WIBIWIODIT

Mrrílz, L., @. @ifìociz, moc W. Ttuddal. 75=3. Umrtlmf Driclt Humrmotiis moc BlrÙirbkr`modi> Ivlciodi brk` Dkfk`glm. T`mff Gusloiss Idkok`lds. 34 (4).

8==—873. Mslmo Civifkpìot Gmoj (MCG). 75=3. Mslm T@I Blomodi @koltkr 75=4. @molfm> Mslmo

Civifkpìot Gmoj.

Mslmo Civifkpìot Gmoj (MCG). 75=9. Mslm T@I Blomodi @koltkr 75=3. @molfm> MslmoCivifkpìot Gmoj.

Gmoj kb Nmpmo. 75=3. Blomodlmf Tysti` Wipkrt Kdtkgir 75=3. Skjyk> Gmoj kb Nmpmo.

Cifkltti. 75=3. 75=3 Hfkgmf Turviy kb W&C Smx Lodiotlvis. Fkocko> Cifkltti SkudaiSka`mtsu Fl`ltic.

Amrvli, D. moc S. Damrkiormt. 75=9. T@Is moc tai Wlsi kb Hfkgmf Rmfui Damlos. LoLotihrmtloh T@Is lotk Hfkgmf Rmfui Damlos> Damffiohis moc Ukfldy Mdtlkos lo Mslm. =—72. @molfm moc Skjyk> Mslmo Civifkpìot Gmoj moc MslmoCivifkpìot Gmoj Lostltuti.

Aumoh, ^., A. Daio, D. N. Asu, X. A. Daio, moc T. Xu. 7553. Driclt Wmtloh Momfyslswlta Tuppkrt Ridtkr @mdalois moc Oiurmf Oitwkrjs> M @mrjit Dk`pmrmtlviTtucy. Cidlslko Tuppkrt Tysti`s. 48 (3). 934—991.

Akskok, J., J. Tmjml, moc J. Ssuru. 7552. Dkoskflcmtlko kb Dkkpirmtlvi Gmojs(Talojlo) lo Nmpmo> @ktlvis moc Dkosiquiodis. WLISL Clsdusslko Umpir Tirlis 52-I-543. Skjyk> Wisimrda Lostltuti kb Idkok`y, Srmci moc Locustry.

Nmpmo Bicirmtlko kb Driclt Humrmotii Dkrpkrmtlkos. 75=3. Driclt Humrmotii Tysti` loNmpmo. Skjyk> Nmpmo Bicirmtlko kb Driclt Humrmotii Dkrpkrmtlkos.

Juwmamrm, T., O. \ksalok, @. Tmhmrm, moc B. Smhalzmcia-Aismry. 75=9. Wkfi kb taiDriclt Wlsj Cmtmgmsi lo Civifkploh T@Is lo Nmpmo> Fisskos bkr tai Wist kb Mslm. MCGL Xkrjloh Umpir 938. Skjyk> Mslmo Civifkpìot Gmoj Lostltuti.

Krhmolsmtlko bkr Idkok`ld Dk-kpirmtlko moc Civifkpìot (KIDC). 75=4, KIDCTdliodi, Sidaokfkhy moc Locustry Tdkrigkmrc 75=4. Umrls> KIDC Uugflsaloh.

Krsiolhk, D. moc D. Rirdiffls. 75=4. Floimr virsus Okofloimr Clìoslkomflty Wicudtlkobkr Gmojs“ Driclt Wmtloh Uricldtlko. Jokwfichi-Gmsic Tysti`s. 38. =3—77.

@lolstry kb Idkok`y, Srmci moc Locustry (@ISL). 75=3. Xalti Umpir ko T`mff moc@iclu` Iotirprlsis lo Nmpmo. Skjyk> @lolstry kb Idkok`y, Srmci moc Locustry.

Ukko, X. U. A., @. Blrta, moc A. H. Buoh. =


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Yisuhl, L., J. Tmjml, moc H. @. \m`msalrk. 7552. Ibbidtlvioiss kb Driclt Humrmotiis lotai Nmpmoisi Fkmo @mrjit. WLISL Clsdusslko Umpir Tirlis 52-I-553. Skjyk>Wisimrda Lostltuti kb Idkok`y, Srmci moc Locustry.

\ksalok, O. 75=4. Sai Gmdjhrkuoc kb Akìtkwo Lovistìot Srust Buocs. Lo O.

\ksalok moc T. Jmnl, ics. Akìtkwo Lovistìot Srust Buocs> M Ttmgfi Xmy tkTuppfy Wlsj Dmpltmf. Skjyk> Tprlohir.

\ksalok, O. moc B. Smhalzmcia-Aismry. 75=3. Momfytldmf Brmìwkrj ko Driclt Wlsjsbkr Blomodloh T@Is lo Mslm. Mslm-Umdlbld Civifkpìot Nkuromf. 7= (7). =—7=.

\ksalok, O. moc B. Smhalzmcia-Aismry, B. 75=9m. Mo Momfysls kb Damffiohis bmdic gyNmpmo“s Idkok`y moc Mgiok`lds. Nmpmoisi Ukfltldmf Idkok`y Nkuromf. 35.=—72. CKL> =5.=515/747

Major Challenges Facing Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Asia and Solutions for Mitigating...

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