Majalah Hydro

Hydro Review Worldwide

14 ICOLD PREVIEW: EXPLORE THE ISSUES SET FOR DISCUSSION IN BALI, INDONESIA

22 STOP LEAKS THROUGH DAMS: A SOLUTION FROM SWEDEN

28 NEW! MARINE HYDROKINETICS

Hydro Review Worldwide

www.hydroworld.com March-April 2014

21-23 October, 2014, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Media sponsor of

Silt SolutionsHow One Indian Dam Owner

Resolves Sediment Issues

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www.hydroworld.com March-April 2014 / HRW 1

OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE

ARTICLES

DEPARTMENTS

ADVISORY BOARD

H. Irfan AkerDolsar Engineering

Limited, Turkey

Ian M. CookICCL,

United Kingdom

Fernando de Menezes e SilvaItaipu Binacional

Brazil

Leon TrompLesotho Highlands Water

CommissionLesotho

Luis C. VintimillaConsulting Engineer

Ecuador

Emmanuel Antwi-Darkwa

Volta River AuthorityGhana

Maryse Francois-XausaAlstom Hydro France

France

Peter Thomas MulvihillPioneer Generation, Ltd.

New Zealand

C.V.J. VarmaCouncil of Power Utilities and

The Dams Society India

James Yang, PhDVattenfall Research

and Development ABSweden

Enrique CifreseWATER Consultant SL

Spain

Roger GillSustena Partners

Australia

Kanchit NgamsanroajElectricity Generating Authority of Thailand

Thailand

Raghunath Gopal (R.G.) Vartak

Consultant, India

14

MARCH-APRIL 2014

2 Viewpoint: Selecting Sustainability for Hydropower Designs

4 Briefngs

24 Tech Notes

26 Small Hydro

28 Marine Hydrokinetics

32 Index to Advertisers

8 Sediment Management for Rangit Dam in India

By Siba Prasad Sen

Changing the operational profle of the

60 MW Rangit Hydro Power Station in

Sikkim resolved seasonal siltation issues

while maximizing generation capacity

for its owners.

14 Preview of the 82nd Annual ICOLD MeetingBy Basuki Hadimuljono

Dam design, construction, maintenance and hydroelectric genera-

tion professionals can attend a series of seminars, hydro facility

tours and a trade exhibition at the International Commission on

Large Dams 82nd Annual Meeting in Bali, Indonesia.

18 Viewpoints from the Board Room: Black & VeatchBy Marla J. Barnes

Steve Edwards the new chairman, president and chief execu-

tive offcer of global engineering, consulting and construction frm

Black & Veatch discusses what he sees coming in the future of

the hydropower industry globally.

22 Ideas in Action: Dealing with Leakage through a DamBy Ola Hammarberg

Excessive leakage through the Vojmsjon Dam in Sweden led the

owner to consider a renovation. A steel pile cutoff wall with an

interlock system was installed. Since this work was completed in

May 2013, leakage through the dam has been cut in half.

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2 HRW / March-April 2014 www.hydroworld.com

Vol. 22, No. 2, March-April 2014

PennWell Global Energy GroupThe Water Tower, Gunpowder Mill, Powermill Lane, Waltham Abbey,

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ProduCtion direCtor Charlie Cole

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HRW (ISSN 1072-9542) is published six times in January, March, May,

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V i ewp o i n t

Selecting Sustainability for Hydropower Designs

The hydropower industry has expended tremendous effort to ensure that new proj-

ects are developed with environmental and social sustainability in mind. Rightly so.

Sustainability lies at the heart of the design and development of hydropower today, and

this effort is widely recognized as a diffcult and on-going transition that is essential to

the survival of the industry.

But sustainability should not just consider environmental and social impacts; true

sustainability should also mean that hydropower installations are designed and built for

the maximum possible operational lifespan. One of the fundamentals of hydropower is

that, once constructed, such a project can generate power for a century or even more

where electromechanical equipment is refurbished or replaced. However, there have

been a number of recent examples of projects that have apparently lasted far less time

than their design life as a result of poor construction techniques, substandard materials

or the choice of a sub-optimal design.

For example, changes made to the design of Zimbabwes Tokwe-Mukosi Dam more

than a decade ago could have contributed to the displacement of thousands of families

earlier this year after water began leaking through cracks in the dams walls. Local media

reports suggest a lower cost alternative dam design was chosen against engineering

advice. Tragically, this development is far from unique, and there are numerous examples

of projects that require premature refurbishment or redesign, and this inevitably comes

at a considerable cost to owners and operators.

Of course, it is not always the case that incentives are in place to maximize design

life, but it is essential that dam designers and project engineers do all they can to ensure

hydropower developments deliver the maximum possible volume of energy over their

life; to do anything less is a fundamental disservice to the industry.

Using magazines to make the right decision

It seems that high-quality, concise and business-focused print or digital magazines are

the top source of information for decision making in the global hydropower industry,

according to a recent study into the demographic make-up of those working in the sector.

This study, by PennWells Hydro Group, is based on the readers of HRW-Hydro

Review Worldwide and our sister publication Hydro Review, as well as those visiting

HydroWorld.com or attending HydroVision events in the USA, Brazil, Russia and India.

Based on these demographics, nearly 80% of those surveyed have more than 10 years

of hydro industry-specifc experience and have major responsibilities across the spread

of hydropower projects and companies.

It is also clear that the need for technical and industry information is high on the list of

priorities, which along with reports on specifc topics are indicated as signifcant drivers

by well over half of all respondents.

Chief Editor

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The Designs Division of the Department of Water

Development began a thorough investigation into the Coyne

et Bellier design report and came up with a cheaper alternative

in the form of a concrete-faced rock-flled dam, said a report

released in 1998 the same year in which construction of Tokwe-

Mukosi began. The dam was built by Italys Salini and Impregilo.

Construction of the dam was not completed until 2008.

The Zimbabwe National Water Authority has since said that

Tokwe-Mukosi which is still being built will not collapse.

Work proceeds at three Russian plants

Development is moving forward at three hydro plants in Russia.

In late February, Voith Hydro delivered the frst of six massive

runners to the 4,500 MW Bratsk plant. Transported by one of

the worlds largest aircraft, the Antonov AN124-100, the turbine

was manufactured at Voith Hydros factory in St. Polten, Austria.

Voith Hydro said the 73 ton runner was transported via air at the

request of the client, Irkutskenergo, as it considerably shortened

the time to installation.

The project, on the Angara River, was commissioned in 1967.

The plant is owned by OAO EuroSibEnergo and is home to

18 turbine generators of 225 MW each.

In addition, work on the 100 MW Gotsatlinskaya plant on the

Avarskoye River in Dagestan is 75% complete, project developer

JSC RusHydro says. When it is complete, Gotsatlinskayas dam

will have a height of 68 meters. RusHydro said in mid-February

that concrete works at the intake and spillway were in progress,

while construction of a mudslide protection trough and bridge

were nearing completion. Power will be generated by two 50 MW

Francis turbines, both of which have been installed, RusHydro said.

Finally, Unit 2 at the 356.4 MW Rybinskaya plant has been

replaced, according to equipment manufacturer Power Machines.

The modernization project increased the capacity of Rybinskaya

(also called Rubinsk) by about 10 MW. Power Machines said

the new 65 MW unit passed tests in December 2013, at which

point separate components and systems were checked under no-

load trial runs. The unit was then offcially commissioned after

running for 72 hours under load.

Andritz wins contract for Angolas 2,070 MW Luaca

Andritz has been awarded a contract to supply electromechanical

equipment for Angolas 2,070 MW Luaca plant. The exact value

of the order was not specifed, although the company said compa-

rable orders have fallen into the lower three-digit million range.

Per the award, Andritz will provide six 340 MW Francis tur-

bines, generators and other equipment. The order was placed by

India buzzes with hydro development activity

A signifcant amount of activity is occurring in the Indian hydro-

power market. Most recently, Indias Bharat Heavy Electricals

Limited has been awarded a contract worth about US$52 million

to outft the 206 MW Shahpurkandi project being built in the

state of Punjab.

Shahpurkandi, being developed by Punjab State Power

Corporation Limited, will be located in Gurdaspur district down-

stream from Ranjit Sagar Dam. The contract includes the design,

manufacture, supply, installation and commissioning of electro-

mechanical equipment: generating units, transformers, controls

and monitoring systems, and erection and commissioning equip-

ment. The project includes dual powerhouses one with three

33 MW turbines, and the second with three 33 MW turbines and

one 8 MW turbine.

In other news, a consortium led by the Abu Dhabi National

Energy Co (TAQA) is expected to close on a pair of hydropower

projects in Himachal Pradesh state, news sources in Asia report.

The US$2 billion deal would see TAQA take control of two

unnamed plants with a combined capacity of 1,300 MW from

Indias Jaiprakash Power Ventures. TAQA would take a major-

ity interest in the projects, while Indias IDFC Alternatives and

Canadas PSP Investments will hold the remainder.

Finally, Greenko has announced its acquisition of the 70 MW

Budhil plant from Lanco Hydro. The run-of-river project in

Himachal Pradesh increases Greenkos total hydro portfolio to

245 MW. Budhils value is slightly more than US$104 million, the

company said. The plant is expected to have a load factor of 57%

and produce an annual estimated $18.9 million of EBITDA over

the long term, based on current exchange rates.

Tokwe-Mukosi Dam faws linked to cost cutting

Changes to the design of Tokwe-Mukosi Dam in Zimbabwe,

made more than a decade ago, could have contributed to the faws

that caused the displacement of thousands of families earlier this

year, according to a report by The Financial Gazette.

In February, more than 4,500 residents in areas downstream

from Tokwe-Mukosi were evacuated following heavy rains in

Zimbabwes Masvingo province, after water began leaking

through cracks in the dams walls.

According to The Financial Gazette, French frm Coyne et

Bellier was commissioned to provide a study for the dam and a

hydropower plant in 1967. The idea was tabled then resurrected

in 1980, and Coyne et Bellier provided further studies in the mid-

1980s. The group proposed a concrete arch dam in 1992, but the

design was deemed too expensive by the Zimbabwe government.

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Pakistans Secretary of Economic Affairs Division, Nargis Sethi,

the declaratory statement adds to recent funding received from

Germanys Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (KfW) bank. EIB said

it is providing the loan under its current lending mandate for Asia

and Latin America.

Keyal Khwar, on the Keyal River in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

province, is being developed by the Water and Power Development

Authority (WAPDA). Construction is expected to take four years.

In other news, Voith Hydro of Germany and Voith Hydro

Shanghai have been awarded a joint contract to supply electro-

mechanical works for the 1,410 MW Tarbela 4 project extension

on the Indus River. Offered by WAPDA, the US$312 million

contract indicates Voith will provide three vertical-shaft Francis

turbines and 470 MW generators, main inlet and relief valves,

generator transformers, 500 kV SF6 circuit breakers, switchgear,

control instrumentation, supervisory control and data acquisition

systems, and other associated powerhouse equipment.

The Tarbela 4 extension will add a fourth powerhouse to the

3,478 MW Tarbela project. The World Bank is reportedly provid-

ing US$840 million of the expansions US$928 million price tag.

Statkraft reveals hydro rehab plan in quarterly report

Norwegian state-owned utility Statkraft has announced its inten-

tion to invest nearly US$2 billion through 2018 for upgrades

and modernization to its hydroelectric power feet. The com-

pany announced the program in its quarterly statement that was

released in early February.

Statkraft said the rehabilitation works are primarily intended

to extend the life of its hydropower plants, meaning increases

to the companys cumulative hydropower output will likely be

insignifcant. The report shows that hydropower accounted for

about 95% of Statkrafts total output in 2013. The company has

hydroelectric assets in Norway, Finland, Sweden, Germany, the

UK, Peru, Chile, Brazil, Sri Lanka, India and the Philippines.

Worlds largest hydroelectric event three-peats as

Fastest 50 recipient

HydroVision International, the worlds largest event dedicated

to the hydroelectric power industry, has been recognized for the

third time by Trade Show Executive as one of the fastest-growing

tradeshows in the USA.

The Fastest 50 award is determined based on the events net

square feet of exhibit space sold and the number of participating

exhibitors. HydroVision International 2013 held in Denver,

Colo. boasted more than 3,100 attendees from 53 countries.

Represented at the HydroVision International event were large

and small hydropower producers; project developers; construc-

tion, law, consulting, engineering and fnancial frms; equipment

manufacturers and suppliers; policy-makers and regulators;

resource agencies; and other non-governmental organizations.

HydroVision International 2014 takes place July 22-25 in

Nashville, Tennessee, USA (www.hydroevent.com).

Angolas Empresa Nacional de Electricidade via Construtora

Norberto Odebrecht.

The Lauca project will be on the Kwanza River between the

existing Cambambe and Capanda complexes and is part of a

continuing effort by the government to increase the countrys

hydroelectric capacity. Andritz said the project is scheduled for

commissioning at the end of 2017.

Alstom supplying equipment for Georgias Shaukhevi

An Alstom-led consortium has been awarded a US$41.23 million

contract to equip the 178.6 MW Shaukhevi plant. Alstoms share of

the contract is worth about $27.5 million and includes the supply

and installation of two 89.3 MW vertical Francis turbines, gover-

nors, spherical-type main inlet valves, three-phase generator step-

up transformers, a 220 kV gas-insulated switchyard, an overhead

crane and mechanical and electrical balance-of-plant equipment.

The project, on the Adjaristskali River in the Adjara region,

is being developed by Adjaristsqali Georgia LLC, Norways

Consortium of Clean Energy Invest AS, the International

Financing Corporation, and Tata Power Company Limited of

India. The cascade project will eventually include the 150 MW

Koromkheti, 65 MW Khertvisi and 10 MW Skhalta facilities.

Shaukhevi, which is expected to supply energy to both Georgia

and Turkey, represents one of Georgias largest foreign direct

investment projects to date.

Hydropower prominent part of Africas energy future

A meeting between high-level leaders from Africa and Europe

has established the goal of providing energy access to 100 million

Africans by 2020, and hydroelectric power will play a key role.

The meeting of the Africa-European Union Energy Partnership

included more than 450 participants from 40 countries, at which the

AEEP announced its goal of creating 10 GW of new hydropower.

The Africa-EU Energy Partnership is a bold initiative founded

on a simple fact: namely, that energy is fundamental to develop-

ment, said Andris Piebalgs, Commissioner for Development

Cooperation with the European Commission.

Per recommendations established during the meeting, AEEP

said it hopes to reinforce the dialogue between policy-makers and

stakeholders from the private sector, civil society and academia on

topics corresponding to the Africa-EU Energy Partnership 2020

targets: energy access, renewable energy market development,

energy effciency and cross border interconnections.

While offcials said this frst meeting focused more on estab-

lishing broader goals, AEEP said the next one will be directed

foward shaping a forward-looking vision for energy cooperation

and to delivering concrete results.

Pakistan: project funding and plant expansion

The European Investment Bank has granted a US$137 million

loan to Pakistan to build the 128 MW Keyal Khwar project.

Signed by EIB Vice President Magdalena Alvarez Arza and

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The people of Fiji are now saving

more the $20 million (U.S.) a year

on energy after investing in the

Nadarivatu Hydropower Station

located on the island of Viti Levu.

MWH paired with the Fiji Electricity

Authority to complete this 42 MW

project, which is now providing

clean renewable energy to remote

communities of the island for the

first time, bringing the nation of

Fiji one step closer to their energy

independence goals.

ENERGY.Independence

R E N E W A B L E E N E R G Y S E R V I C E S :

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PRELIMINARY AND DETAILED DESIGN

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

PROGRAM MANAGEMENT

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At around midnight on July 11, 2006, the

Rangit River brought a food of 1405 cumec

peak with sediment concentration of 51.5 kg/cumec

(kilogram/cubic meter/second) to the powerhouse

and the three machines which were generating at

full power. Sediment, along with trash, entered in

different parts and components of the turbines,

cooling water system, valves, etc choking them all.

Having stopped generation, the cleaning opera-

tion was started but two days later on the 13th

while cleaning a valve, water fow suddenly started

through it. The jammed valve could not be closed

and the powerhouse was subsequently fooded up

to the service bay level. The powerhouse could be

brought back to operation only by the middle of

October and heavy losses were incurred in power

generation as well as damage to the turbines and

generators.

To reduce the probability of such catastrophe

in the future, the operation procedure of spillway

gates and dam was reviewed. A distinct change of

operation procedure of the intake gates and spill-

ways was made. This led to dramatic improvement

in performance and operation of the powerhouse

though reduced the peak power generation capac-

ity to some extent. However, annual damage to the

ogee spillway and downstream stilling basin could

not be mitigated fully as the concentration and char-

acteristics of sediment fow over the spillway could

not be reduced.

Power station general information

The Rangit Hydropower Station was built by

NHPC Ltd on the Rangit River, a major right bank

tributary of the Teesta River in the Eastern Himalaya

in Sikkim. The river arises from the Talung glacier

and it meets the Teesta river at Melli after travelling

61 kilometers from its source. At the dam site, the

catchment area drained is 979 square kilometers.

Rain-fed catchment is 712 square kilometers and

By Siba Prasad Sen

This article is an extract

based on a presentation

by Siba Prasad Sen, a

hydropower consulatant

and former Director

Technical, NHPC Ltd.

Rangit River, a major tributary of River Teesta, in the Eastern Himalaya supplies the 60 MW

Rangit Hydro Power Station which was commissioned in February 2000 by NHPC. However,

the river transports a large quantity of silt with its water during the monsoon months of May to

September and during an incident in 2006 the projects powerhouse was fooded.

Sediment Management for Rangit Dam in India

1403HRW_8 8 3/14/14 2:56 PM



the balance area is snow fed above a snow

line contour of 4,570 meters. Elevation

of the catchment varies from about 600

meters to about 7,338 meters. Around 360

metres upstream of the dam, the Rangit

meets another river, the Rothangchu. Both

the Rangit and Rothangchu rivers carry

large quantities of sediment, mainly dur-

ing monsoon months. The Rangit dam is

a concrete gravity dam of 50 metres high

over its deepest foundation. It has three

spillways with gates. The width of each

spillway bay is 9 metres, and total width

of the spillway opening is 39 metres. The

spillway is designed for a food of 2725

cumec (cubic meter/second) at full res-

ervoir level (FRL). The dam has a gross

storage of 1.06 million cum (cubic meter).

The live storage as per a 2006 post mon-

soon reservoir survey is 0.983 million cum.

The reservoir is small but has two limbs of

about 1 km length each extended to both

the Rangit and Rothangchu. The intake

structure for the power tunnel is located

in the left bank of the dam and river. The

head race tunnel (HRT) is 3 km long and

carries a design discharge of 56 cumec. At

the end of the tunnel and the surface pen-

stock, the surface powerhouse is located at

the bank of the River Rangit. With three

units of 20 MW each, the total generating

capacity of the project is 60 MW. The proj-

ect was commissioned in December 1999/

February 2000.

Flow characteristics

Between 70 to 80% of the total fow takes

place during the monsoon months, i.e. June

to September. If the pre-monsoon month

of May is added, the fow percentage would

reach as high as 85%. Average annual

sediment load as estimated during project

design is 2.69 million tons. However, the

observed sediment load since 2006-07 is

much more, ranging between 3.8 million

tons to 17.28 million tons.

It appears that, while during the mon-

soon months 70% to 80% of river discharge

fows through the river, it carries with it

90% to 98% of sediment load during this

period. This makes the operation of dam

and powerhouse a diffcult job.

dam itself. Spillways and the major part

of the stilling basin were repaired before

the ensuing monsoon i.e. May 2006. High

performance concrete with micro-silica

was used as the top surface in a layer about

500 mm thick. The remaining part of the

stilling basin was repaired during the dry

season of early 2007.

Powerhouse fooding and

damage: July 2006

On 11 July 2006 the high discharge food

with its very high sediment concentration

came suddenly and meant that the lower

intake gate could not be closed immedi-

ately. Flood water along with wooden logs,

silt and debris which could pass through

the trashrack entered the head race tunnel.

It choked both the desilting basins. A high

content of sediment and mud also reached

the powerhouse through the tunnel. As

a result, all the hydro components of the

powerhouse got choked and pressure in

main inlet valve (MIV) started falling.

With the choking of the cooling water

system, all three generating units were shut

down at 1.30 AM. It is understood that the

reason for such high sediment fow with

high debris and logs was due to the burst-

ing of a natural dam formed about 16 km

upstream.

On July 13 a jammed open strainer

isolating valve saw the water level start to

rise. Within four hours, the powerhouse

up to the service bay level was submerged.

Consequently, a number of components

got submerged including the drainage/

dewatering pump and their control panel,

main inlet valve, turbine, stator, rotor, and

the excitation panel of all units, among

others.

The complete powerhouse was dewa-

tered and cleaned of silt by August 13.

Action for restoration of the powerhouse

was taken up with involvement of BHEL,

the manufacturer of machines and ancil-

liary components. Restoration activity

included, for example, cleaning of the sta-

tor, rotor and generating parts including

air blowing, cleaning/fushing out of water

lines, stator coolers and bearing coolers

and pressure testing. For the turbines,

It is apparent that there is no correla-

tion between annual sediment and annual

discharge, which makes the sediment fow

prediction or forecasting during monsoon

practically impossible. However, though

such high sediment load was not estimated

during design stage of the project, the

intake structure was provided with two

intake gates at different levels.

Spillway crest level of the dam is 620

m, lower intake crest level is 621.50, and

crest of upper intake is 632.50. The mon-

soon discharge sees substantive water and

sediment fows through the spillway, and

results in high concentration of sediment

fow in the level of the lower intake.

River Rangit is almost across from the

intake and carries the larger share of sedi-

ment brought by the two rivers to the dam.

Moderation of concentration of variation

of sediment in the reservoir does not take

place due to the short distance between the

intake and the confuence of the rivers as

well as the short length and small depth of

the reservoir, whose dead storage space is

almost flled by sediment deposits.

Furthermore, the spillway also was bearing

the brunt of such sediment fow in each

monsoon period. Petrography analysis

of sediment indicated that about 65% of

sediment has quartz as its main compo-

nent. This fow of sediment was inficting

signifcant damages on turbine parts such

as runners, guide vanes, labyrinth, bottom

seals and other underwater components

and clogging the cooling water pipes and

system. Sediment was also causing large

scale damages to the ogee and glacis of the

spillway and the stilling basin.

The damage to the spillway and stilling

basin was much more toward the left hand

bays of the glacis and stilling basin. Due

to a sharp angle of confuence of the river

Rothang where it meets the Rangit, the

fow and more of the sediment infow with

higher inertia tends to adhere to the left

bank. This caused asymmetrical damage to

the spillway and also more sediment enter-

ing in the intake, being located in the left

bank. The damage to the stilling basin was

so severe that it was considered to have

become a danger to the stability of the

1403HRW_9 9 3/14/14 2:56 PM


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work included restoration of govornors and replacement of shaft seals.

NHPC powerhouse team worked almost 24 hours continuously to

restore generation. All three units were operational by October 18.

Due to this disaster, NHPC lost about US$7 million in power

generation and about US$1 million in restoration and damage repair

works.

Remedial measures

It was understood that due to a number of limitations, the Rangit

Power station is vulnerable to high sediment fow in the river and also

in the head race tunnel through the two-tier intake. Signifcant factors

include the small reservoir capacity and that both the rivers Rangit and

Rothangchu transport high sediment loads during the monsoon season

and sometimes with unusually high concentrations. Furthermore, the

lower intake being close to the spillway level, i.e., almost the sedimented

reservoir bed level, sediment in high proportion can enter into the intake

easily as a proportionately large fow will be drawn through the lower

intake. The high concentration of sediment chokes the desilting basin,

cooling water system and damages the underwater parts, affecting the

running of the powerhouse, sometimes with catastrophic effects.

Many alternative solutions to this problem were explored, including

a proposal to close down the low level intake during monsoon months.

Hydraulics of the intake were examined. The full reservoir level is at

639 m and upper intake crest is at 632.50 m. It was found that drawing

the full design discharge through the upper intake will increase head-

loss through the intake by 0.2 to 0.3 m and this can be compensated

for by increasing the full reservoir level by about 0.12/0.15 m and also

increasing the discharge by a small percentage of the design discharge.

Flow was otherwise found to be smooth.

The designer conceived two levels of intakes while adopting the fol-

lowing operational rules for the intake and spillway gates:

1. During monsoon or high fow periods all three spillway gates are to

be opened equally so that no uneven distribution of water and sedi-

ment takes place in the dam and, more importantly, in the stilling

basin.

2. During the months from May 1 to September 30, the lower intake

gate should be kept closed irrespective of sediment load travelling

through the river.

3. As the river discharge increases during monsoon intermittently,

the powerhouse should be closed and all spillway gates should be

opened allowing drawdown in the reservoir for sediment fushing

as per a number of procedures. For example, during June, fushing

is to be carried out when river discharge crosses 200 cumec. One

fushing should be carried out irrespective of river discharge.

During July, fushing is to be carried out when river discharge crosses

400 cumec and if June discharges do not cross this mark, then one

fushing should be carried out in July irrespective of discharge.

In each case, during the last hour of fushing, the lower gate of the

intake is to be opened and sediment which has accumulated adje-

cent to this gate should be removed through the spillway and desilt-

ing basin, keeping all the gates of the desilting basin open. Then the

lower gate is to be closed.

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4. After September 30 the lower intake

gate may be opened but after October

31 should be kept open so that peak

power can be generated. During the

monsoon when the intake is drawing

the design discharge or more than 75%

of the design discharge, both the lower

and upper intake gates shall be kept

fully open for smooth fow with mini-

mum head loss. This is to be done until

sediment concentration in the fow is

less than 5 kg/cumec.

5. As the sediment concentration in the

fow reaches 5 kg/cumec and more, the

lower gate of the intake is to be closed.

This would lead to some additional

head loss.

Post food performance

In 2007-08 repair work for the underwater

parts, which was left over from the previ-

ous year, was undertaken and completed.

Hence the capacity index during the year

remained almost the same as the pre-disas-

ter year. But from 2008-09 onwards, the

performance of Rangit has seen a dramatic

bring back the powerhouse in the normal

generation mode, but a large revenue loss

was incurred.

In this circumsance, an alternative solu-

tion for the safe operation of the dam and

powerhouse was explored. A far from ideal

alternative, based on an advanced forcast-

ing system for operations at the dam,

was rejected as a solution due to many

limitations.

Subsequently, a review of the operating

procedure of the dam and powerhouse

was performed and new guidelines were

implemented under the existing condi-

tions of operation based on dam site data

observation. This resulted in substantive

improvement of the overall performance.

The new guidelines are also expected to

take care of evantualities such as the July

2006 food.

However, erosion and cavitation dam-

age to the spillways is an issue for which

some progress has been made by use of

high-performance concrete with micro-

silica and further on-site research is very

much required.

improvement in machine availability.

Regarding damage to the spillway

and stilling basin, this continued but at a

much reduced scale due to the use of high

performance concrete with micro-silica.

Minor repairs were required in the post

2010 monsoon and post 2012 monsoons.

Further research on high-performance

concrete for developing erosion- and

cavitation-resistant concrete surface is

very much required.

Summary

Rangit Dam and its powerhouse has

abundant water fow and also sediment

discharge. The project appears to be under

designed as far as capacity of the genera-

tion is concerned.

However, it is a diffcult power station

to operate in view of very high sediment

fow during the monsoon with capacity

of the reservoir being small. In July 2006,

a catstrophic food with large sediment

concentration caused havoc to the power

station and dam. Determined efforts by

the team of engineers and tecninians could

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By Basuki Hadimuljono

Basuki Hadimuljono,

PhD, is the president of

the Indonesian National

Committee on Large

Dams, which is hosting the

International Commission

on Large Dams 2014

annual meeting.

Water quality management, including

assessment of sedimentation in the reservoir, bio-

geochemical balance disturbances, and modeling;

Catchment area management for sustainable

development, including land use planning, sedi-

ment control, public participation, and assessment

of catchment erosion;

Challenges in dam safety policy and imple-

mentation, monitoring and early warning systems,

risk analysis and management, inspection and instru-

ment monitoring; and

Dam operation in connection with

climate change, including adaption and

mitigation of climate change; the role

dams play in food, energy, and water

security; food and drought analysis;

and revitalization of existing dams

and reservoirs.

Papers will be presented orally by authors or

displayed as posters in the lobby.

Technical committee workshops

Two technical committee workshops are organized

on June 2, where the committees will start their work

and then submit bulletins at the general assembly

for approval.

State-of-the-art workshops

Each technical committee will frst meet in a work-

shop setting. All members of the technical commit-

tees make short presentations that summarize their

personal contributions to the technical committee as

experts in their countries and based on their profes-

sional experiences. These workshops are open to all

participants. The discussions give valuable input for

the future work of the technical committees.

Final knowledge transfer workshops

At the end of the preparation of the bulletin,

each technical committee organizes a workshop

Members of the International Commission on

Large Dams (ICOLD) will convene in Bali,

Indonesia, June 2-6, 2014, for the organizations

82nd Annual Meeting, where the focus is Dams in

Global Environmental Challenges.

In addition to the annual assembly of ICOLD

members, the event includes a one-day symposium

on Monday, June 4, where experts will present their

research in a number of important areas. The 25

ICOLD technical committees will also meet to com-

pile and share knowledge gained in dam design,

construction, maintenance and operation.

The annual meeting is also offering

technical tours for delegates to take in

and around Bali. The exhibition por-

tion of the event will feature companies

from all over the globe promoting their

products and technologies. Social events

are scheduled for delegates to build new rela-

tionships while enjoying local cuisine and culture.

Symposium

This years symposium will focus on the role and

impact of dams in global environmental challenges.

The symposium is organized to give as many

opportunities to present papers as possible. Experts

will be asked to present the latest development in

their felds of expertise and to give their views on

key issues raised.

The presentations will cover seven broad topics

within this focus, all of which speak to the impor-

tance of critical infrastructure in regards to environ-

mental management and protection:

Social and environmental aspects of dams,

such as the effects of greenhouse gases, public par-

ticipation, and land acquisition and resettlement;

Engineering issues in dam development,

including management of and instrumentation for

aging dams, dam safety, and natural dams;

Challenges in tailing dam projects;

ICOLD 82nd Annual Meeting: Dams in Global Environmental Challenges

Professionals in dam design, construction, maintenance and hydroelectric generation will be

offered a series of educational seminars, tours of Indonesian hydro facilities and a trade exhi-

bition during the International Commission on Large Dams 82nd Annual Meeting, to be held

June 2-6 in Bali, Indonesia.

I C O L D P r e v i e w

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where the bulletin is presented by several

members. These workshops are open

to all participants. The ensuing discus-

sion will give feedback on the bulletins

before their submission for approval at the

general assembly.

Technical tours

Two all-day technical tours are offered as

part of a delegate registration on Thursday,

June 5.

The frst will travel to Pura Taman Ayun

(Temple of Beautiful Garden), a royal tem-

ple built in 1634 and designated as one of

UNESCOs Cultural World Heritage sites.

Next, the group will tour Telaga Tunjung

Tabanan Dam, an earthfll dam responsible

for irrigating 1,800 hectares. The dam was

built in 2003 and is 33 m high, 226 m

long, with a volume of 1.3 million m3. The

fnal stop on the tour is to Pura Tanah Lot

(Temple of Land in the Middle of the Sea),

a tiny island formed by gradual erosion of

the ocean tides over thousands of years.

one on small dams and the other on soil

cemented dams.

The small dams workshop will dis-

cuss safety assurance and environmental

aspects on small dams, specifcally the

regulation, safety and development of

small dams, retroftting small dams in

order to adapt to climate change and the

environment, and public participation

in the development and management of

small dams.

The soil cemented dam workshop will

feature presentations highlighting the expe-

riences associated with the use of cemented

soil, the regulations and construction of

small soil cemented dams in Indonesia, as

well as a presentation on planning, design-

ing and constructing larger dams in China.

Engineers under the age of 35 are invited

to participate in the Young Engineer Forum,

which will be held Tuesday, June 2, as well

as a correlated networking event on June 5.

Finally, regional clubs will be holding

activities, meetings and events to provide

delegates the opportunity to exchange

knowledge and network within the follow-

ing regions: European, African, American,

Asia-Australia and Francophone.

Exhibition

The exhibition portion of the annual meet-

ing will be open June 3-6 and features

approximately 100 booths. Product and

service providers with expertise in the fol-

lowing areas will be on hand to present their

technology and achievements for delegates:

water resource management; constructing

and operating contractors; dam construc-

tion; engineering and consulting frms;

electrifcation benefts; hydroelectric power

companies; designing hydroelectric power

stations; plants producing special equip-

ment; environment specialist and consul-

tants; companies working in the feld of

clean water supply; organizations working

in the feld of irrigation; organizations and

committees fnancing projects; and com-

puter organizations.

To register for Bali 2014, visit www.

icold2014bali.org. Online registration is avail-

able, or a pdf form can be downloaded and

returned by mail or fax.

The second technical tour will frst visit

Titab Dam, which irrigates felds covering

17,498.2 acres. The dam is also the site of a

1.5 MW turbine, which helps to power the

dam and the surrounding communities.

Lovina Beach is the second stop on the

tour, followed by a visit to Lake Beratan,

the second largest lake in Bali.

In addition to the technical tours, three

pre-meeting and four post-meeting tours

are also available for delegates and guests to

take that extend beyond the borders of Bali

and show dams and power plants in various

provinces of Indonesia, including Sumatra,

Java, Sulawesi, East Nusa Tenggara,

and Yogyakarta.

Additional opportunities

There are a number of other opportu-

nities for delegates to learn and share

knowledge beyond the symposium and

technical committees, including two

workshops on Friday, June 6. Both

workshops will be held for delegates,

One of the technical tours will visit Telaga Tunjung Dam, an earth fll dam constructed in 2003 that plays a role

in irrigation for the surrounding area.

Dams in Indonesia

Indonesia currently faces an urgent

demand for the development of sustain-

able water resources and management

due to a rapid population increase and

environmental concerns, says Djoko

Kirmanto, minister of public works

for Indonesia. The development of

critical infrastructure is an impor-

tant component of the countrys plan

moving forward.

With a current reservoir capacity of

14.93 billion m3, Indonesia has a low ratio

of storage per capita when compared to

other Asian countries. Minister Kirmanto

stated that the country is planning new

infrastructure development to add to its

feet of more than 1,000 dams, 130 of

which are large. The country is home to

30 conventional hydroelectric plants and

fve pumped storage facilities with a com-

bined installed capacity of 9,201 MW.

1403HRW_16 16 3/14/14 2:56 PM

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Steve Edwards

By Marla J. Barnes

Marla Barnes is

publisher of HRW-Hydro

Review Worldwide.

Edwards: I dont think they will be called divisions

for much longer theyll be considered businesses.

The term division infers separation, but thats not

what were about. Its about working together as

ONE Black & Veatch.

In a given year, there are a thousand projects that

utilize common proccesses and tools, share knowl-

edge across the boundaries, and work together

between water, energy and telecommunications.

As we increase that going forward, those boundary

lines will disappear even more.

Q: Lets talk also about your interest in moving

your business to different parts of the world and

some of the work youve done to open up those

markets, specifcally in terms of hydropower.

What do you see as the opportunity?

Edwards: We have seen a large number of oppor-

tunities in southeast Asia. The company has a

long, rich history of energy project development

in Indonesia and we plan to pursue hydropower

development there as well. We have a good under-

standing of the clients, the culture and the needs

of that particular country. One thing that makes

Indonesia unique is all the different islands that are

not electrifed. Some of those have hydro potential,

so thats defnitely an opportunity for us. We are

currently in the discussion and pursuit phase on

these projects, although we do not have an active

project going at the moment.

In addition to Indonesia, we have prospects in

Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand. We have a

long history in those countries as well.

Q: And do you have offces in Southeast Asia?

Edwards: We have offces in Jakarta, Singapore,

Bangkok, Hong Kong, Beijing, Shanghai, Vietnam

and Shenzhen.

Black & Veatch is a global engineering, consult-

ing and construction company that specializes

in infrastructure development in energy, water,

telecommunications and environmental markets.

Founded in 1915 and headquartered in Kansas,

USA, Black & Veatch offers engineering, procure-

ment, design, consulting, asset management, envi-

ronmental and security consultation services.

HRW - Hydro Review Worldwide recently sat

down with Steve Edwards, newly named

chairman, president, and chief executive

offcer of Black & Veatch, to discuss the

role the company is playing in the global

hydropower industry and the vision he

has for Black & Veatch in his new role.

Q: Please share the philosophy

of ONE Black & Veatch

the initiative to offer your entire

suite of services to clients across

market sectors and what

that means for hydropower.

Edwards: ONE Black & Veatch is

an effort to pull the company together and lever-

age our talents across all the markets we serve

energy, water and telecommunications instead

of seeing them as individual divisions.

We had previously heard clients saying, I

didnt realize Black & Veatch did that. As I

travel around the globe visiting our offces, Ill

see these concentrations of talent that are doing

something I didnt know we had done. Its excit-

ing to work towards leveraging these talents and

abilities and offering a broader spectrum solution

to our clients.

Q: Hydropower is currently part of your

water sector as opposed to the energy sector,

but are these divisions going to continue?

Viewpoints from the Board Room:

Black & Veatch

Steve Edwards the new chairman, president, and chief executive offcer of global engineering,

consulting and construction frm Black & Veatch discusses what he sees coming in the future

of the hydropower industry globally and the role he sees Black & Veatch playing in that future.

E x e c u t i v e I n t e r v i e w

1403HRW_18 18 3/14/14 2:56 PM


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1403HRW_19 19 3/14/14 2:56 PM

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Q: Can you talk a little bit about

your interest in South America?

Edwards: We are doing some work in

Chile, and our plans are to use that as a

springboard to increase the amount of work

we are doing in the region. We are

doing the same thing in South

Africa and plan to springboard

from that success.

In South Africa and Latin

America, there are good pros-

pects in hydro. The low carbon

footprint and low operating costs

make it a good solution where the

capacity is there to do it.

Q: There is clearly opportunity

for hydro development in the

future. What are your thoughts on the

challenges of fnancing, especially new

greenfeld development of hydro projects?

Edwards: Hydro clearly has a place in

the future of power generation. Many of

those challenges are obviously high capital

the countries and regions previously men-

tioned, in addition to developed countries

like the UK and Canada.

Q: Following up on the fnancing topic,

because Black & Veatch has out-

of-the-box thinking on this

subject, can you share with us

some mechanisms or models

to obtain fnancing, as that is

such a struggle for developers?

Edwards: I think you will see

more public-private partnerships

in the future. These will look dif-

ferent than what has been done

in the past. Essentially, if theres

a good project, there are people

willing to invest in infrastructure.

They need to understand the risks and

returns of such a project, yes, but we can

help them understand those.

We can also assist them in working with

clients and owners to get the projects to

fnancial close. We know that a number of

fnancial entities with funds available are

costs. Even with low operating costs, hydro

development requires someone willing to

take a long-term view to yield the benefts

from those projects. If its a good project,

we can get the fnancing. If the utility or

developer cannot do it on their own balance

sheet, then there are ways to deal with that

through public-private partnerships.

As many developing countries have

the resources needed for development

and its a good long-term investment that

provides decades of service once in place,

we think hydro is a viable option in all of

I think you will see more

public-private partnerships in

the future. Essentially, if theres a

good project, there are people

willing to invest in infrastructure.

1403HRW_20 20 3/14/14 2:56 PM

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www.wassara.com


looking for good investments and can direct clients and owners

to them.

We know what kind of returns theyre after and also the risk

profles that drive their decisions.

Q: And you see that no matter where you

are in the world. Would that be true?

Edwards: There are places we go that I see that. However, there

are still places we cant go due to political situations and security

issues that might prevent Western companies from being able to

operate in that environment.

Q: Regarding the whole water-energy nexus, what is

your thought about the nexus between power and water,

and what is the importance of recognizing that?

Edwards: Our view is that in order to provide water, you need

electricity, and in terms of hydro, the converse is also true. They

are dependent on each other. We think because of our large areas of

expertise in both that we can help clients understand how to opti-

mize their operations to use that dependency to their advantage.

What we are seeing now is an increased emphasis on water and

energy conservation, along with energy effciency, so its a good

time to leverage our expertise across these two businesses and strat-

egize on how to increase effciency overall.

Many of our water clients are working on projects that could

easily support an energy component, while many of our energy

clients are seeing the role water could play in their systems if they

were to take advantage of asset management and optimize their

networks. Theres a lot happening on both sides of the equation.

Q: As you are new to this role in the company, where

do you hope to lead Black & Veatch in the future?

Edwards: Our goal is to have a much more balanced portfolio

geographically and to maintain some good performance at the

company as we do that. Weve set some strong objectives for the

company to reach $7 billion in revenue by 2020 and to also diver-

sify our markets both geographically and within a business line

perspective. We anticipate growth in a number of areas outside our

domestic markets, including movement in India and many parts of

southeast Asia.

Q: Do you see hydro as a major part of that

growth plan for Black & Veatch?

Edwards: I defnitely see good growth in hydro. We see potential

growth in southeast Asia and Latin America, along with programs

like what we are doing with Scottish Water. For details, see http://

www.hydroworld.com/articles/2013/10/scottish-water-selects-

black-veatch-for-hydroelectric-power-retroft-program.html.

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Ideas in Action

Down-the-hole water-powered drilling was used to install a 170 meter-long drilled steel pile cutoff wall at

Vojmsjon Dam in Sweden, to minimize the risk of disturbing the dam and subsoil.

Excessive leakage through the Vojmsjon

Dam on the Angermanalven River in

Sweden led owner Vattenreglerings-

foretagen to consider a renovation. The

earth embankment dam has leaked since

it was completed in 1950, but leakage has

increased over the past few years, with 20

liters/sec of water leaking through the dam

when the reservoir is full. To deal with this

situation, Vattenregleringsforetagen chose

to install a steel pile cutoff wall with an

interlock system. Since this work was com-

pleted in May 2013, leakage through the

dam has been cut in half.

Understanding the situation

Vattenregleringsforetagen is responsible

for regulating water for power generation

in the northern part of Sweden. In six riv-

ers, the company manages water control

at 130 reservoirs with a total volume of

20 billion cubic meters. This regulation

provides the ability to produce 16.7 TWh

of energy annually.

Vojmsjon Dam is classifed as a high-

risk dam due to the major damage that

would occur in the event of a dam breach.

The dam is needed to control the fow of

water from snowmelt in the surrounding

mountains. It is flled in the spring and

summer and releases water in the winter

to power 13 hydropower stations located

downstream. At peak fow, the dam is flled

in two weeks.

The dam has leaked since it was com-

pleted in 1950, and leakage is collected in a

small dam on the downstream side, where

it is measured continuously in a Thomson

weir. Leakage through the dam has

increased over the past few years, rising to

a rate of 20 liters/sec when the reservoir

behind the dam is full.

In 2011, Vattenregleringsforetagen

assigned Sweco of Stockholm to investi-

gate options for reinforcing the dam.

Options considered included installing

secant poles, using jet grouting, a combi-

nation solution consisting of a rammed

steel sheet pile wall and jet grouting, and

the installation of a drilled steel pile cutoff

wall with an interlock system. The use of

secant poles was considered too expensive.

A major drawback with jet grouting is

the shadow effect that can occur if large

boulders are present. This would result in

insuffcient sealing of the dam.

The dam has undergone sealing, per-

formed by Lemminkainen Oyj of Finland

under a 2.3 million (US$3 million)

contract awarded in November 2012.

The time frame for the dam rehabilitation

was only two months, so the dam would

be available to impound water during the

spring food. The work took place from

March to May 2013.

Performing the work

A 170-meter-long drilled steel pile cutoff

wall is being installed with an interlock

system to assure watertightness. The larg-

est drill depth is 13.5 meters.

The drilling method chosen was a

key factor in minimizing the risk of dis-

turbing the existing dam and subsoil.

Vattenregleringsforetagen asked Sweco to

choose the best technology for the situa-

tion, and they recommended down-the-

hole water-powered drilling by Wassara

in Stockholm. Compared to the other

methods, a water-powered hammer copes

easier with drilling through boulder-rich

formations (identifed during test drill-

ing) and has a comparatively lower total

cost. In general, water-powered drilling

requires less energy, as the compressing

of air requires more energy. There is also

a cost saving when compared to core drill-

ing, as water-powered drilling has a rate of

penetration that is up to fve times higher.

A water-powered DTH hammer

W200 was used, in temperatures down to

-20 degrees Celsius. This equipment pro-

vides a hammer length of 2,055 mm and

Dealing with Excessive Leakage through a Dam

1403HRW_22 22 3/14/14 2:56 PM




a standard hole size of 216 to 254 mm,

with a maximum operating pressure of

150 bar and water consumption at maxi-

mum pressure of 460 to 670 liters/min.

The interlocked RD piles were 323 mm

wide and drilled down. Water needed

for the drilling was taken from the lake,

using a dewatering pump supplied by

Halliburton that was mounted on a barge.

The casing system for the work was a

SR/SF Robit Pile wall 324, and the steel

pile wall was a Ruukki interlock system.

The piles were drilled and emptied, then

flled with a mix of cement slurry/con-

crete and bentonite. The purpose of this

slurry was to both seal off underneath the

piles and to protect the piles from devel-

oping corrosion.

Some unexpected situations encoun-

tered during the repair work included

the fact that drilling cuttings 2 to 3 cm

in size were not brought up together

with the return water coming up from

the piles. The volume of this material

was about 100 liters for a 13.5-meter

drill hole. Because it was important that

the piles were emptied completely, this

material had to be evacuated by suction-

ing afterwards.

After the sealing work was completed,

the leakage seems to have stabilized at

about half the level experienced before

the sealing operation. However, a longer

period of time is needed to be certain of

the results of the rehabilitation.

Lessons learned

It is important to perform thorough

geological measurements/surveys of the

dam body itself before the real rehabilita-

tion work starts. This is needed to avoid

underestimating the wear on the drill-

ing equipment. In addition, because the

consequences of not complying with the

time plan in this kind of reservoir/dam

rehabilitation project could be severe,

ensuring spare parts availability and

estimating spare parts consumption for

drilling equipment is crucial.

By Ola Hammarberg, hydrolo-

gist and water resources planner,

Vattenregleringsforetagen

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Tech Notes


Snowy Hydro tests fushing fows to

improve river environment

Snowy Hydro Ltd. has performed a fushing fow trial at Jindabyne

Dam designed to better mimic the natural fow characteristics seen

in the Snowy Montane rivers. According to the Department of

Primary Industries Offce of Water in New South Wales, this fow

variability technique, known as hydro-scaling, has three objectives:

To better refect the hydrology of a Snowy Montane river,

including increasing the daily, seasonal and annual fow variability;

To provide multiple high-fow events to meet the primary

ecological objective of habitat improvement; and

To fully test the infrastructure capability of Jindabyne Dam

to provide variable fow rates.

The release that took place October 8, 2013, involved open-

ing the spillway gates at Jindabyne Dam and providing a peak

fow that exceeds the capacity of the cone valves. The remain-

ing releases will occur through the cone valves and other infra-

structure below the spillway. This new release pattern included

96.6 gigaliters (Gl) of water released during spring 2013, with

fve food events occurring between September and November,

and a total of 190.6 Gl released over the course of the water year.

Five of these events, including the fushing fow, will involve

an eight-hour peak through the day that will cause the river

level downstream to fuctuate substantially, much like a natural

high-fow event in an unregulated catchment, Snowy Hydro says.

The high fows facilitate the improvement of the physical condi-

tion of the in-stream habitat by scouring and transporting sedi-

ment, the Offce of Water says.

The Increased Flows program under which this work is being

conducted is part of the Snowy Initiative established in 2002 to

achieve signifcant improvements in river health. Flushing fows

began to be tested in 2002, with the program in its fourth stage.

Snowy Hydro owns and operates the Snowy Mountains

Scheme, which consists of nine major hydropower stations with a

total capacity of 3,950 MW and two small stations.

IEA offers world energy statistics app

The International Energy Agencys Key World Energy Statistics

2013 is now available for use in an iPhone, iPad or iPod Touch.

Just like the pdf version on the IEA website, the mobile app

lists 16 headline statistics for more than 140 countries, from total

energy supply to electricity consumption per capita to CO2 emis-

sions per unit of gross domestic product. In addition, the app

features a customizable favorites function for fast access to each

users most relevant energy topics. Users can also rank countries

in ascending and descending orders using multiple indicators.

The online summary of key energy data has been produced

every year since 1997.

The IEA Key World Energy Statistics app version 2.0 can be

downloaded from iTunes. An android app is in development.

Hydroelectric training center being built in Pakistan

Offcials from the French Development Agency, European Union

and French government have signed an agreeme

Majalah Hydro

Documents

Transcript of Majalah Hydro