Mahmyat & Sfari Map Back-2
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Transcript of Mahmyat & Sfari Map Back-2
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8/3/2019 Mahmyat & Sfari Map Back-2
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SUDAN
LIBYA
Ras Banas
T imsahLake
Gul
fof
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ulfo
fSuez
La keNa s se r
N i l eR i ve r
M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a
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dSe
a
Bahar iyaOases
FayoumOasis
GilfEl-
Keb
ir
GilfEl-KebirPro
tec
tora
te
Tropic ofCance r
Siwa Oasis
Borg
El Arab
Ras Mohammed
St Cathe r ineArea
WadiE l Rayyan
S i t ra
WhiteDesertP
rotect
orat
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t
SandSea
Wadi el-Natroun
Dep
ress
ion
Qattara
NewValley
S i n a i
We
ste
rn
D
es e
r t
De
se
rt
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stern
DANDARA
KARNAK
TEMPLE OF SOBEK
& HAREORIS
VALLEY OFTHE KINGS
PYRAMIDSOF GIZA
L
PYRAMIDSOF SAARA
ST ANTHON YSMONASTERY
ST PALSMONASTERY
S E Z A NA L
AB SIMBEL
MONT MOSES
ADI
HAMM
AMAT
MONSPORPHYRITES
PHILAE
SAAD ELALITHE HIGH DAM
KALABSHA
EINAT MONT M
SallumSidi Barani
Siwa
Qara Oasis
Bawiti
Zafarana
Ain SukhnaRas Sidr
Oyoun Musa
Marsa Alam
Baris
Tushka
Berenice
Shalatin
Halaib
Farafra Oasis
Ain Dalla
Abu Minqar
Regenfeld
Abu Ballas
Pharaohs Island
Rafah
Nuweiba
DahabRasGharib
Qus
Sidi Abdel Rahman
Gabal El Mawta
CleopatraBath
GabalEl Dakrur
Taba
QenaQena
Shayyb Mount
Al Kharga Oasis
El Arish
El Tur
Damanhur
Beni Suef
El Minya
Zagazig
El Mansura
El Fayoum
Tanta
Banha
Sohag
Esna
Asyut
Suez
E A
RK ES
M M
D
PS
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E
A
A
S S
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G
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Weste
rnWhite
Deser
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EasternW
hiteDe
sert
Siwa Protectorate
MiddleSector
Siwa Protectorate
Eastern Sector
Siwa Protectorate
Western Sector
El Rayyan
Protectorate
QarunProtectorate
Whale Valley
El-Moghra
Protectorate
Nuwamisa
Line
Ea
st25
Wadi Abd El Malik
Wadi Wissaa
Line North 22
Memorial
Wadi El-Furaq
Wadi SouraMestikawy Cave
Bir Tarfawi
Dakhla OasisSilica Valley
Peter and Paul
Karkur Talh
El-Arbaie
nRo
ute
AbuMuharekDune
El Bahrein
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Are the prehistoric humans of the Egyptian deserts the origin of the Pharaonic
civilization in the Nile Valley?
The Egyptian deserts are now extremely arid and almost uninhabited, receiving less then
a quarter of an inch of rainfall each year, but was this always the case?
Scattered everywhere are signs of human habitation, indicating a wider cultural history
then believed until recently.
Very long ago, humans were able to live in these desert regions due to different weather
conditions.
The oldest known civilization in Egypt dates back to the Palaeolithic Age 300,000 BC
indicated by the discovery of Acheulean tools made of int, quartzite or sandstone typied
by their large oval shape. Many of them found in Gilf El Kebir and the Sandsea. They
were used for hunting and gathering of wild plants. This hunting people travelled great
distances after their food in savannah- like regions and already used re.
Climate conditions are proven to have greatly
reversed over the years between Wet periods
and Dry Periods.
During Dry Periods, these people went down
into the valleys where their tool making
technologies improved according to the
different purposes they needed them for.
Some 150,000 years ago, specialized tools
started to emerge and a culture known as
the Playa civilization(Playa: low areas near
water) to be dated back to approximately
70,000 to 35,000 years ago, began usingmore advanced ways of semi cultivating
lands, capturing and holding animals within
their groups.Then in the Upper Palaeolithic Age, about
33,000 years ago man discovered the
making of blades, which helped him greatly
to develop better tools for his use like the
microlith, a tiny int tool indicating a vital
evolution in the renement of production
methods and food storage.
During the Neolithic Age, alternating wet
and dry cycles continued but people started
taking refuge in the NileValley and rst
evidence of Prepastoral cultures followed,
not only around the Nile River but also in
other valleys scattered on the high plateaus.
The most famous is the Nabta Playa lying
only 100 Km west of Abu Simbel.
The last wet climate cycle began around
9,000BC and ended 3,200BC. Very dry
climate set in and forced people to leave the
higher regions forever heading east toward
the oases and the Nile bringing with them
their accumulated various knowledge of semi
agricultural techniques, artcrafts and basic practices of village- like social organization.
These are the ancestors of the Pharaonic ethnic group, developing over the years to a
great Civilization.
The ancient prehistoric drawings in Gilf Kebir and Uweinat can be linked through the later
carvings and engravings in the various desert valleys to the more sophisticated arts of thefamous Pharaonic Temples in the Nile Valley.
International road
Dual carriage road
i rack
City
International boundary
Topography and Geological Aspects of the Western DesertThe land of Egypt forms a one million square kilometre in the northeastern corner of Africa.
The Nile Valley splits this land from south to north, east of it is occupied by the Eastern
Desert and the Sinai Desert, west of it lies the Western Desert, which is the eastern part of
the Great Sahara. In the depressions of this desert, the Oases lie in a curved row almostparallel to the Nile River dened by the lines of convergence at the weaker points in the
earth crust between the various geological eras. The topography and geology shows
that the regional dip of the strata is towards the north, which means that the southern
regions are the oldest exposed features declining in height and age into a younger north.
Therefore Uweinat and the Gilf Kebir in the south form the Palaeozoic Sandstone Plateau
rising 1000 meters above sea level, they merge into the Eocene Limestone plateau at
Dakhla and Kharga at about 500 meters above sea level, followed by the central desert
formations of the Cretaceous era at Farafra and nally to the lower northern Miocene
limestone plateau about 130 meters below sea level in the Qattara depression. To the
east of the Oases runs the Nile and to the west lies one of the most arid territories of
the Earth, the Great Sand sea, characteristic of its innite parallel rows of high dunes
extending sometimes for as long as 150 kilometres. They slope gradually from northwest
to southeast with a 172-degree angle, following the path of the northwestern wind that
blows almost all year round.
The Western Desert elevated from the bottom of an ancient shallow tropical sea called
Thetys some 40 Million years ago at the end of the Eocene period, forming a great plateau
covered by limestone beds
During the long period of time since then, many enormous changes have created its
present shape. The desert was formed in gradual steps, its contours and rocks emerging
due to big tectonic events, continental drifts, advancing and retreating of glaciers, volcanic
activity and changes in atmospheric circulation along with masses of sand deposited by
erosion. Finally the imprints of the basic elements, especially the sharp wind blowing
usually low and shaping the earth surface and any stable obstacle, explaining the many
coned hills scattered all over the desert. All this has made this desert what it is today, a
vast expand of a diverse topography, one of its kind in the whole world.
ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT
Printed InEgypt ByUPPD Tel.:23928815
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8/3/2019 Mahmyat & Sfari Map Back-2
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Special thanks for
General Ahmed El Mestikawy,
Mervet AzmiFor Their Great Help